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- 2. Volcano: an openingopening inthe earth’s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupterupt Introduction to volcanoes
- 3. Magma 50-100miles below the earth’s surface slowly begins to rise to the surface As the magma rises it melts gaps in the surrounding rock As more magma rises a large reservoir forms as close as 2 miles below the surface (magma chamber) How do they form?
- 4. Pressure fromthe surrounding rock causes the magma to blast or melt a conduit (channel) to the surface where magma erupts onto the surface through a vent (opening) How do they form?
- 5. The magma,now called lava, builds up at the vent forming a volcano How do they form?
- 6. Often thevolcano sides will be higher than the vent forming a depression called a crater How do they Form?
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- 8. Caldera: an unusually largecrater or the remains when the cone collapses into its own magma chamber
- 9. Anatomy of aVolcano Cone: the above ground structure built from lava and/or tephra
- 10. Conduit: the path thatmagma takes from the magma chamber to the vent
- 11. Magma Chamber: the reservoirlocated under the volcano where magma collects and becomes the supply of magma/lava to build the volcano
- 12. Lava: molten, liquidliquid rockon the surface of the earth
- 13. Parasitic Cone: asmaller secondary volcano built on the side of or near the main volcano, but sharing the same conduit to the magma chamber
- 14. Fumarole: a secondary ventthat emits only gases
- 15. Fissure: a long fissure(crackcrack) from which lava flows
- 16. Vent: opening ofthe volcano, through which lava, ash and gases flow
- 17. What comes outof volcanoes?What comes out of volcanoes? •Lava •Tephra •Gases
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- 19. Pahoehoe lava: Hot,thin, fast flowing harden with a relatively smooth surface Often has a ropy or wrinkled appearance
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- 21. Aa lava: • Cooler,thicker, slow moving • Hardens with a rough, jagged, sharp edge surface
- 22. Pillow Lava: Lavasuddenly cooled by water shows sack-like segments (stuffed pillows)
- 23. Tephra Basically, rockrockfragments • Also known as pyroclasticpyroclastic rock fragments. • There are many different possible sizes, from very small (volcanic ashash or dustdust to much larger rocks (called volcanic bombsbombs)
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- 25. Volcanic Bombs This dacitebreadcrust bomb (about 15 cm in diameter) was erupted from the lava dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington.
- 26. Lahar (mudflow): mixtureof ash, eroded land, and water flowing down river valleys
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- 28. GASES water vapor, carbondioxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine
- 29. Where do VolcanoesOccur?
- 30. Where do VolcanoesOccur? location Examples Divergent Boundaries: where plates move APARTAPART IcelandIceland
- 31. Where do VolcanoesOccur? location Examples convergent Boundaries: where plates comecome togethertogether Cascade rangeCascade range volcanoes, Andesvolcanoes, Andes
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- 33. Where do VolcanoesOccur? location Examples Hot Spots: plates riding over anplates riding over an especially hot placeespecially hot place in the mantlein the mantle Hawaii, Yellowstone,Hawaii, Yellowstone, IcelandIceland
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- 35. Two factors determinethe type of eruption: Amount of water vapor & other gases in the magma The chemical composition of the magma Types of Volcanic Eruptions
- 36. Trapped gases underhigh pressure will violently explode when the magma reaches the lower pressure of the surface. Explosive EruptionsExplosive Eruptions
- 37. Has granitic magmais very thick and plugs the vent causing the pressure to build until it blows violently out the vent Explosive EruptionsExplosive Eruptions Mt. St. Helens
- 38. The highwater content of the magma produces more water vapor which when mixed in granitic magma produces explosive eruptions Explosive EruptionsExplosive Eruptions Mont serrat
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- 40. Has basaltic magma (is morefluid and will flow instead of explode) Quiet EruptionsQuiet Eruptions
- 41. …and haslow water content Examples: Hawaii Quiet EruptionsQuiet Eruptions
- 42. Cinder conesCinder cones oSmallbase, steep-sided, loosely consolidated oUp to 1000 feet tall oLife span of a few years oCommonly built from gravel size lava rock fragments called cinders oViolent eruptions, dangerous when close---High pressure gas bubbles causes thick lava to explode into the air, lava begins to cool as it rises and falls becoming very sticky oWhen lava hits the ground it sticks rather than flows oThis builds a steep cone with a small base
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- 45. Shield volcanoesShield volcanoes oLargebase, gentle slope, lava rock layers oA few miles high oLife span of a million years or more oThe lava is hot, thin, very fluid often basaltic oExample: Hawaiian Islands, Iceland
- 46. Shield volcano onMars; Taken from space Take a look at these examples: http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/tpgallery.cfm?category=Shield%20Volcanoes The Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii— the largest volcano on Earth—has the broad expanse characteristic of shield volcanoes. It spreads across half the island of Hawaii.
- 47. Shield Volcanoes Mauna Kea Shieldvolcanoes
- 48. Composite or stratoCompositeor strato Large mountain volcano often snow capped, a few miles high Life span of million years or more
- 49. Composite or stratoCompositeor strato oHave alternating eruptions of tephra (air- borne) and lava. The tephra adds height to the volcano and the lava cements the tephra together and adds to the base. oFound mostly in subduction zones and have violent eruptions.
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- 51. Composite (strato)Composite (strato) Volcanoesexamples:Volcanoes examples: Mt. Rainier Mt. Fuji Mt. Kilimanjaro
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- 53. Active (awake): Haserupted within recent time and can erupt again at any time. Pre-eruption activities: Increase in earthquake activity under the cone increase in temperature of cone, melting of ice/snow in the crater swelling of the cone steam eruptions minor ash eruptions Volcano Activity Levels (Stages)
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- 55. Dormant (sleeping): Noeruption within recent times, but there is record of past eruptions Can become active and erupt again after a “wake up” period ExampleExample: Mt. Rainier
- 56. Extinct: No eruptionwithin recorded history Not expected to ever erupt again Example: Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)
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- 58. Mount RainierMount Rainier •The most dangerousdangerous volcano in the US • The danger is mostly from laharslahars traveling down river valleys at a speed of 25mph and destroying everything in its path • 100,000 people live on the solidified mudflows of previous eruptions
- 59. Mount Rainier • Themountain is dangerously unstableunstable, a tall, steep heap of loose rock held together by the force of gravity and a cubic mile of glacier ice that could be melted or shaken loose • Lahar flows average every 500 years500 years and have gone as far as the Puget Sound lowlands • Mount Rainier has erupted 4 times4 times in the last 4000 years with the last eruption 200 years ago