Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved Bees Algorithm

International Journal of Recent Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJRREEE)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (34-42), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Dwindling of real power loss by using Improved
Abstract: In this paper, a new Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) is proposed for solving reactive power dispatch
problem. The aim of this paper is to utilize an optimization algorithm called the improved Bees Algorithm,
inspired from the natural foraging behaviour of honey bees, to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. The
IBA algorithm executes both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with arbitrary explorative search.
The proposed Improved Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (IBA) algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE 57
bus test system and simulation results show clearly the high-quality performance of the projected algorithm in
reducing the real power loss.
Keywords: Optimal Reactive Power, Transmission loss, honey bee, foraging behaviour, waggle dance, bee’s
algorithm, swarm intelligence, swarm-based optimization, adaptive neighbourhood search, site abandonment,
random search
Optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem is to minimize the real power loss and bus voltage deviation. Various
mathematical techniques like the gradient method [1-2], Newton method [3] and linear programming [4-7] have been
adopted to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. Both the gradient and Newton methods have the
complexity in managing inequality constraints. If linear programming is applied then the input- output function has to be
uttered as a set of linear functions which mostly lead to loss of accuracy. The problem of voltage stability and collapse
play a major role in power system planning and operation [8]. Global optimization has received extensive research
awareness, and a great number of methods have been applied to solve this problem. Evolutionary algorithms such as
genetic algorithm have been already proposed to solve the reactive power flow problem [9, 10]. Evolutionary algorithm
is a heuristic approach used for minimization problems by utilizing nonlinear and non-differentiable continuous space
functions. In [11], Genetic algorithm has been used to solve optimal reactive power flow problem. In [12], Hybrid
differential evolution algorithm is proposed to improve the voltage stability index. In [13] Biogeography Based algorithm
is projected to solve the reactive power dispatch problem. In [14], a fuzzy based method is used to solve the optimal
reactive power scheduling method. In [15], an improved evolutionary programming is used to solve the optimal reactive
power dispatch problem. In [16], the optimal reactive power flow problem is solved by integrating a genetic algorithm
with a nonlinear interior point method. In [17], a pattern algorithm is used to solve ac-dc optimal reactive power flow
model with the generator capability limits. In [18], F. Capitanescu proposes a two-step approach to evaluate Reactive
power reserves with respect to operating constraints and voltage stability. In [19], a programming based approach is used
to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. In [20], A. Kargarian et al present a probabilistic algorithm for
optimal reactive power provision in hybrid electricity markets with uncertain loads. This paper proposes a new Improved
Bees Algorithm (IBA) to solve the optimal reactive power dispatch problem. The aim of this paper is to solve optimal
reactive power problem by utilizing Bees Algorithm, introduced by Pham [21], inspired from the natural foraging
behaviour of honey bees. The IBA algorithm performs both an exploitative neighbourhood search combined with
arbitrary explorative search. The proposed algorithm IBA has been evaluated in standard IEEE 57 bus test system and
the simulation results show that our proposed approach outperforms all the entitled reported algorithms in minimization
of real power loss.
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Bees Algorithm
K. Lenin, B. Ravindranath Reddy, and M. Surya Kalavathi
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India
I. INTRODUCTION
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The optimal power flow problem is treated as a general minimization problem with constraints, and can be
mathematically written in the following form:
where f(x,u) is the objective function. g(x.u) and h(x,u) are respectively the set of equality and inequality constraints. x is
the vector of state variables, and u is the vector of control variables.
The state variables are the load buses (PQ buses) voltages, angles, the generator reactive powers and the slack active
generator power:
x = Pg1, θ2, . . , θN, VL1, . , VLNL , Qg1, . . , Qgng
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II. PROBLEM FORMULATION
Minimize f(x, u) (1)
subject to g(x,u)=0 (2)
and
h(x, u) ≤ 0 (3)
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T
(4)
The control variables are the generator bus voltages, the shunt capacitors/reactors and the transformers tap-settings:
u = Vg , T, Qc
T
(5)
or
u = Vg1, … , Vgng , T1, . . , TNt , Qc1, . . , QcNc
T
(6)
Where ng, nt and nc are the number of generators, number of tap transformers and the number of shunt compensators
respectively.
III. OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
A. Active power loss
The objective of the reactive power dispatch is to minimize the active power loss in the transmission network, which can
be described as follows:
2 + 푉푗
퐹 = 푃퐿 = 푘∈푁푏푟 푔푘 푉푖
2 − 2푉푖 푉푗 푐표푠휃푖푗 (7)
Or
푁푔
퐹 = 푃퐿 = 푃푔푖 − 푃푑 = 푃푔푠푙푎푐푘 + 푃푔푖 − 푃푑
푖∈푁푔 푖≠푠푙푎푐푘 (8)
where gk : is the conductance of branch between nodes i and j, Nbr: is the total number of transmission lines in power
systems. Pd: is the total active power demand, Pgi: is the generator active power of unit i, and Pgsalck: is the generator
active power of slack bus.
B. Voltage profile improvement
For minimizing the voltage deviation in PQ buses, the objective function becomes:
퐹 = 푃퐿 + 휔푣 × 푉퐷 (9)
where ωv: is a weighting factor of voltage deviation.
VD is the voltage deviation given by:

