6. 主題1. 經濟成本與會計成本
重點: 必須能區分下列四種成本:
會計成本:Actual expenses plus depreciation charges for
capital equipment.
經濟成本:Cost to a firm of utilizing economic resources
in production, including opportunity cost.
機會成本:Cost associated with opportunities that are
forgone when a firm's resources are not put to
their best alternative use.
沉入(沉沒)成本:Expenditure that has been made and
cannot be recovered.
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10. 主題2. 生產成本
重點: 計算各種成本,且MC必通過AC最低點
總 成 本 (TC C) : Total economic cost of
or
production, consisting of fixed and
variable costs.
固定成本(FC):Cost that does not vary with the level of
output and that can be eliminated only by
shutting down.
變動成本(VC):Cost that varies as output varies.
TC=FC+VC for example: C=100+20Q2+5Q
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11. 生產成本 (續)
Marginal cost (MC) : Increase in cost resulting from
the production of one extra unit of output.
MC=∆VC/∆Q= ∆TC/∆Q
Average total cost (ATC) : Firm’s total cost divided
by its level of output.
ATC=TC/Q=[FC+VC]/Q=AFC+AVC
C=100+20Q2+5Q MC=40Q+5;
ATC=100/Q+20Q+5;AFC=100/Q;AVC=20Q+5
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15. MARKET STRUCTURE REVIEW
產業競爭性強 獨佔力強
廠商數目多 廠商數目少
均衡價格低 均衡價格高
消費者福利大 消費者福利小
Perfect Monopolistic Monopoly
Oligopoly
competition competition (Cartel)
Game theory:
price taker: 短期:P>AC Cournot Price maker
MR=AR=P=MC 長期:P=AC Stackelberg MR=MC
Bertrand
Product Product **Product Product
homogeneity different homogeneity different
Free entry and exit Barriers to entry 15
16. 主題三、完全競爭與獨佔
Monopoly (廠商是Price maker)
1. One seller - many buyers
2. One product (no good substitutes)
3. Barriers to entry
Perfect Competition (廠商是Price taker)
1. Sufficient many sellers and buyers
2. Product homogeneity
3. Free entry and exit
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18. Price MC ATC
完全競爭、獨佔比較 C B
D A P = MR
AVC
極大化利潤: MR(q) = MC(q)
完全競爭廠商: MC(q) = MR =AR= P q*
短期虧損但繼續營業 -> AVC<P<ATC
Shut down temporarily -> P < AVC
長期,離開產業 -> P < ATC
虧損與否 -> 與 ATC 相比
供給曲線 -> MC 大於AVC的部份
獨佔廠商: MR(q) = MC(q) 解出產量 q,
再以q 代入需求函數找出價格 p
獨佔廠商無供給曲線! 18
19. 7.在完全競爭市場中,假設某廠商成本函數為:
C(q)=4q2+16
a. 請求出變動成本、固定成本、平均總成本、平均變動
成本、平均固定成本 (提示:邊際成本MC=8q)
b. 求出最小平均成本之產量 (提示:MC=AC)
c. 在何種價格水準區間廠商願意生產?
d. 在何種價格水準區間之下廠商遭受損失?
e. 在何種價格水準區間之下廠商有正的利潤?
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21. d. The firm will earn negative profit when
P=MC<AC, or at any price below minimum
average cost. In part c above we found that the
minimum average cost quantity was q=2. Plug q=2
into the average cost function to find AC=16. The
firm will therefore earn negative profit if price is
below 16.
e. In part e we found that the firm would earn
negative profit at any price below 16. The firm
therefore earns positive profit as long as price is
above 16.
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49. 20.[進階題]請求出下列三人賽局中所有的純粹策略
Nash均衡(Pure-Strategy Nash Equilibrium):
B B
L R L R
U 2,3,1 5,4,0 U 1,2,2 1,1,1
A A
D 4,3,5 3,2,4 D 0,2,6 2,3,2
C chooses X C chooses Y
Nash 均衡: (A play U, B play L , C play Y)
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58. 27.假設2012年的全球DRAM市場中,只有兩家廠商一和廠商二進
行Stackelberg競爭,市場需求為Q=a-P。其中,廠商一較為優
勢,可以率先決定生產量,而廠商二只能隨後決定產量。兩家
廠商成本函數皆為TC=cq,故邊際成本均為c。請依序回答下列
問題:(1)A、B廠商反應函數的經濟意涵為何?(2)均衡的市場
價格如何決定?
Step1:廠商二極大化其利潤:
Max: 2 = ( P – c ) q2,MR2 = MC
→解得廠商二反應函數,經濟意義為:“當廠商一生產某一產量
時,我該生產多少?”
Step2:將廠商二的反應函數代入廠商一的最適決策:
Max: 1 = ( P(廠商二反應函數和q1的函數) – c ) q1,MR1 = MC
→廠商一最適產量 q1
代入P= a-Q, 其中Q=q1+q2,
→均衡價格、廠商二最適產量 58
59. 28.請以圖形畫出dominant firm(優勢廠商) 模型中均衡
價格與產量如何決定,並文字扼要列出價格與產量
決定的步驟。提示:先在以產量為橫軸、價格為縱
軸的圖形中畫出市場需求曲線、小廠商們(價格接
受者)的供給曲線與dominant廠商的邊際成本曲線。
Dominant firm must determine its demand curve, DD the difference
between market demand and supply of fringe firms.
To maximize profits, dominant firm produces QD where MRD and
MCD cross.
At P*, fringe firms sell QF and total quantity sold is QT = QD + QF
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