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Earthquakes presentation fully detailed presentation
- 1. Group #6 • Alishakhalid • Ayesha Khalil • Samraijaz • Hafsa butt • Abdullah • AlI Nasir Presentation date : 17 -02-2022 Submitted to : Sir Ali Abbas Subject : geography Topic: earth quick and volcanI eruption
- 2. Earthquake A sudden violentshaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
- 3. Causes of earthquake Earthquakes are caused by sudden tectonic movements in the Earth’s crust. The main cause is that when tectonic plates, one rides over the other, causing orogeny collide (mountain building), earthquakes. The largest fault surfaces on Earth are formed due to boundaries between moving plates. The stress increases when they stick, relative motion between the plates. This continues until the stress rises and breaks, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy as shock waves such faults are San Andreas fault in San Francisco, Rift valley in Africa etc.
- 4. Conti….. When two tectonicplates, which make up the Earth’s crust, shift, it forces shock waves to shake the Earth’s surface, resulting in an earthquake. Earthquakes are measured are on the Richter scale, assessed on a scale of one to nine and higher. The earthquake in China 1960 was the strongest earthquake worldwide, according to the Richter scale, with a magnitude of 9.5. Because earthquakes are not able to be predicted, they can cause more damage than other natural disasters which can be predicted.
- 6. Earthquake’s effects The effectsof an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Many building, hospitals, schools, etc are destroyed due to it. A lot of people get killed and injured. Many people lose their money and property. It affects the mental health and emotional health or physical damage of people. 2004 saw the highest global death toll due to earthquakes, with 298,101 casualties. As a result of this scale of damage, a lot of money goes into repair. For example, the January 17, 1994 California earthquake was the most expensive earthquake to the insurance industry in the United States. Not only did China have the highest number of earthquakes, it was also the country with the most natural disasters in 2018.
- 7. Most earthquake pronecountry From 1900 to 2016, China was the country with highest amount of earthquakes. Between that time period, they reported 157 earthquakes. Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, and Japan rounded out the top five countries with the most earthquakes
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- 9. Why Japan isprone to Earthquakes Japan is extremely vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. The “ring” is a horse- shoe shaped basin along the Pacific Ocean. About 90 percent of all seismic activity in the world takes place in this region. Seventy-five percent of the world’s dormant and active volcanoes are located here. The movement and collision of large tectonic plates in the Pacific Ring of Fire trigger earthquakes and these, in turn, cause the numerous tsunamis that affect Japan.
- 10. Most dangerous Earthquakesin japan • 2011 Tōhoku earthquake • 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake • 1945 Mikawa earthquake
- 12. Fire & Tsunami Manyhundreds of thousands of houses were either shaken down or burned in the ensuing fire touched off by the quake. The shock generated a tsunami that reached a height of 39.5 feet (12 metres) at Atami on Sagami Gulf, where it destroyed 155 houses and killed 60 people.
- 13. Over 570,000 homeswere destroyed, leaving an estimated 1.9 million homeless. Evacuees were transported by ship from Kantō to as far as Kobe in Kansai. The damage is estimated to have exceeded 1 billion USD (or about $15 billion today).
- 14. 1945 Mikawa earthquake The1945 Mikawa earthquake.Mikawa jishin occurred off Aichi prefecture, Japan at 03:38 AM on January 13. As it occurred during World War II, information about the disaster was censored. Efforts at keeping the disaster secret hampered relief efforts and contributed to a high death toll.
- 15. The Mikawa earthquake'sepicenter was offshore in Mikawa Bay at a depth of eleven kilometers. The city of Tsu recorded a magnitude of 6 on the Richter Scale; however, areas in southern Aichi prefecture were closer to the epicenter, and suffered significant damage. The earthquake created the Fukozu Fault, named after the village in the middle of the fault trace, in an area adjoining the west of the Tōkaidō Main Line railway between Okazaki and Gamagōri, Aichi Prefecture. The fault's total visible distance is little more than 9 km, but is of great interest to geologists as it has a right-angle bend in its middle part, rather than being straight or at a gentle curve. It is also remarkable in that ground displacement at the fault is up to one meter in places; however, the Tokaido Railway Line, although only 150 meters from the fault line in places, suffered no damage.