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푉퐷 = 푉푖 − 1 푁푝푞
푖=1 (10)
C. Equality Constraint
The equality constraint g(x,u) of the ORPD problem is represented by the power balance equation, where the total power
generation must cover the total power demand and the power losses:
푃퐺 = 푃퐷 + 푃퐿 (11)
This equation is solved by running Newton Raphson load flow method, by calculating the active power of slack bus to
determine active power loss.
D. Inequality Constraints
The inequality constraints h(x,u) reflect the limits on components in the power system as well as the limits created to
ensure system security. Upper and lower bounds on the active power of slack bus, and reactive power of generators:
푚푖푛 ≤ 푃푔푠푙푎푐푘 ≤ 푃푔푠푙푎푐푘
푃푔푠푙푎푐푘
푚푎푥 (12)
푄푔푖푚
푖푛 ≤ 푄푔푖 ≤ 푄푔푖푚
푎푥 , 푖 ∈ 푁푔 (13)
Upper and lower bounds on the bus voltage magnitudes:
푚푖푛 ≤ 푉푖 ≤ 푉푖
푉푖
푚푎푥 , 푖 ∈ 푁 (14)
Upper and lower bounds on the transformers tap ratios:
푚푖푛 ≤ 푇푖 ≤ 푇푖
푇푖
푚푎푥 , 푖 ∈ 푁푇 (15)
Upper and lower bounds on the compensators reactive powers:
푚푖푛 ≤ 푄푐 ≤ 푄퐶
푄푐
푚푎푥 , 푖 ∈ 푁퐶 (16)
Where N is the total number of buses, NT is the total number of Transformers; Nc is the total number of shunt reactive
compensators.
IV. BEHAVIOUR OF HONEY BEES
A colony of honey bees can exploit a huge number of food sources in big fields and they can fly up to 12 km to exploit
food sources [22, 23]. The colony utilize about one-quarter of its members as searcher bees. The foraging process begins
with searching out hopeful flower patches by scout bees. The colony keeps a proportion of the scout bees during the
harvesting season. When the scout bees have found a flower area, they will look further in hope of finding an even
superior one [23]. The scout bees search for the better patches randomly [24]. The scout bees notify their peers waiting in
the hive about the eminence of the food source, based amongst other things, on sugar levels. The scout bees dump their
nectar and go to the dance floor in front of the hive to converse to the other bees by performing their dance, known as the
waggle dance [22]. The waggle dance is named based on the wagging run, which is used by the scout bees to
communicate information about the food source to the rest of the colony. The scout bees present the following
information by means of the waggle dance: the quality of the food source, the distance of the source from the hive and
the direction of the source [23- 25]. Figure 1a,b [25]. The scout then circles back, alternating a left and a right return path
. The speed/duration of the dance indicates the distance to the food source; the frequency of the waggles in the dance and
buzzing convey the quality of the source; see Figure 1c [25]. This information will influence the number of follower
bees.

Fig1. (a) Orientation of waggle dance with respect to the sun; (b) Orientation of waggle dance with respect to the food source, hive
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and sun; (c) The Waggle Dance and followers.
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Fundamental parameters of the Bees Algorithm:
Quantity of scout bees in the selected patches - n
Quantity of best patches in the selected patches - m
Quantity of elite patches in the selected best patches- e
Quantity of recruited bees in the elite patches -nep
Quantity of recruited bees in the non-elite best patches- nsp
The size of neighbourhood for each patch - ngh
Quantity of iterations- Maxiter
Variation between value of the first and last iterations- diff
Bees Algorithm:
Create the initial population size as n, m, e, nep, set nsp, ngh, MaxIter, and set the error limit as Error.
i = 0
Generate preliminary population.
Calculate Fitness Value of initial population.
Arrange the initial population based on the fitness result.
While 푖 ≤ 푚푎푥퐼푡푒푟 표푟 푓푖푡푛푒푠푠 푣푎푙푢푒푖 − 푓푖푡푛푒푠푠푣푎푙푢푒푖−1 ≤ 퐸푟푟표푟
i. i = i + l;
ii. Choose the elite patches and non-elite best patches for neighbourhood search.
iii. Engage the forager bees to the elite patches and non-elite best patches.
iv. Calculate the fitness value of each patch.
v. Arrange the results based on their fitness.
vi. Distribute the rest of the bees for global search to the non-best locations.
vii. Calculate the fitness value of non-best patches.
viii. Arrange the overall results based on their fitness.
x. Run the algorithm until stop criteria met.
End

