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Early childhood caries
- 1. DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS SUBMITTEDBY: SHAYONI SEN BDS IVTH YEAR
- 2. Introduction Early childhood caries Classification Nursing caries Etiological agents in nursing bottle caries Clinical features Progression of the lesion Implications Management Prevention Nursing vs rampant caries Reference
- 3. DEFINITION (SHAFER) Dental cariesis an irreversible microbial disease of calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of inorganic portion and destruction of organic substance of tooth, which often leads to cavitation.
- 4. BASED ON ANATOMIC SITE • Occlusal caries •Smooth surface caries • Root caries BASED ON SEVERITY • Incipient caries • Occult caries • Cavitation BASED ON PROGRESS ION BASED ON CHRONOLOG Y • Arrested caries • Recurrent/ secondary caries • Radiation caries • Early childhood caries • Teenage caries • Adult caries CLASSIFICATION (SHOBHA TANDON)
- 5. FLUORID E In water Toothpaste Varnish gels In foods DIET Improved nutrition Decrease damount of sugar Decrease frequency of sugar PLAQUE CONTROL Better home care Better professional care Chemical control Antibiotics In school Antimicrobial additives Changes in micro flora SALIV A DENTIST/DENTAL MATERIALS Changes in properties Better dentists Secretion rate Better dental materials Buffer capacity Fissure sealants Immunoglobulin content Agglutinins volume
- 6. DEFINITION: DAVIES, 1988 A complexdisease involving maxillary primary incisors within a month after eruption and spread rapidly to involve other primary teeth.
- 7. TYPE 1 ECC (mild to moderat e) •Carious lesions involving the molars and incisors • Seen in 2-5 years of age • Cause is usually a combination of cariogenic semisolid or solid food and lack of oral hygiene • Number of affected teeth usually increases as the cariogenic challenge persists TYPE 2 ECC (modera te to severe) • Labiolingual carious lesion affecting the maxillary incisors with or without molar caries • Seen soon after 1st tooth erupt • Cause is inappropriate use of feeding bottle, at-will breast feeding or combination, poor oral hygiene TYPE 3 ECC (severe) • Carious lesion involve all the teeth, including mandibular incisors. • Usually seen in 3-5 years of age • Cause is combination of factors and poor oral hygiene • Rampant in nature and involves immune tooth surfaces.
- 8. Winter et al,1966 A unique pattern of dental decay in young children due to prolonged and improper nursing/feeding habit.
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- 10. Steptococcus mutans- main microbethat colonizes teeth after it erupts into oral cavity. It is transmitted to infant’s mouth through mother. It is more virulent because:It colonizes the teeth It produces large amount of acid It produces large amount of extracellular polysaccharides that favor plaque formation.
- 11. Carbohydrates are convertedinto dextrans by microorganisms. In infants & toddlers, the main sources of fermentable carbohydrates are: i. Bovine milk or infant formulas ii. Human milk (breast-feeding at will) iii. Fruit juices & other sweet liquids iv. Sweet syrups like vitamin preparations v. Pacifiers dipped in honey or sugar solution vi. Chocolates or other sweets
- 12. Teeth act ashost for microorganisms Hypomineralisation or hypoplasia of teeth increases the susceptibility of child to caries Thin enamel in primary teeth is one of the reasons for early spread of lesions Developmental grooves also may act as plaque retentive areas
- 13. More the timechild sleeps with bottle in the mouth the higher is the risk of caries because the salivary flow and the swallowing reflex decrease, thus providing more time for accumulation of carbohydrates in the mouth which are acted upon by microbes to produce acid leading to caries.
- 14. Overindulgence of parents Crowdedhomes Child who has less sleep Malnutrition Iron deficiency & excess lead exposuresalivary gland function impaired Low weight infants (<2500 gms)
- 15. The intraoral decaypattern is characteristic & pathognomonic of this condition. Maxillary central incisors: facial, lingual, mesial, distal surfaces Maxillary lateral incisors: facial, lingual, mesial, distal surfaces Maxillary 1st molars: facial, lingual, occlusal, proximal surfaces Maxillary canines & 2nd molars: facial, lingual, proximal surfaces Mandibular molars: at later stage
- 16. I. II. Mandibular anterior teeth areusually spared because of: Protection by tongue Cleansing action of saliva due to presence of the orifice of the duct of sublingual glands very close to lower incisors.
- 17. Initially, a demineralization dull, whitearea is seen along the gum line on labial aspect of maxillary incisors. Finally, the whole crown of the incisors is destroyed leaving behind brown-black root stumps. These white lesions become cavities which involve the neck of the tooth in a ring like fashion
- 18. The child whohas nursing caries has an increased risk of developing caries even in permanent dentition. The child with caries is also susceptible to other heath hazards. The treatment of nursing caries may prove to be financial burden for some parents.
- 19. Aims: I. Managementof existing emergency II. Arrest & control of the carious process III. Institution of preventive procedure IV. Restoration & rehabilitation Factors affecting management: I. Extent of the lesion II. Age of the patient III. Behavioral problems due to young age the child of
- 20. All lesions shouldbe excavated and restored Indirect pulp capping or pulp therapy procedures can be evaluated by further investigation If the abscess is present it can be treated by drainage X-Rays are advised to assess the condition of succedaneous teeth collection of saliva for determining the salivary flow & viscosity
- 21. Parent should bequestioned about the child’s feeding habits, nocturnal bottles, demand for breast-feeding, pacifiers. Parents should be asked to try weaning the child from using the bottle as pacifier while in bed. In case of emotional dependence on the bottle, suggest use of plain or fluoridated water. The parents should be instructed to clean the child’s teeth after every feed. Parents are advised to maintain a diet record of the child for 1 week that includes the time, amount of food given to the child, the type of the food & the number of sugar exposures.
- 22. Should be scheduled1 week after 1st week. Analysis of diet chart & explanation of disease process of child’s teeth Isolate the sugar factors from diet chart & control sugar exposure Reassess the restoration and redo if needed Caries activity tests can be started & repeated at monthly interval to monitor the success of treatment
- 23. Restoring all grosslydecayed teeth Endodontic treatment In case of unrestorable teeth, extraction followed by space maintainer Crowns given for grossly decayed & endodontically treated teeth Review & recall after every 3 months
- 24. Information of nursingbottle caries can be distributed to new parents through obstetricians, pediatricians & child care centers. Sealing of all pits & fissure caries Professional fluoride programs Use of antimicrobial therapy topically Systemic fluoride in drinking water
- 26. NURSING CARIES Specific formof rampant caries. RAMPANT CARIES Acute, widespread caries with early pulpal involvement of teeth which are usually immune to decay. Age of occurrence Age of occurrence In infants & toddlers Seen at all ages Dentition involved Affects the primary dentition Characteristic feature Specific pattern is seen Mandibular molars are not involved Dentition involved Both primary & permanent dentition Characteristic feature Surfaces considered immune to decay are involved. Thus, mandibular incisors are affected
- 27. NURSING CARIES RAMPANT CARIES Etiology Etiology Bottlefeeding before sleep More multifactorial with all the essential factors involved are not just feeding practices Pacifiers dipped in honey Frequent snacks, excessive sticky refined carbohydrates Decreased salivary flow Prolonged at-will beast-feeding Genetic background Treatment Treatment In early stage- topical fluoride application & education Require pulp therapy Directed toward maintenance of the teeth till the transition occurs Long term treatment Prevention Prevention Education of the parents Dental Health Education at a mass level involving people of all ages
- 28. SHOBHA TONDON (FORPEDIATRICS DENTISTRY) 2nd EDITION.