DRYFARMING AND DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
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Dry farming is cultivation in areas with annual rainfall less than 750 mm that requires moisture conservation practices. Around 70% of rural Indians live in dry farming areas and depend on crop success or failure. Currently, dryland crops produce as much food from 3 ha as irrigated crops do from 1 ha. New strategies must make dryland ecosystems more productive and sustainable. Dryland agriculture has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations, but organized dryland farming began around 1850, starting in the USA and India. Over time, various research centers and programs were established to develop techniques and packages for successful dryland cultivation tailored to different regions.
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DRYFARMING AND DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
- 1. Significance and scope of dryfarming in India and History of dryland agriculture Presented by Sandra Joseph
- 2. Dry farming is cultivation of crops in regions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. • Crop failure due to prolonged dry spells. • Arid regions with a growing season less than 75 days. • Moisture conservation practices are necessary.
- 3. About 70% of rural population lives in dry farming areas and their livelihood depend on success or failure of the crops. In future the additional food has to come mainly from the drylands. At present, 3 ha of dryland crop produce cereal grain equivalent to that produced in one ha irrigated crop. The challenges of the present millennium would be to produce more from less of drylands while ensuring conservation of existing resources.
- 4. • New strategies have to be evolved which would make the fragile dryland ecosystems more productive as well as sustainable. • In order to achieve evergreen revolution, we shall have to make grey areas (drylands) as green through latest technological innovations. • Dryland offers good scope fro development of Agroforestry, Social forestry, Horti-Sylvi-pasture , etc which will not only supply food, fuel to the village people and fodder to the cattle but forms a suitable vegetative cover for ecological maintenance.
- 5. “Intensive irrigated farming is an imperative for survival; but improved dryland agriculture is essential for equity” – Dr. Gautam, Former DG, ICAR
- 6. HISTORY OF DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
- 7. • As water is essential, human settlements started in places where water supply was assured. • Many ancient civilizations like Indus, Mesopotamia, Maya and Inca were destroyed mainly because of water scarcity and loss of soil fertility. • Organised crop farming which we see today began much later and the systematic cultivation under dryland situation started around 1850. • Improved technique of dryland first started in USA. • Wheat used to be cultivated along Malad creek. • By 1863, the water of that creek started saline. Under this situation farmers desperately started cultivating this crop without artificial application of water.
- 8. • In 1894, Colorado State University initiated experiments on dry farming and established a sub station at Cheyyeni wells. • Upto 1916, farmers paid little attention to water conservation. But they experienced severe drought consecutively for several years. This led them to think about proper moisture conservation. • A. K. Y. N Aiyer listed the important practices followed by farmers of dryland in India. • Between 1923 and 1943 some package of practices developed from studies on crop production under dry situation.
- 9. • Depending on the province these packages were named as – Bombay dry farming method – Madras dry farming method – Hyderabad dry farming method – Punjab dry farming method • 1923 Dryland Research Station at Manjri, Tamhane to Kanikar 1926 • 1933 RS at Bijapur and Solapur • 1934 RS at Hagari and Raichur • 1935 RS at Rohtak (Punjab)
- 10. • 1953 Establishing Central Soil Conservation Board • 1955 Dry Farming demonstration Centres started • 1970 23 Research Centres under AICRPDA • 1972 Establishment of ICRISAT • 1976 Establishment of Dryland Operational Research Projects • 1983 Starting of 47 model watersheds under ICAR • 1984 Initiation of World Bank assisted Watershed Development Programmes in four states. Establishing Dryland Development Board in Karnataka • 1985 Birth of Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture at Hyderabad
- 11. Reference: Dryland Farming – Arupratan Gosh , P. K Jana Technological innovation in Dryland Farming System – Sharma Anilkumar Crop Production – S. C. Panda