V. IMPROVED BEES ALGORITHM BY ADAPTIVE NEIGHBOURHOOD SEARCH AND
This segment explains the proposed improvements to the bee‟s algorithm (BA) by applying adaptive transform to the
neighbourhood size and site abandonment approach simultaneously. Collective neighbourhood size change and site
abandonment (NSSA) approach has been attempted on the BA by Koc [26] who found that the convergence rate of a
NSSA-based BA can be sluggish, when the promising locations are far from the current best sites. Here an adaptive
neighbourhood size change and site abandonment (ANSSA) approach is proposed which will keep away from local
minima by changing the neighbourhood size adaptively. The ANSSA-based BA possesses both shrinking and
augmentation strategies according to the fitness evaluation. The primary move is to implement the shrinking approach.
This approach works on a best site after a definite number of repetitions. The approach works until the repetition stops.
If, in spite of the shrinking approach, the number of repetitions still increases for a definite number of iterations, then an
augmentation approach is utilized. Finally, if the number of repetitions still increases for a number of iterations after the
use of the augmentation approach, then that site is abandoned and a new site will be generated. Koc [26] utilized the
following parameter for shrinking the neighbourhood size and site abandonment approach: neighbourhood size = ngh,
the shrinking constant = sc, the abandoned sites = aband_site. In this study four more parameters are introduced. The first
is the number of repetitions for each site, denoted as keep_point. The keep_point records the number of repetitions for all
the repetitive results for best sites. The second parameter is called the “Repetition Number for the shrinking” is denoted
as rep_nshr; the number of shrinking is the number of repetitions necessary to start the shrinking strategy, as given in
Equations (17) and (18). The parameter is the “Repetition Number for the enhancement” is denoted as rep_nenh. This
parameter defines the number of repetitions until the end of the shrinking process, and the beginning of the enhancement
process as shown in Equations (17) and (19) [27,28]. The enhancement process works until the number of the repetitions
is equal to the rep_naban, which denotes the “Repetition Number for the abandonment process”. Hence a non-productive
site is abandoned and it is stored in aband_site list. If there is no better solution than the abandoned site at the end of the
searching process, this is the final solution.
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SITE ABANDONMENT STRATEGY
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푛푒푤푛푔 푕 =
푘푒푒푝푝표푖푛푡 ≤ 푟푒푝푛푠 푕푟 푛푔푕
푟푒푝푛푠 푕푟 < 푘푒푒푝푝표푖푛푡 ≤ 푟푒푝푛푒푛 푕 푅1
푟푒푝푛푒푛 푕 < 푘푒푒푝푝표푖푛푡 ≤ 푟푒푝푛푎푏푎푛 푅2
푟푒푝푛푎푏 푎푛 < 푘푒푒푝푝표푖푛푡 푛푔푕
(17)
푅1 = 푛푔푕 − 푛푔푕 ∗
푘푒푒 푝푝표푖푛푡 −푟푒푝 _푛푠 푕푟
100
∗ 푠푐 (18)
푅2 = 푛푔푕 + 푛푔푕 ∗
푘푒푒 푝푝표푖푛푡 −푟푒푝 _푛푒푛 푕
100
∗ 푠푐 (19)
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed Improved Bees Algorithm (IBA) algorithm for solving ORPD problem is tested for standard IEEE-57 bus
power system. The IEEE 57-bus system data consists of 80 branches, seven generator-buses and 17 branches under load
tap setting transformer branches. The possible reactive power compensation buses are 18, 25 and 53. Bus 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 and
12 are PV buses and bus 1 is selected as slack-bus. In this case, the search space has 27 dimensions, i.e., the seven
generator voltages, 17 transformer taps, and three capacitor banks. The system variable limits are given in Table I. The
initial conditions for the IEEE-57 bus power system are given as follows:
Pload = 12.310 p.u. Qload = 3.322 p.u.
The total initial generations and power losses are obtained as follows:
푃퐺 = 12.7634 p.u. 푄퐺 = 3.4468 p.u.
Ploss = 0.27351 p.u. Qloss = -1.2248 p.u.

