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DVT
Clinical assessment and D-dimer tests have limited accuracy in diagnosing DVT due to non-specific signs and symptoms. Duplex ultrasonography is the primary diagnostic test due to its accuracy, lack of radiation exposure, and cost-effectiveness. It can identify thrombi based on increased echogenicity, diameter and lack of compressibility of veins. MRV and CT venography are alternatives but provide less accuracy for calf veins and involve contrast or radiation. Plethysmography and contrast venography are less commonly used due to limitations and risks. Early and accurate diagnosis of DVT is important for optimal treatment outcomes.
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Introduction to the significant public health issue of DVT and importance of early diagnosis.
DVT is economically impactful with challenging early detection necessitating risk assessment for accurate diagnoses.
Emphasis on optimizing treatment costs via early clinical interventions and selective use of expensive tests.
Clinical manifestations vary; common symptoms include leg pain, swelling, tenderness, and redness.
Symptoms of DVT include variable calf pain, with clinical evaluations having limitations in accuracy. D-dimer blood test importance and duplex ultrasound as the preferred diagnostic tool for DVT.
Criteria for duplex ultrasound diagnosis of DVT and its limitations in calf vein examination.
Noninvasive methods for assessing blood volume changes and challenges faced in practical applications.CT venography's role in diagnosing DVT, its advantages, and the utility of contrast venography.
Importance of a multi-faceted approach including Wells score, D-dimer, and imaging strategies to improve outcomes.
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DVT
- 1. Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis:Clinical and Diagnostic Evaluation by Mohammed Salah Ass .lecturer –vas .surgery department
- 2. Introduction DVT isone of the most significant public health problems. Economic impact is very huge . Early diagnosis of acute DVT is necessary for achieving the best outcomes
- 3. Introduction detection ofthis disease is challenging as its early stages are frequently subclinical. To address this challenge, strategies have been developed that include risk assessment as the first diagnostic step. Adaptation of these strategy make clinical diagnosis of acute DVT is more accurate .
- 4. Cost -effectiveness producingoptimum results for the expenditure. continuous shift toward early treatment of the majority of the patients based on the clinical information, reserving more expensive diagnostic tests for patients who require invasive treatment.
- 5.
- 6. Clinical picture Theclinical manifestations of acute DVT varies greatly. About 50% of cases may be asymptomatic. Broad variation is a result of multiple pathologic processes
- 7. Such pathologicalprocesses include 1.Timing of presentation …… severity 2.Anatomic distribution……degree of occlusion 3.Functional state of lymphatic system 4. preexisting venous and lymphatic insufficiency all these factors lead to varieties in C/P from mild edema to phlegmasia cerulae or venous gangrene.
- 8. Signs and symptoms Commonsymptoms of DVT include: Leg pain and tenderness Oedema (swelling) Redness
- 9. C/P The mostcommon symptoms and signs of DVT are dull ache or pain in the leg, tenderness, swelling, erythema, cyanosis, and fever. Edema, cyanosis, and pain are features of phlegmasia cerulea Venous gangrene is a rare condition that occurs usually in patients with cancer, can occur with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis, and is generally associated with warfarin-mediated protein C depletion
- 10. Phlegmasia cerulea dolens Venousgangrene
- 11. C/P The mostcommon symptom of calf pain variable sensitivity and specificity due to high prevalence of the same signs and symptoms in patients without DVT. Withholding treatment on the basis of clinical evaluation in primary care settings leads to inadequate management of more than 10% of patients with DVT. High variability and lack of specificity limit the role of clinical examination in patients with suspected DVT
- 12. Signs and Symptomsof DVT’s Recognize and report signs/symptoms of a DVT including: Unilateral edema Erythema Calf tenderness Pale leg & cool with diminished arterial pulse
- 13. Pratt's test:Squeezing of posterior calf elicits pain. Homan’s sign (discomfort in the calf muscles on forced foot dorsiflexion w/ knee straight; NOTE: Homan’s sign is neither sensitive nor specific; Present in <1/3 of patients with confirmed DVT; Found in >50% of patients without DVT) (Schreiber, 2009)
- 14.
- 15. D-dimers: what isthe role? D-dimer is a product of fibrin proteolysis by plasmin; therefore, its elevated levels signify that fibrinolysis of complexed fibrin is taking place In other words D-dimer: degradation product of cross-linked fibrin The appeal: a simple blood test .
