ee5a0480-e162-45e0-bf18-eaba79c6cfae.pptx

08/21/2025 1
HEALTH INFORMATICS
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

08/21/2025 2
Introduction
• Healthcare is a knowledge driven process
• and thus knowledge management
• and the tools to manage knowledge in healthcare sector
• are gaining attention.
• Providing the right knowledge at the right time,
• i.e., at the point of decision making by implementing knowledge
management in healthcare is paramount.
~Leila S. et al.2017

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Contents
• Data, information & knowledge
• Types of knowledge management
• Knowledge management and its importance
• Sources of knowledge
• Need of knowledge management
• Gaps in the information system
• Suitable tools used and health related problem

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Data, information & knowledge
Data Information
Knowledge
Processed
Relevant &
actionable
Relevant & actionable data

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Main types of knowledge
• Tacit knowledge
That type of knowledge which people carry in their mind & is
therefore difficult to access.
Tacit knowledge can only be achieved through experience.
• Explicit knowledge
That type of knowledge which has been or can be articulated, codified
& stored in certain media.
It can be quickly and easily transmitted from one individual to another
and is organized systematically.

08/21/2025 Dhruvi Machhi 6
Knowledge in the Healthcare
Industry
• The healthcare industry is complex;
• no matter what country or delivery system.
• It involves multiple professionals in diverse workplaces
• collaborating in order to deliver proper care to patients.
• Healthcare providers such as family physicians, nurses, specialists, lab
technicians, and others
• use different systems and facilities to process patient data.

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Knowledge in the Healthcare
Industry
• Patients often receive care at more than one medical facility,
• including clinics, hospitals, and rehabilitation centers
• that may or may not be affiliated with others.
• If patient data is not coordinated, duplication occurs.
• Detection, removal, and correction of redundant records is
then required.

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Categories of healthcare knowledge
• Provider knowledge
• typically contains both explicit and tacit knowledge.
• For instance, doctors must know the standard medical practice for a
particular condition,
• but years of practice and experience have given them
• an internal knowledge base that can complement standard treatment.

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• Patient knowledge
• is generally tacit and is often referred to as “health status.”
• A patient’s self-knowledge of current and past medical conditions is
vital for providers to know
• if they are to diagnose, prescribe for, and treat illnesses.

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Knowledge management
• Knowledge management is a systematic approach to :
Acquiring
 analysing
storing
and disseminating information related to products,
manufacturing processes and components.

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Knowledge Management (KM) Systems in Healthcare
• The healthcare industry relies heavily on knowledge;
• evidence-based testing,
• diagnoses,
• and treatments are expected to be implemented in a patient’s best
interests.

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Knowledge Management in HC
• Knowledge Management offers many advantages to the industry
• but the adoption of knowledge management in healthcare has been
challenging.
• Data and information are collected and organized from varied sources
• processing it requires sophisticated tools and technologies.

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• The goal of knowledge management in healthcare is to provide
decision-makers
• with the tools they need to turn information into a knowledge asset.
• There are different types of knowledge management strategies medical
providers must identify to use KM effectively:
• Knowledge creation and transfer
• Knowledge organization
• Knowledge-sharing behavior

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• Knowledge in the healthcare industry includes
• Data/information
• Experience
• Issues related to integration/storage/management
• Need for innovative analytic approaches

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• Organizational knowledge
• is data and information that’s available for providers’ and patients’
access.
• It often contains information collected from text-based materials,
diagnostic systems, and other medical providers.

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Key Components of Knowledge Management
in Healthcare
Knowledge Creation and Capture
• Healthcare generates vast amounts of data and insights through
clinical practices, research, and patient interactions.
• Capturing this knowledge involves documenting procedures,
treatments, outcomes, and new research findings.
• Clinical notes, electronic health records (EHR), case studies, and
research papers are some common knowledge sources.

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Knowledge Storage and Organization
• Once knowledge is created, it needs to be organized in a way that is
easily accessible.
• Tools like databases, content management systems, and knowledge
repositories help store and organize healthcare knowledge.
• Healthcare institutions often use cloud-based solutions, EHR systems,
and document management platforms
• to store and organize clinical data, protocols, and research findings.