Table II shows the various system control variables i.e. generator bus voltages, shunt capacitances and transformer tap
settings obtained after IBA based optimization which are within their acceptable limits. In Table III, a comparison of
optimum results obtained from proposed IBA with other optimization techniques for ORPD mentioned in literature for
IEEE-57 bus power system is given. These results indicate the robustness of proposed IBA approach for providing better
optimal solution in case of IEEE-57 bus system.
TABLE II: CONTROL VARIABLES OBTAINED AFTER OPTIMIZATION BY IBA METHOD FOR IEEE-57 BUS SYSTEM (P.U.)
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TABLE I: VARIABLES LIMITS FOR IEEE-57 BUS POWER SYSTEM (P.U.)
REACTIVE POWER GENERATION LIMITS
BUS NO 1 2 3 6 8 9 12
QGMIN -1.2 -.014 -.02 -0.06 -1.2 -0.03 -0.3
QGMAX 2 0.4 0.5 0.24 2 0.08 1.54
VOLTAGE AND TAP SETTING LIMITS
VGMIN VGMAX VPQMIN VPQMAX TKMIN TKMAX
0.7 1.3 0.95 1.06 0.7 1.3
SHUNT CAPACITOR LIMITS
BUS NO 18 25 53
QCMIN 0 0 0
QCMAX 10 5.3 6.5
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Control
Variables
IBA
V1 1.2
V2 1.084
V3 1.073
V6 1.051
V8 1.074
V9 1.052
V12 1.061
Qc18 0.0843
Qc25 0.333
Qc53 0.0628
T4-18 1.016
T21-20 1.072
T24-25 0.973
T24-26 0.945
T7-29 1.092
T34-32 0.957
T11-41 1.015
T15-45 1.074
T14-46 0.943
T10-51 1.055
T13-49 1.075
T11-43 0.921
T40-56 0.911
T39-57 0.973
T9-55 0.985

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TABLE III: COMPARATIVE OPTIMIZATION RESULTS FOR IEEE-57 BUS POWER SYSTEM (P.U.)
Paper Publications
S.No. Optimization
Algorithm
Best Solution Worst Solution Average
Solution
1 NLP [29] 0.25902 0.30854 0.27858
2 CGA [29] 0.25244 0.27507 0.26293
3 AGA [29] 0.24564 0.26671 0.25127
4 PSO-w [29] 0.24270 0.26152 0.24725
5 PSO-cf [29] 0.24280 0.26032 0.24698
6 CLPSO [29] 0.24515 0.24780 0.24673
7 SPSO-07 [29] 0.24430 0.25457 0.24752
8 L-DE [29] 0.27812 0.41909 0.33177
9 L-SACP-DE [29] 0.27915 0.36978 0.31032
10 L-SaDE [29] 0.24267 0.24391 0.24311
11 SOA [29] 0.24265 0.24280 0.24270
12 LM [30] 0.2484 0.2922 0.2641
13 MBEP1 [30] 0.2474 0.2848 0.2643
14 MBEP2 [30] 0.2482 0.283 0.2592
15 BES100 [30] 0.2438 0.263 0.2541
16 BES200 [30] 0.3417 0.2486 0.2443
17 Proposed IBA 0.22359 0.23492 0.23121
VII. CONCLUSION
IBA has been fruitfully applied for ORPD problem. The IBA based ORPD is tested in standard IEEE-57 bus system.
Performance comparisons with well-known population-based algorithms give cheering results. IBA emerges to find good
solutions when compared to that of other algorithms. The simulation results presented in previous section prove the
ability of IBA approach to arrive at near global optimal solution.
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Paper Publications
Author Biography:
K. Lenin has received his B.E., Degree, electrical and electronics engineering in 1999 from
university of madras, Chennai, India and M.E., Degree in power systems in 2000 from Annamalai
University, Tamil Nadu, India. At present pursuing Ph.D., degree at JNTU, Hyderabad, India.
Bhumanapally. RavindhranathReddy, Born on 3rd September,1969. Got his B.Tech in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering from the J.N.T.U. College of Engg., Anantapur in the year 1991. Completed
his M.Tech in Energy Systems in IPGSR of J.N.T.University Hyderabad in the year 1997. Obtained
his doctoral degree from JNTUA,Anantapur University in the field of Electrical Power Systems.
Published 12 Research Papers and presently guiding 6 Ph.D. Scholars. He was specialized in Power
Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Control Systems. His research interests include Simulation
studies on Transients of different power system equipment.
M. Surya Kalavathi has received her B.Tech. Electrical and Electronics Engineering from SVU,
Andhra Pradesh, India and M.Tech, power system operation and control from SVU, Andhra Pradesh,
India. she received her Phd. Degree from JNTU, hyderabad and Post doc. From CMU – USA.
Currently she is Professor and Head of the electrical and electronics engineering department in
JNTU, Hyderabad, India and she has Published 16 Research Papers and presently guiding 5 Ph.D.
Scholars. She has specialised in Power Systems, High Voltage Engineering and Control Systems.
Her research interests include Simulation studies on Transients of different power system equipment. She has 18 years
of experience. She has invited for various lectures in institutes.

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