early-problems-of-Pakistan-28022025-091747am.pdf
- 1. 4. The provinces of Punjab and Bengal would be divided because they have mix population. According to a formula the Muslim majority districts would become part of Pakistan and non-Muslim majority districts would become part of India. Bb. JINNAH AS AN ARCHITECT OF PAKISTAN 3rd June plan 1947 and Independence Act 1947: In the first quarter of 1947 Lord Atlee the new prime minister of England declared that British will leave sub-continent by June 1948. Till then the British government will make the necessary arrangements to accommodate the transfer of power to the local people. He called back Lord Wavell and sent Lord Mountbatten as new viceroy of India. The main task of him was to arrange the transfer and divide the assets, resources and land between the two future parts of Indian sub-continent. He arrived in India in March 1947. On 3rd June Lord Mountbatten came up with a plan of division of sub-continent. In it he sealed the fate of the future state of Pakistan. This plan became famous as 3rd June Plan. Some salient features of this plan are as under: 1. The British will give independence to India on 15th August 1947. 2. The assets between Pakistan and India would be divided on the ratio of 5/17. 3. Sind, Baluchistan and N.W.F.P would be given to Pakistan completely if their people confirm it and give a vote for Pakistan.
- 2. 5. To decide the boundaries between Pakistan and India a commission was setup and Radcliff became its chairman. He had hardly spent any time in India so it was clear that such a man would not be able to deliver. He used to take direct dictation from the viceroy over the issue of division of land. There were two sub-committee of this commission one for Punjab and one for Bengal. (The final report of this commission came out on 16th August 1947, which means two days after the independence of Pakistan. This contributed a lot in the violence during the migration after independence, because the people living in areas close to present Pakistan thought their area would be part of Pakistan). 6. All the independent states in sub-continent were given the choice to decide on their own that which country would they accede to or they want to remain independent Early Problems faced by Pakistan, caused by India 1. Financial Assets 2. Refugee Problem 3. Military Assets 4. Accession of Independent states I. Kashmir II. Junagarh III. Hyderabad Deccan 5 Canal Water Dispute
- 3. 6. Early problems due to internal issues, which still exists Early Problems Faced by Pakistan: Pakistan when came into being faced many problems. First of all, it was a country which was based over an Ideology. Secondly the country from which Pakistan was made did not want Pakistan to remain independent. Then finally no other country wanted Pakistan to be made although other than Afghanistan every other country accepted Pakistan in United Nations. The government of Pakistan had a huge task of making Pakistan acceptable in the world and to survive against all odds. Some early problem which Pakistan faced in its early years of Independence is as under:- 1. Financial Assets: Pakistan was allotted 750 million Rs. according to partition plan. India as a first installment paid 200 million Rs. Then India refused to pay the further 550 million Rs. to Pakistan. The case then was taken up by Gandhi who pressed on the fact that although Congress has always worked against the creation of Pakistan but now Pakistan has become a reality so we should accept it and pay the due share to Pakistan. He went on a hunger strike for the right of Pakistan to get money. As a result the Government of India paid another 500 million Rs. to Pakistan. India has not paid the remaining 50 million Rs. to Pakistan. 2. Refugee problem:
- 4. The roots of refugee problem can be found in the 3rd June plan. In this plan the last Viceroy to India Lord Mount Batten lessened the time allowed by Lord Attlee (the prime Minster of England) by almost a year. Lord Attlee said in his speech in House of Commons the British will leave India by June 1948 and in 3rd June plan the Viceroy declared that partition would take place on 15 August, 1947.This proves that the Viceroy totally ignored the Communal tension and the dispute over land distribution between Muslim League and Congress. The main cause of the refugee problem was Radcliff Awards. It was decided that Pakistan would get Sind, Baluchistan, N.W.F.P, East Bengal and West Punjab. Muslims had full majority in all provinces other than Punjab and Bengal where they had more than 50% population but there were other communities as well. According to the original plan it was decided that the provinces of Punjab and Bengal would be divided according to the population distribution. Means the area which have Muslim majority would be given to Pakistan and the areas which have non-Muslim majority would be given to India. The people living in Punjab were sure that their area would be included in Pakistan, so they did not try to migrate before 14th August. The problem started when on 16th August Radcliff Awards were announced. According to it many districts of Punjab which had Muslim majority, like, Gurdaspur, Firozpur, Amritsar etc, were included in Indian territories. When Muslims of these areas came to know about this foul play by the Viceroy, they left
