e computer notes - Subqueries
- 2. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: " Describe the types of problem that subqueries can solve " Define subqueries " List the types of subqueries " Write single - row and multiple - row subqueries http://ecomputernotes.com
- 3. Using a Subquery to Solve a Problem Who has a salary greater than Abel¶s? Main Query: Which employees have salaries greater ? than Abel¶s salary? Subquery ? What is Abel¶s salary? http://ecomputernotes.com
- 4. Subquery Syntax SELECT select_list FRO M table WHERE expr operator (SELECT select_list FRO M table ); "T he subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. "T he result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query). http://ecomputernotes.com
- 5. Using a Subquery SELECT last_name 11000 FROM employees WHERE salary > (SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Abel'); http://ecomputernotes.com
- 6. Guidelines for Using Subqueries " Enclose subqueries in parentheses. " Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison condition. " The ORDER BY clause in the subquery is not needed unless you are performing Top-N analysis. "U se single-row operators with single-row subqueries and use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries. http://ecomputernotes.com
- 7. Types of Subqueries " Single-row subquery Main query returns Subquery ST_CLERK " Multiple-row subquery Main query returns ST_CLERK Subquery SA_MAN http://ecomputernotes.com
- 8. Single-Row Subqueries " Return only one row " Use single-row comparison operators Operator Meaning = Equal to > Greater than >= Greater than or equal to < Less than <= Less than or equal to <> Not equal to http://ecomputernotes.com
- 9. Executing Single-Row Subqueries SELECT last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees WHERE job_id = ST_CLERK (SELECT job_id FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 141) AND salary > 2600 (SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 143); http://ecomputernotes.com
- 10. Using Group Functions in a Subquery SELECT last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees 2500 WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees); http://ecomputernotes.com
- 11. The HAVING Clause with Subqueries " The Oracle server executes subqueries first. " The Oracle server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. SELECT department_id, MIN(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id 2500 HAVING MIN(salary) > (SELECT MIN(salary) FRO M employees WHERE department_id = 50); http://ecomputernotes.com
- 12. What is Wrong with this Statement? SELECT employee_id, last_name FROM employees WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id); ERROR at line 4: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one rowone row http://ecomputernotes.com
- 13. Will this Statement Return Rows? SELECT last_name, job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id = (SELECT job_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Haas'); no rows selected http://ecomputernotes.com
- 14. Multiple-Row Subqueries " Return more than one row " Use multiple-row comparison operators Operator Meaning IN Equal to any member in the list ANY Compare value to each value returned by the subquery Compare value to every value returned ALL by the subquery http://ecomputernotes.com
- 15. Using the ANY Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees 9000, 6000, 4200 WHERE salary < ANY (SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG') AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG'; « http://ecomputernotes.com
- 16. Using the ALL Operator in Multiple-Row Subqueries SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees 9000, 6000, 4200 WHERE salary < ALL (SELECT salary FROM employees WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG') AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG'; http://ecomputernotes.com
- 17. Null Values in a Subquery SELECT emp.last_name FROM employees emp WHERE emp.employee_id NOT IN (SELECT mgr.manager_id FROM employees mgr); no rows selected http://ecomputernotes.com