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Knowledge Sharing and Distribution
• Knowledge must be disseminated across departments, healthcare
professionals, and even patients.
• This can be achieved through collaboration platforms, training
programs, medical journals, conferences, and peer-to-peer exchanges.
• Collaboration tools such as intranets, telemedicine platforms, and
online forums allow healthcare workers to share best practices
• and case experiences across various specialties and regions.

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Knowledge Application
• The ultimate goal of KM is to ensure that knowledge is used to
improve patient care, streamline operations, and support innovation.
• This includes applying clinical guidelines, evidence-based practices,
and treatment protocols in daily care delivery.
• Decision support systems (DSS) integrated with EHRs can help
clinicians by providing real-time information,
• such as drug interactions, treatment suggestions, and diagnostic
support.

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Continuous Learning and
Improvement
• Healthcare is a rapidly evolving field, and continuous learning is
crucial.
• KM facilitates ongoing education and professional development
• by providing access to the latest research, guidelines, and
technological innovations.
• Online learning platforms, workshops, and knowledge-sharing
sessions
• are essential in maintaining up-to-date skills and knowledge.

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Technology and Tools in KM
• Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
• Serve as central repositories of patient information and are crucial for
documenting and sharing clinical knowledge.
• Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
• Provide healthcare providers with patient-specific assessments and
recommendations based on clinical guidelines.

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Technology and Tools in KM
• Telemedicine Platforms
• Enable knowledge exchange and consultations across geographic
distances, improving accessibility to expertise.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• AI tools can mine vast datasets to uncover patterns, provide
predictive analytics, and support clinical decision-making

Benefits of Knowledge Management in
Healthcare
• Improved Patient Care
• Access to comprehensive, evidence-based information allows
• healthcare providers to make better clinical decisions, leading to
improved patient outcomes.
• Enhanced Collaboration
• KM fosters collaboration across departments, organizations, and
geographies, facilitating the sharing of expertise and best practices

Benefits of Knowledge Management in
Healthcare
• Operational efficiency
• KM helps in streamlining administrative processes and optimizing
resource allocation, reducing redundancy and improving efficiency.
• Innovation in Healthcare practices
• By constantly capturing and analyzing knowledge, healthcare
organizations can innovate in terms of treatment protocols,
technologies, and service delivery models.
• Risk Reduction: Sharing knowledge of adverse events, errors, and near
misses across the organization helps reduce the chances of future
incident.

Challenges in Healthcare Knowledge
Management
• Data overload
• With the immense amount of data generated, it can be overwhelming
to filter out useful knowledge from mere data.
• Interoperability issues:
• Different systems and platforms may not communicate seamlessly,
making it difficult to share information.

Challenges in Healthcare Knowledge
Management
• Data Security and Privacy Concerns
• Handling sensitive patient information requires robust security
measures and compliance with privacy laws.
• Resistance to Change
• Healthcare professionals may resist adopting new KM systems due to
a lack of training or comfort with new technologies.

Implementing Knowledge Management in Healthcare:
• To successfully implement KM in healthcare, organizations should:
Foster a culture of knowledge sharing and collaboration.
Invest in the right technology and infrastructure.
Train healthcare professionals to use KM tools effectively.
Develop policies that encourage the documentation and sharing of
clinical experiences and outcomes.

08/21/2025 Data collection in healthcare 28
Data Collection in Healthcare:
Tools, Methods, and Importance
HEALTH INFORMATICS LECTURE

Data collection in healthcare
• In healthcare, data goes beyond mere numbers and facts;
• it serves as the essential foundation for decision-making,
patient care, and operational effectiveness.
• But what does data collection in healthcare actually entail?
• It involves the organized process of gathering, measuring,
and analyzing health-related information.
• This practice is crucial, as it directly influences patient
outcomes and the overall performance of healthcare
systems.

The Importance of Data Collection in
Healthcare
• Data collection is fundamental in today's healthcare,
• underpinning evidence-based decisions and enhancing
patient care.
• Its role in delivering personalized treatments is
transformative.
• For example, genomic data can pinpoint cancer treatments
• targeting specific mutations, elevating success rates.

Cont.’
• Data boosts operational efficiency.
• Healthcare institutions, using data insights,
• can streamline patient flow and resource allocation.
• For instance, insights into peak admission times
• enable hospitals to adjust staffing, improving patient
experience.