- 5. everything in India and tried to reach Pakistan. Many of them were killed on the way and those who reached Pakistan had no belongings. To counter the problem Jinnah set up a “Quaid-e-Azam Refugee relief fund” and asked people to donate money in the fund to help the refugees. Then he moved his headquarters from Karachi to Lahore for some time to counter the problem and have a close eye on the relief work. 1. Military assets: All army officers were given the choice to join any country after the Independence. Other physical assets were to be divided according to 5/17 ratio between Pakistan and India. The only problem which Pakistan faced was that there were 16 ordnance factories in undivided India unfortunately for Pakistan all of them were located in divided India. So, India agreed to set up an ordinance factory in Pakistan. Wah ordinance factory was established with the help of India. 4. Accession of Independent states There were 562 independent states in Sub-continent at the time of partition. British gave two choices to them, i) either to remain independent or
- 6. ii) to join any country, they would like to. Out of these 562 independent states only 14 were within the boundaries of Pakistan. The problem of accession was with only 3 of them namely Kashmir, Junagarh and Hyderabad Deccan. Kashmir, Dir, Sawat, Lasbelah, Bhawalpur, Khairpur, Kalat, 1. Kashmir: Kashmir was sold to the Dogra family by British in middle of the 19th century. Since then, they were ruling over it. The majority of its population, which was Muslim, was not satisfied with their rulers. At the time of Independence Kashmir had the status of independent state, which had the right to accede to any country. The ruler of Kashmir at the time Hari Singh Dogra wanted to accede to India, but the 75% Muslim population wanted to accede to Pakistan. The clash between the ruler and the ruled resulted in violence. Hari Singh ordered the killing of anyone who was against him. In this situation Muslims living in Pakistan on the bordering areas of Kashmir attacked Kashmir to save their fellow Muslims. Hari Singh in reply asked for the help from India. Lord Mount Batten was the Governor General of India at the time; he immediately sent Indian troops into Kashmir. Indian army stopped the advances of liberation army. Since that day Indian army has occupied Kashmir and refuse to leave and claim that Kashmir is part of India.
- 7. 2. Junagarh: It is a maritime state which does not have a land link with Pakistan. It can be reached from Pakistan through sea. The majority of the population in the state was Hindu but the ruler was Muslim who wanted to accede to Pakistan. Indian government wanted it to accede to India. Due to this tussle the ruler and the population was in dilemma of either joining any country or to remain independent. Finally, a large force of liberation army entered into the borders of Junagarh and forcefully took it from the ruler. iii. Hyderabad Deccan: The case of Hyderabad was like Junagarh. The population was Hindu majority but the ruler was Muslim. However, there was a difference in the location of this area. Hyderabad is situated in the South of India and it is surrounded by Indian Territory from all sides. The ruler although wanted to join Pakistan initially but realizing the geographical handicap he decided to remain independent. The Government of India cannot allow the most powerful and the richest independent state to remain independent. Indian forces also entered into Hyderabad and took the area by force. 5 Water dispute:
- 8. Pakistan is an agricultural economy. Still today Pakistan earns most of its foreign exchange through water-based industry and exports. For agriculture and second most important element after land is water. Fortunately, Pakistan is blessed with every efficient river system. Without rivers Pakistan could not progress in any field. India took advantage of this weakness of Pakistan immediately after independence. The five major rivers which bring water into Pakistan have their headwork in Kashmir and India. Indus, Jhelum and Chenab have their sources in Kashmir and Ravi, Sutlej and Beas have their source in Northern India. India stopped the water of these rivers. Pakistan objected on it. India said these rivers start from Indian Territory that’s why we have the right to use their water. Pakistan argued that these rivers should be allowed to flow on their natural course which means allowing them to flow through Pakistan. However, the dispute took more than 12 years to be solved. It was finally resolved in 1960 that the three Eastern Rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab would be given to Pakistan and Ravi, Sutlej and Beas would go to India. World Bank played the role of arbitrator in this treaty and it is known as Indus Basin Treaty.