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Earthquakes.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust along faults. The Earth has layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Plate tectonics involves the movement of plates in the mantle which can cause earthquakes at plate boundaries. Earthquakes produce seismic waves that are measured with seismographs. The location of the earthquake is found using three seismograph locations. Building damage depends on factors like magnitude, soil type, and building construction quality.
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Earthquakes.
- 2. Earthquakes: What arethey and what causes them to happen? Mrs. Hornsby’s Fifth Grade Class
- 3. What is anEarthquake? An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust. More than a million of them occur each year! However, most are too small to be felt or to cause damage.
- 4. What are Earth’sLayers? The Earth’s crust is the outer layer and is made of rock. It is very thin compared to the other layers. The mantle is the very hot layer of rock beneath the crust. No one has ever been to the mantle, but rock from the mantle sometimes reaches the Earth’s surface through volcanoes. The outer core is made of liquid, or molten iron. The inner core is made of solid iron. Even though the core is the hottest layer, great pressure at the center of the Earth keeps the inner core solid. Inner CoreOuter core Mantle Crust
- 5. What are PlateTectonics? Earth’s surface is made up of many plates that float on the soft rock of the mantle. As the mantle moves, the plates also move. Plates move only a few centimeters each year. When one plate moves, it affects the other plates. As plates move around, they cause great changes in the Earth’s surface, such as mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and earthquakes!
- 6. What Happens WhenPlates Move? Plate Tectonics Convergent Plate Boundaries plates crunch together and release energy mountains develop, volcanoes erupt, and earthquakes can happen Divergent Plate Boundaries plates pull apart and new crust is formed valleys and volcanoes develop, earthquakes can occur Transform Boundaries plates slide past each other Lots of earthquakes!
- 7. Types of Boundaries Wegener’sTheory of Continental Drift
- 8. What is aFault? Many earthquakes occur along faults in the Earth’s crust. A fault is a place where pieces of the plates move. A normal fault is where tension weakens the crust until the rock fractures, and one rock moves downward from another. This occurs when two plates are pulling apart, as in a divergent boundary. A strike-slip fault is where two blocks of rock are moving past each other horizontally, as in a transform boundary. The famous San Andreas Fault is a strike-slip fault. A Reverse fault is where a fault block is forced upward, usually during a collision with another block, as in a convergent boundary.
- 9. What Happens Whenan Earthquake Starts? The sudden release of energy from an earthquake sends out several different shaking movements, or seismic waves. Surface waves are ripples of energy that spread outward when rocks slip past each other along a fault, just like throwing a stone into a calm pond. Body waves are seismic waves that travel through material rather than over its surface. There are two types of body waves: P-waves and S-waves. The P-wave is also known as the sound wave. It travels through the interior of the Earth rather than over the surface as a series of squeezes and stretches. P-waves reach everywhere around the Earth after about 20 minutes. The S-wave, or shear wave, produces a shaking motion, like if you tied a rope to a poll and shook the other end side to side. S-waves can only travel in solid material.
- 10. How are Earthquakes Measured? Earthquakes are measured by instruments called seismographs. It has a base that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the ground to shake, the base of the seismograph shakes too, but the heavy weight does not. The spring that it is hanging from absorbs all the movement. The seismograph records the difference in position between the shaking part and the motionless part. The recording is called a seismogram. It is used to determine how large the earthquake was. A short wiggly line that wiggles very little means a small earthquake. A long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large earthquake.
- 11. The Richter MagnitudeScale Description Richter Magnitudes Earthquake Effects Micro Less than 2.0 Microearthquakes, not felt. Very Minor 2.0-2.9 Usually not felt, but recorded. Minor 3.0-3.9 Often felt, but rarely causes damage. Light 4.0-4.9 Noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling noises. Significant damage unlikely. Moderate 5.0-5.9 Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. Slight damage to well-designed buildings. Strong 6.0-6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 miles across in populated areas. Major 7.0-7.9 Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Great 8.0-8.9 Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred miles across. Rare Great 9.0 or greater Devastating in areas several thousand miles across.
- 12. How Do ScientistsKnow Where an Earthquake Has Happened? The location below the Earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter. The location directly above the hypocenter on the Earth’s surface is called the epicenter. It take three seismographs to locate an earthquake. Scientists draw a circle on a map around the three seismographs where the radius of each is the distance from the station to the earthquake, the intersection of those three circles is the epicenter.
- 13. Z Locating the epicentre: X,Y and Z are seismograph stations Y X 220 km epicentre 280 km 150 km
- 14. How Long Doesan Earthquake Last? Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake. The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock. Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow. These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock. Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, or even years after the mainshock!
- 15. Famous Earthquakes Aroundthe World San Francisco, California: April 18, 1906 (Magnitude: About 8) Tokyo, Japan: September 1, 1923 (Magnitude: about 8.25) Chile: May 22, 1960 (Magnitude: About 9) Anchorage, Alaska: March 27, 1964 (Magnitude: About 8.5)
- 16. How Many EarthquakesHappen Each Year? 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Magnitude of Earthquakes NumberofEarthquakes
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- 19. Building collapse asa result of soil liquefaction, Niigata, Japan, 1964
- 20. “Much of thebuilding is done by people putting up their own houses. But they cannot afford proper materials and do not use skilled labour. There are many small kilns producing bricks but because of demand these are not fired for the 28 days needed to make them strong.” Mohsen Aboutorabi, Professor of Architecture, (BBC News, 2003/12/30, discussing the Bam earthquake in which ~40,000 died) Muzaffarabad, Pakistan (October 8, 2005 M 7.7; depth 10km)
- 21. << << wallcollapse, Pakistan, 2005 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. <<<< pancaking of ‘soft-storey’ buildings near Algiers (May, 2003); Complete collapse of multi-storey apartment, Pakistan, 2005 >>>>
- 22. Bridge collapse Loma Prietaearthquake, CA (1989)