Cont.’.
• Analyzing patient data helps researchers identify disease patterns,
improving understanding and treatment.
• For example, tracking flu outbreaks allows health agencies to predict
its spread and allocate resources effectively.
• Data collection is a key driver in healthcare, enhancing treatments,
operations, and research,
• and paving the way for a more informed future.

Types of data collected in healthcare
• Patient Demographics
• This includes basic information about patients, such as age,
gender, and location.
• Recognizing these differences ensures comprehensive care
• tailored to diverse populations, addressing unique health
needs and promoting equity in care delivery.

• Clinical Data
• This encompasses everything from diagnoses to treatments,
medications, and lab results.
• Such data forms the core of patient health records, guiding care
decisions.
• By analyzing this data, healthcare providers can track a
patient's health journey,
• anticipate potential complications,
• and make informed decisions about future care, ensuring
optimal outcomes.

• Operational and Financial Data
• In addition to patient care, this data explores the complexities of
hospital operations,
• including billing and insurance claims.
• It provides valuable insights into the business aspects of
healthcare,
• enabling institutions to optimize resource use,
• streamline processes, and maintain financial stability.
• Thus improving operational efficiency, ultimately enhancing
patient care.

• Patient-generated data has become increasingly important with
technological advancements,
• allowing patients to take a more active role in managing their health.
• The use of wearables and home monitoring devices has introduced a
new era of real-time data collection,
• including metrics like heart rates and sleep patterns, which
enhances patient engagement.
• This data not only empowers patients to manage their health
• but also provides healthcare professionals with valuable insights to
personalize care more effectively.

Tools and Methods for Data
Collection
• Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
• Have become the cornerstone of modern healthcare.
• They centralize patient data, from medical history to recent
visits,
• ensuring that healthcare providers have a comprehensive
view of a patient's health.
• This centralization facilitates easy access and analysis,
• streamlining care coordination across different specialties.

Tools and Methods for Data
Collection
• Research Tools
• Surveys, interviews, and observational studies are pivotal in
healthcare research.
• to uncover vital insights about cardiovascular health.
• These tools drive new discoveries and innovations, shaping
the future of medical care and interventions.

Surveys in Healthcare
Research
• A survey is a structured method for collecting data from a
large group of individuals
• often using questionnaires or online forms.
• It helps researchers collect information on a variety of
topics,
• such as patient behaviors, attitudes toward health
practices, and health outcomes.

Surveys in Healthcare Research
• Applications:
• Epidemiological studies
• Surveys are essential in studying the prevalence and risk factors of diseases
within a population.
• Patient satisfaction and quality of care
• Healthcare organizations use surveys to gather feedback from patients on
their experiences.
• Health behaviors
• Surveys help in understanding behaviors like smoking, exercise, and dietary
habits that influence public health.

Surveys in Healthcare Research
• Example:
• The Framingham Heart Study utilized surveys to collect
detailed health histories from participants over several
decades.
• This helped identify key risk factors for heart disease,
• such as high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and smoking
• Discovery of the link between diabetes and heart disease,
leading to new interventions.
• The development of preventive strategies, including the
promotion of healthier lifestyles.

Interviews in Healthcare Research
• Interviews involve direct, one-on-one interaction between a
researcher and a participant
• allow for in-depth data collection.
• Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured,
depending on the research goals.

• Applications
• Qualitative research:
• Interviews are used to gather detailed personal stories,
experiences, and insights
• especially when exploring complex health conditions or patient
experiences.
• Clinical research
• Interviews help gather information about patients' symptoms,
treatment preferences, and the impact of illness on their daily
lives.

• Example
• In cancer research, interviews with patients can provide valuable
insights
• into the emotional and psychological impact of treatment, informing
better patient-centered care approaches.

The role of these methods in
healthcare innovation
• Surveys, interviews, and observational studies
• often reveal new trends, associations, and insights
• that form the basis for new medical theories and
interventions.
• For example, the Framingham Heart Study's findings on the
role of cholesterol and hypertension in heart disease
• have led to the development of preventive treatments and
lifestyle interventions.

Cont.’
• Improving Healthcare
• By providing real-world data on patient experiences, disease
progression, and treatment outcomes,
• these research methods help shape clinical guidelines,
• improve healthcare delivery,
• and promote patient-centered care.

Cont.’
• Innovation in care
• These tools also foster innovation in the design of new
medical technologies,
• interventions,
• and public health strategies
• by highlighting areas where improvements are needed.