- 16. Damage Hardest hit werewhat is now Hazu District: Nishio city, Kira town, Anjō city, Hekinan city and Gamagōri city. The confirmed death toll was 1,180, with an additional 1,126 missing and 3,866 injured. As the earthquake occurred in the middle of the night, and towards the end of the war when fuel supplies were very low, only two houses were lost to fire, but 7,221 houses were totally destroyed, and 16,555 were severely damaged.
- 17. 1995 Great Hanshinearthquake The Great Hanshin earthquake Hanshin Awaji daishinsai, or Kobe earthquake, occurred on January 17, 1995 at 05:46:53 JST (January 16 at 20:46:53 UTC) in the southern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, including the region known as Hanshin. It measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum intensity of 7 on the JMA Seismic Intensity Scale (X on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale). The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The focus of the earthquake was located 17 km beneath its epicenter, on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20 km away from the center of the city of Kobe.
- 18. Up to 6,434people lost their lives; about 4,600 of them were from Kobe. Among major cities, Kobe, with its population of 1.5 million, was the closest to the epicenter and hit by the strongest tremors. This was Japan's worst earthquake in the 20th century after the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923, which claimed more than 105,000 lives. It was the first time that an earthquake in Japan was officially measured at a seismic intensity (shindo in Japanese) of the highest Level 7 on the scale of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After the earthquake, seismic intensity observation in Japan was fully mechanized (from April 1996) and JMA seismic intensity Levels 5 and 6 were each divided into 2 levels (from October 1996).
- 19. Damages Damage was widespreadand severe. Structures irreparably damaged by the quake included nearly 400,000 buildings, numerous elevated road and rail bridges, and 120 of the 150 quays in the port of Kobe. The quake triggered approximately 300 fires, which raged over large portions of the city.Disruptions of water, electricity and gas supplies were common. Residents feared returning home because of aftershocks that lasted several days (74 of which were strong enough to be felt). The majority of deaths (over 4,000) occurred in cities and suburbs in Hyōgo Prefecture. A total of 68 children under the age of 18 were orphaned, while 332 children lost one parent.
- 20. • Ten spansof the Kobe Route elevated expressway were knocked over in three locations across Kobe and Nishinomiya, blocking a link that carried 40% of Osaka-Kobe road traffic. Half of the elevated expressway's piers sustained some damage. The entire route was not reopened until September 30, 1996. Three bridges on the less heavily used Route 2 were damaged, but the highway was reopened well ahead of Route 3 and served as one of the main intercity road links for a time. • Most railways in the region were damaged. In the aftermath of the earthquake, only 30% of the Osaka- Kobe railway tracks were operational. Daikai Station on the Kobe Rapid Railway line collapsed, bringing down part of National Route 28 above it. Wooden supports collapsed inside supposedly solid concrete pilings under the tracks of the Shinkansen high-speed rail line, causing the entire line to shut down.
- 21. Japan’s Response In thefirst hours after the earthquake, Japanese Prime Minister Kan Naoto moved to set up an emergency command centre in Tokyo, and a large number of rescue workers and some 100,000 members of the Japanese Self-Defense Force were rapidly mobilized to deal with the crisis.
- 22. • Local hospitalsstruggled to keep up with demand for medical treatment, largely due to collapsed or obstructed "lifelines" (roads) that kept supplies and personnel from reaching the affected areas. People were forced to wait in corridors due to the overcrowding and lack of space. Some people had to be operated on in waiting rooms and corridors.
- 23. 2011 Tōhoku earthquake The2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku occurred at 14:46 JST on 11 March. The magnitude 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake had an epicenter east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900.
