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ecological resiliene Presentation
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- 2. Definition "The capacityof a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks"
- 3. Holling (1973)introduced the word resilience Different scholar give different definition Holling describe resilience to describe three aspects of changes that occur in an ecosystem over time.
- 4. First The firstwas to describe the “persistence of relationships within a system” and the “ability of systems to absorb changes of state variables, driving variables and parameters, and still persist.”
- 5. Second The secondconcept recognized the occurrence of alternative and multiple states as opposed to the assumption of a single equilibrium and global stability; hence, resilience was “the size of a stability domain or the amount of disturbance a system could take before it shifted into alternative configuration.”
- 6. third The thirdinsight was the surprising and discontinuous nature of change, such as the collapse of fish stocks or the sudden outbreak of spruce budworms in forests.
- 7. Types Two types Engineering Ecological
- 8. Engineering & Ecological Engineering resilience is defined as the rate or speed of recovery of a system following a shock. the magnitude of a disturbance that triggers a shift between alternative states
- 9. Ecological regime shifts regime shifts are large, abrupt, persistent changes in the structure and function of a system. A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks.
- 11. First analysis theInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) use budworm population, predation effectiveness, and the volume of forest canopy
- 12. What a resilientworld would value Walker and Salt (2006) suggest 9 points
- 13. Diversity EcologicalVariability Modularity Acknowledging Slow Variables Tight Feedbacks Social Capital Innovation Overlap in Governance Ecosystem Services
- 14. Diversity A resilientworld would promote and sustain diversity in all forms (biological, landscape, social, and economic).
- 15. Ecological Variability Aresilient world would embrace and work with ecological variability (rather than attempting to control and reduce it).
- 16. Modularity A resilientworld would consist of modular components
- 17. Acknowledging Slow Variables A resilient world would have a policy focus on “slow,” controlling variables associated with thresholds.
- 18. Tight Feedbacks Aresilient world would possess tight feedbacks (but not too tight).
- 19. Social Capital Aresilient world would promote trust, well-developed social networks, and leadership (adaptability).
- 20. Innovation A resilientworld would place an emphasis on learning, experimentation, locally developed rules, and embracing change.
- 21. Overlap in Governance A resilient world would have institutions that include “redundancy” in their governance structures and a mix of common and private property with over- lapping access rights.
- 22. Ecosystem Services Aresilient world would include all the unpriced ecosystem services in development proposals and assessments.
- 23. How does resiliencework Exploitation Conservation Release Reorganization
- 25. Stability Ecological stabilitycan refer to types of stability in a continuum ranging from regeneration via resilience (returning quickly to a previous state), to constancy to persistence
- 26. Types Constancy Resistanceand dormancy
- 27. Constancy Observational studiesof ecosystems use constancy to describe living systems that can remain unchanged
- 28. Resistance and dormancy Resistance and dormancy manage a framework's intrinsic reaction to some irritation. An irritation is any remotely forced change in conditions, for the most part event in a brief timeframe period. Resistance is a measure of how little the variable of intrigue changes because of outer weights
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- 30. “A bufferzone is an area lying between two or more others and serving to reduce the possibility of damaging interactions between them”
- 32. This approachis widely used in nature conservation, but is also applied in geo-politics (for example, the former East/West border in Europe and the zone between the two Koreas), in veterinary problem areas (swine fever) and in cases of contagious diseases (Ebola virus).
- 33. Nature conservationistsdistinguish two different ways of approaching the buffer zone issue. For the ‘hard-core’ conservationists, the buffer zone serves only to avoid negative human impact on the core area. The socio-conservationists see the buffer zone as a part of the socio- economic development of the entire area comprising conservation and non- conservation sub-areas.
- 34. Approaches in BufferZone Management
- 35. Approaches in BufferZone Management The bi-polar approach is applied in the LUP, MAB programmer and ICDP. In all three cases socio-economic development plays a crucial role, despite the fact that ICDP takes conservation as its starting point and covers smaller areas, while MAB focuses more on people and larger areas. Strictly protected areas (reserves) may have buffer zones around them, normally to minimize the impact of human activities on the protected area itself.
- 36. Resistance anddormancy manage a framework's intrinsic reaction to some irritation. An irritation is any remotely forced change in conditions, for the most part event in a brief timeframe period. Resistance is a measure of how little the variable of intrigue changes because of outer weights
- 37. In WesternEurope the zoning principle, including buffer zones, is applied in LUP exercises. An example is the protection of wetlands, around which a zone with an artificially high water level is maintained in order to avoid drying out of the wetlands. This zone is in fact a buffer zone.
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- 39. Definition Corridors arelong, thin strips of habitat that connect otherwise isolated habitat patches
- 41. They arethought to reduce local extinction by ‘‘rescuing’’ isolated populations and by promoting gene flow. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that corridors can increase animal movement between patches increase population sizes increase gene flow and maintain biodiversity.
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- 43. Regional 500m wide connect major ecological gradients such as migratory pathways
- 44. Sub-regional 300m wide connect larger vegetated landscape features such as ridgelines and valley floors
- 45. Local 50m connectremnant patches of gullies, wetlands, ridgelines, etc
- 46. Purpose The maingoal of implementing habitat corridors is to increase biodiversity Corridors can contribute to three factors that stabilize a population
- 47. Colonization animalsare able to move and occupy new areas when food sources or other natural resources are lacking in their core habitat. Migration species that relocate seasonally can do so more safely and effectively when it does not interfere with human development barriers. Interbreeding animals can find new mates in neighboring regions so that genetic diversity can increase and thus have a positive impact on the overall population.