- 16. D-dimers The concentrationof D-dimer in plasma has become a widely used marker for the diagnosis of DVT its elevated levels signify that fibrinolysis of complexed fibrin is taking place. High sensitivity, low specificity • Quantitative D-dimer < 500 ng/ml makes PE less likely.
- 17. D-dimers Elevated d-dimercommon w/o clot - especially as part of the response to injury 1.Pathological as surgery patient , Trauma Cancer patient ,patient with thrombotic disorders 2.Physiological as pregnancy
- 18. D-dimers The degreeof D-dimer elevation in patients with DVT varies with the size and extent of the thrombus, the time from its onset, and the use of anticoagulation. Different types for assay most accurate one for DVT is ELISA but most laborious and slow. Rapid point of- care assays are probably the most practical as the results are obtainable within minutes and their sensitivity is comparable to that of the enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
- 19. D-dimers concentration ofD-dimer below the cutoff value indicates a very low probability of DVT, it does not exclude it with sufficient accuracy, especially in cases of distal thrombi, use of anticoagulation, or long duration between the onset of thrombosis and testing Similar to clinical evaluation, the use of D-dimer as a single diagnostic tool may result in inadequate management of more than 15% of patients with suspected DVT.
- 20. Duplex ultrasonography Duplexultrasonography remains the dominant diagnostic test of choice for the detection of DVT. accuracy, lack of radiation, portability, noninvasiveness, and relative cost-effectiveness. In addition, ultrasound has the ability to distinguish among nonvascular pathologic processes, such as inguinal adenopathy, Baker’s cyst, abscess, and hematoma
- 21. Pitfalls of Duplex Misidentification of veins missing of duplicate venous systems; systemic illness or hypovolemia resulting in decreased venous distention suboptimal imaging in obese or edematous patients; and areas not amenable to compression, such as the iliac veins, the femoral vein at the adductor canal, and the subclavian veins. As with most ultrasound-based imaging studies, the quality of the examination depends on the skill of the technologist performing the study.
- 22. diagnostic criteria forDVT in Duplex Duplex ultrasound diagnostic criteria for DVT 1.increased intraluminal echogenicity, 2. increased venous diameter, 3.inability of the vein to collapse under a moderate pressure from the transducer, 4.absence of spontaneous blood flow, 5. and absence of flow augmentation with distal compression
- 23. Color duplex scanof DVT
- 24. diagnostic criteria forDVT in Duplex Among these factors, inability to compress the vein is the most widely used objective criterion for the diagnosis of DVT. limitation of compression ultrasound is its lack of accuracy in the evaluation of calf veins evaluation of venous flow with color Doppler and spectral Doppler can improve the accuracy of compression ultrasonography
- 26. Plethysmography Plethysmography isa noninvasive method of estimating changes in volume in an extremity. Because all other tissues maintain constant volume during the short period of testing, any recorded volumetric differences reflect changes in blood volume.
- 27. Plethysmography Several plethysmographictechniques with different sensors have been used to measure changes in blood volume strain-gauge plethysmography (SGP) primarily been used in the past for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis(DVT), impedance plethysmography (IPG), Photoplethysmography (PPG), and air plethysmography (APG).
- 28. Plethysmography assess thrombusresolution and recanalization. Because the occlusive cuff is placed on the thigh, plethysmographic diagnosis of calf DVT is especially problematic.
- 29. Limitation of Plethysmography Successful recordings from SGP require full cooperation from the patient. It cannot be performed on patients; who are unable to lie flat. Prolonged recumbency, muscle wasting, and cardiac failure may result in measurement errors. Patients with limb injuries, bandages, casts, or severe edema are unsuitable candidates for SPG
- 30. CT VENOGRAPHY Computedtomographic arteriography is an excellent technique for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. (CTV), has yet to gain traction for the diagnosis of acute DVT in the lower or upper extremities. The diagnostic capabilities of CTV are remarkable in the thigh and pelvis compared with duplex ultrasound
- 31. CT VENOGRAPHY Inaddition, when CTV is used in conjunction for evaluation of PE, it adds only 3 to 5 minutes to the examination, making it an attractive option as the sole diagnostic modality for acute lower extremity DVT CTV has not been well studied for acute calf vein less cost-effective than duplex ultrasound. involves the use of contrast material, and it uses radiation
- 32.
- 33. Advantages of MRV MRV is less expensive than contrast venography but more expensive and less operator dependent than duplex ultrasound. Non–contrast-enhanced techniques include time-of- flight imaging. Contrast enhanced MRV. such gadolinium.