- 24. Tsunami & Fire •An upthrust of 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26 ft) along a 180 kilometres (110 mi) wide seabed at 60 kilometres (37 mi) offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku resulted in a major tsunami that brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands. Thousands of lives were lost and entire towns were devastated. • Fires have broken out in several areas of Japan following a massive earthquake and tsunami..The 8.9-magnitude tremor struck about 400km (250 miles) north-east of Tokyo, triggering a tsunami.Fire has engulfed swathes of coastland, including homes and buildings, at Kesennuma city in Miyagi.
- 25. Estimated decrease ofGDP in Japan due to earthquake and tsunami 2011 • The statistic shows an estimate for the decrease of the gross domestic product (GDP) in Japan due to the effects of the earthquake and tsunami in 2011 by sector. Production in Japan is estimated to decrease by 45.4 billion euros due to the natural disaster.
- 26. Nuclear power plants •At Fukushima Daiichi and Daini, tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems at Fukushima Daiichi, including three large explosions and radioactive leakage. Subsequent analysis found that many Japanese nuclear plants, including Fukushima Daiichi, were not adequately protected against tsunamis.Over 200,000 people were evacuated. The discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima were confirmed in later analysis at the three reactors at Fukushima (Units 1, 2, and 3), which suffered meltdowns and continued to leak coolant water.
Editor's Notes
- #9 Pacific ring of fire is near the earthquake belt around the young fold mountain it is called so because over 80% of the total number of active volcanoes are concentrated in this region But yeah Japan face 2000 earthquake that my head only Richard scale which was developed by Charles f Richard in 1935 Japan is a island country many times Japan has developed herself from zero be it from attack due to international conflicts or natural disasters Japanese located in the ring of Pacific Ring of fire where seismic and volcanic activities are common Japan covers 0.25% land of the world the Pacific region of fire have imaginary horse shoe shape ring There are mainly four tectonic plates in the Pacific region of fire in East Pacific plates in West Philippine players in North North American players in South Euro Asian plates Philippine players are perfect players moves toward the west try to fit under the beneath surface of eurosian and American plates that cause tsunami Due to the movement of the plates pressure builds up and it resulted in volcanic eruption earthquake and tsunami The Earth has minor and major plates the major plates of the earth is 7 uration Indo Australian plates Antarctica plates North American plates specific plates and South American plates Dur during the movement of plates hot rocks move upward and the cold massive rock sink that cause disturbance on plates The gravitational pull of sun and moon also put the force on the plates
- #11 The great tohoku earthquake destroyed many coastal areas of Japan Most powerful earthquake in the history of Japan and fourth number on the worldwide history of earthquake Epi center the part of earth surface directly above the focus of an earthquake Earthquake: Date 11 March 2011 Time 14:46 JST Epicenter East of the Oshika Peninsula of Tohoku, Japan Magnitude 9.0 Max. intensity IX Duration 6 minutes Occurrence Convergence force between Pacific plate and North American plate Foreshocks 7 Aftershocks 1,235 Casualties 15,854 deaths, 26,992 injured, 3,155 people missing Destroyed house 1,168,453 Economic loss About USS 122-235 billion (2.5% -4% of Japan GPP)
- #12 Due to this earthquake or tsunami the whole Japan shifted 2.4 metres towards the North America In Sendai region of Japan a massive earthquake and tsunami hit this region between 1000 BC to 500 BC Similar magnitude and similar consequence in this earthquake are present The area of Japan has been historically hit by massive earthquake between 800 to 1100 years and it is she scientific Lee in 2011 2011 earthquake of Japan was also seen in America in Antarctica from 13000 km distance Earth Axis tilt to 10 to 25 CM because of these tilt over days are shortened by two microseconds 15 countries located in the Ring of fire like Japan Philippine chilli USA and Canada Is not circular and is 40000 km long containing 4:52 volcanoes