Education

Prepared by:
Alina Panchenko
Form 11-B

All British children must stay at school from
the age of 5 until they are 16. Many of
them stay longer and take final
examination when they are 17 or 18.

State schools are divided into the following types:
- Grammar schools.
 Children who go to grammar schools are usually those who show a
preference for academic subjects, although many grammar schools now
also have some technical courses.
- Technical schools.
 Some children go to technical schools. Most courses there are either
commercial or technical.
- Modern schools.
 Boys and girls who are interested in working with there hands and learning
in a practical way can go to a technical schools and learn some trade.
- Comprehensive schools.
 These schools usually combine all types of secondary education. They have
physic, chemistry, biology laboratories, machine workshops for metal and
woodwork and also geography, history and art departments, commercial and
domestic courses.

 There are also many schools which the State
doesn’t control. They are private schools.
They charge fees for educating children and
many of them are boarding schools, at which
pupils live during the term time.
 After leaving school many young people go to
colleges or further education. The lectures at
such colleges, each an hour long, start at
8,15 and end at 4,45 in the afternoon.

 Schooling is voluntary under the age of 5 but there
is some free nursery school education before that
age. Primary education takes place in infant
schools for pupils ages from 5 to 7 years old and
junior schools (from 8 to 11 years). Some areas
have different systems in which middle schools
replace junior schools and take pupils ages from 9
to 11 years. Secondary education has been
available in Britain since 1944. It is compulsory up
to the age of 16, and pupils can stay at school
voluntarily up to
two years longer.

At the age of 16 pupils take school-leaving
examinations in several subjects at the
Ordinary level.
This exam was called the General
Certificate of Education (GCE). Pupils of
comprehensive school had taken the
examination called the Certificate of
Secondary Education either with or instead
of the GCE.

A GCE of Advanced (“A”) level was taken
two years after the Ordinary level exam. It
was the standard for entrance to university
and to many forms of professional training.
The private sector is running parallel to the
state system of education. There are over
2500 fee-charging independent schools in
GB. Most private schools are single-sex
until the age of 16.

 There are over 90 universities in GB. They
are divided into three types: the old
universities (Oxford, Cambridge and
Edinburgh Universities), in the 19th century
universities, such as London and Manchester
universities, and the new universities. Some
years ago there were also polytechnics. After
graduating from polytechnic a student got a
degree, but it was not a university degree. 31
formers polytechnics were given university
status in 1992.

Full courses of study offer the degree of
Bachelor of Art or Science. Most degree
courses at universities last three years,
language courses 4 years (including year
spent aboard). Medicine and dentistry
courses are longer (5-7 years).

 American education provides a program for children, beginning at
the age of 6 and continuing up to the age of 16 in some of the states,
and to 18 in others.
General Pattern of Education in the USA
 The general pattern of education in the USA is an eight-year
elementary school, followed by a four-year high school. This has
been called 8—4 plan organization. It is proceeded, in many
localities, by nursery schools and kindergartens. It is followed by a
four-year college and professional schools. This traditional pattern,
however, has been varied in many different ways. The 6—3— 3 plan
consists of a six-year elementary school, a three-year junior high
school, and a three-year senior high school. Another variation is a
6—6 plan organization, with a six-year elementary school followed
by a six-year secondary school.

There are eight years of elementary
schooling. The elementary school is
followed by four years of secondary
school, or high school. Often the last two
years of elementary and the first years of
secondary school are combined into a
junior high school.

 The school year is nine months in length,
beginning early in September and sometimes a
shorter one in spring. There are slight variations
from place to place. Students enter the first
grade at the age of six and attendance is
compulsory in most states until the age of
sixteen or until the student has finished the
eighth grade.

 The elementary schools tend to be small. The
high schools are generally larger and
accommodate pupils from four or five
elementary schools. A small town generally
has several elementary schools and one high
school. In some rural communities the one-
room country school house still exists. Here
may be found from five to twenty-five pupils in
grades one through eight, all taught by the
same teacher.

 Admission to the American high school is
automatic on completion of the elementary school.
During the four-year high school program the
student studies four or five major subjects per
year, and classes in each of these subjects meet
for an hour a day, five days a week. In addition, the
student usually has classes in physical education,
music, and art several times a week. If he fails a
course, he repeats only that course and not the
work of the entire year. Students must complete a
certain number of courses in order to receive a
diploma, or a certificate of graduation.

Institutions of higher learning supported by
public funds are not absolutely free. The
state colleges and universities charge a
fee for tuition or registration. This fee is
higher for those who come from outside
the state. Working one's way through
college is commonplace.

 Usually there is no admission examination required
by a state university for those who have finished
high school within the state. Sometimes a certain
pattern of high school studies is necessary,
however, and some state universities require a
certain scholastic average, or average of high
school grades.
 Private colleges and universities, especially the
larger, well-known ones such as Harvard,
Princeton, and Yale, have rigid scholastic
requirements for entrance, including an
examination.

 It has become common for the college program to
be divided into broad fields, such as languages
and literature, the social sciences, the sciences
and mathematics, and the fine arts .Many colleges
require all freshmen and sophomores to take one
or two full-year courses in each of three fields.
Certain Courses, such as English or history, may
be required for all, with some election permitted in
the other fields.
 Higher educational institutions usually are
governed by a board of regents or a board of
trustees.

 Professional education in fields such as
agriculture, dentistry, law, engineering, medicine,
pharmacy, teaching, etc. is pursued in professional
schools which may be part of a university or may
be separate institutions which confine their
instruction to a single profession. Often two, three,
or four years of pre-professional liberal arts
education are required before admission to a
professional school. Three to five years of
specialized training lead to professional degrees
such as Doctor of Medicine, Bachelor of Law, etc.

 Private colleges and universities were established in
various states. The first state university was the
University of Virginia, founded in 1819. Some state
universities have large endowment funds1 which provide
a substantial portion of their support. Other sources of
income are student fees, gifts and endowments.

 In general, higher education in the USA may be divided into
two broad fields: liberal arts and professional. Each of these
fields may be further subdivided into undergraduate and
graduate levels. The liberal arts program, on the
undergraduate level, may be a two-year junior college course,
or a four-year course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts
or Bachelor of Science. The four-year course is usually
subdivided into a lower division (which may be called the
junior college), consisting of the two first years, and the upper
division, which is the last two years. The first two years
continue the general education and specialization begins in
the third year.

The United Kingdom The United States of America
College begins at the age of 16, where
students choose their field of study for
university at 16
College begins at the age of 18, where
students choose their field of study
Price of attending university is
relatively small
University costs are relatively high for
students
Students focus solely on their field of
study
Students focus on their major and
peripheral subjects related to their
major

The United Kingdom The United States of America
Undergraduate in university lasts 3
years
Undergraduate lasts 4 years
Learning responsibility primarily lies on
the students
Faculty and students share
responsibility for learning
Homework is rarely assigned, and the
final exam is worth 80%+ of the final
grade
Homework makes up a large portion of
the grade, and final exams are worth
approximately 30%
A masters is often required in order to
become a professional
A bachelors degree will often allow a
student to obtain a well-paying
occupation

THE END
Thank you for attention!

Education

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