- 34. MRV MRV usedto diagnose acute DVT in larger venous segments, but less sensitivities when smaller diameter veins are evaluated. vessel wall enhancement can be visualized with acute thrombus, allowing the examiner a crude detection of thrombus age
- 35. Disadvantages of MRV demands a nonmoving patient and long imaging times that, when paired, can be a significant hurdle. The below-knee segments of venous anatomy are often paired, accounting for significant artifact during post processing of the images gadolinium can be toxic in patients with renal dysfunction
- 36. Conclusion MRV MRV canbe preserved for detection of thrombus in centrally located venous structures not always accessible to duplex ultrasonography. MRV useful for detection of hypogastric venous thrombosis a remarkable 27% of patients without a detectable source of thrombus by duplex ultrasound who have sustained a PE had thrombus identified by MRV.
- 37. Contrast venography Contrastvenography for the sole purpose of diagnosing DVT is largely of historical interest. It is expensive and inconvenient compared with other diagnostic modalities and potentially causes patient discomfort. Complications of the examination include nephrotoxicity,allergy, phlebitis, and the need for intravenous access. Nevertheless, contrast venography can be useful when other studies have not produced a solid diagnosis, making it important to retain this technology for diagnosis and therapeutics.
- 38. Contrast venography TheRabinov-Paulin technique uses spot film, and the long-leg technique uses cine film. contrast venography should be used as the “golden backup” when the diagnosis of acute DVT remains in question after a venous duplex examination
- 39.
- 40. 18F-FDG 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucosepositron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) .18F-FDG is a glucose analogue that is actively and avidly absorbed by tissues and cells with rapid metabolism. Among these are tumor cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes
- 41. 18F-FDG PET/CT 18F-labeledfluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has been shown to: detect acute DVT, to determine thrombus age. differentiate acute thrombus from tumor thrombus.
- 42.
- 43. DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES Inthe absence of a single reliable, accurate, and inexpensive diagnostic test, stratification of patients based on their risk of DVT substantially enhances clinical decision making. strategies have been developed that include risk assessment as the first diagnostic step. The result is a continuous shift toward early treatment of the majority of the patients based on the clinical information, reserving more expensive diagnostic tests for patients who require invasive treatment.
- 44. Two-level DVT Wellsscore Clinical feature Points Active cancer (treatment ongoing, within 6 months, or palliative) 1 Paralysis, paresis or recent plaster immobilisation of the lower extremities 1 Recently bedridden for 3 days or more or major surgery within 12 weeks requiring general or regional anaesthesia 1 Localised tenderness along the distribution of the deep venous system 1 Entire leg swollen 1 Calf swelling at least 3 cm larger than asymptomatic side 1 Pitting oedema confined to the symptomatic leg 1 Collateral superficial veins (non-varicose) 1 Previously documented DVT 1 An alternative diagnosis is at least as likely as DVT −2 Clinical probability simplified score DVT likely 2 points or more DVT unlikely 1 point or less a Adapted with permission from Wells PS et al. (2003) Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine 349: 1227–35
- 45. DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES Itis increasingly recognized that the optimal approach to DVT diagnosis includes risk stratification based on the Wells score and D-dimer assay, followed by diagnostic testing in high-risk patients and in patients who require advanced treatment modalities. In low and intermediate risk patients, the combination of a Wells score and negative D-dimer result reaches a negative predictive value approaching 100%.
- 47. DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES Evaluationof patients with a high probability of DVT is more problematic. Negative D-dimer results in these patients are associated with PE rates of up to 15%. So, treatment should be started before additional testing is completed. When anticoagulation is initiated, delay in definitive diagnostic studies has been shown to be safe.
- 49. DVT during pregnancy The risk of bleeding complications limits the use of anticoagulation to cases with confirmed DVT. D-dimer levels have been known to increase during the course of a normal pregnancy and are of unproven utility during pregnancy. For these reasons, ultrasound remains the preferred diagnostic test for detection of DVT in pregnancy.
- 50. Thrombophilia screening Factor Vleiden, Prot C/S deficiency Antithrombin III deficiency • Idiopathic DVT < 50 years • Family history of DVT • Thrombosis in an unusual site • Recurrent DVT
- 51. Patient with suspectsymptomatic Acute lower extremity DVT Venous duplex scan negative Low clinical probability observe High clinical probability Repeat scan / Venography negativepositive Evaluate coagulogram /thrombophilia/ malignancy Anticoagulant therapy contraindication yes IVC filter No pregnancy LMWH OPD LMWH hospitalisation UFH + warfarin Compression treatment