Summary
• Surveys provide quantitative data on large populations,
helping to identify health trends and risk factors.
• Interviews offer qualitative insights into personal health
experiences and patient perspectives.
• Observational Studies track real-world behaviors and
health outcomes, without intervention, to understand
natural disease progression.
• These research methods work together to drive innovations
in healthcare, shaping better treatments and improving
health outcomes.

Wearable devices and remote
monitoring:
• Devices such as the Apple Watch offer a glimpse into real-
time patient health,
• tracking metrics like heart rate, sleep patterns, and activity
levels.
• This continuous monitoring enables proactive care,
• allowing healthcare providers to intervene before minor
issues escalate into significant problems.

Wearable devices and remote
monitoring:
• Apple Watch: Tracks heart rate, ECG (electrocardiogram), blood
oxygen levels, activity levels, sleep patterns, and even detects falls.
• Fitbit: Measures steps, heart rate, sleep, calories burned, and activity
levels. Some models also offer advanced metrics like stress levels and
skin temperature.
• WHOOP Strap: Focuses on continuous health monitoring, including
heart rate variability, sleep quality, and recovery metrics, primarily
used for performance optimization.

Medical-Grade Wearables
• Biostrap: Monitors heart rate, oxygen saturation, sleep quality,
respiratory rate, and more, with a focus on clinical-grade precision.
• Dexcom G6: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device that
provides real-time glucose levels for diabetic patients.
• It can be paired with a smartphone to track blood sugar trends

Benefits of Wearables and Remote
Monitoring Tools
• Continuous monitoring: Real-time tracking of health
metrics like heart rate, glucose, blood pressure, and more.
• Patient engagement: Patients are empowered to take an
active role in their health and manage chronic conditions
more effectively.
• Data sharing: Allows healthcare providers to access up-to-
date patient information, improving care coordination.
• Preventive health: Continuous data collection can lead to
early detection of health issues before they become critical.

Mobile Health Applications and Patient Portals
• Platforms like MyChart empower patients
• by putting health data at their fingertips.
• They facilitate self-reporting, allowing patients to log
symptoms or medications.
• Moreover, they foster engagement by providing a channel
for feedback,
• appointment scheduling, and direct communication with
healthcare providers.

• See your medications, test results, upcoming appointments,
medical bills, price estimates,
• and more all in one place, even if you've been seen at
multiple healthcare organizations.
• Share your medical record with anyone who needs it.
• Most of your healthcare providers can already get the
information they need,
• but if they can't, you have the power to share your record on
the spot.

• Make appointments at your convenience, complete pre-visit
tasks from home, and find the nearest urgent care or
emergency room when you need it.
• Send a message, get online diagnosis and treatment, talk
face-to-face over video, or arrange to follow up with a doctor
in person, depending on the level of care you need.
• Stay on top of everyone's appointments and check in on
family members who need extra help, all from your account.

Imaging and Diagnostic Tools
• Advanced technologies have revolutionized diagnostics.
• For instance, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• can provide detailed images of soft tissues, aiding in the diagnosis
of conditions like multiple sclerosis.
• Similarly, genomic sequencing can uncover genetic predispositions
to certain diseases, enabling personalized care plans.
• These tools provide precise data, enhancing diagnostic accuracy
and guiding effective treatment strategies.

Challenges in data collection
• Data privacy and security
• Data accuracy: Ensuring consistency and accuracy across
platforms is paramount to derive meaningful insights.
• Inaccurate data can lead to misdiagnoses or inappropriate
treatments.
• Ethical considerations: Issues concerning patient consent,
data usage, and sharing are at the forefront.
• Quality improvement challenges: For healthcare to
continuously evolve, data collection tailored to quality
improvement is essential

Improving data collection in
healthcare
• Strategies for Improvement:
• Effective data collection in healthcare isn't just about having the
right tools; it's also about the right approach.
• comprehensive training programs that ensure staff are well-
versed in data entry and analysis,
• the adoption of cutting-edge technology like AI-driven
analytics,
• Continuous feedback loops and regular system upgrades
• further ensure that data collection remains efficient and error-
free.

healthcare
• Quality Improvement Tools
• In the quest for excellence in healthcare, quality improvement
(QI) tools play a pivotal role.
• Platforms like IHI's QI Toolkit provide healthcare professionals
with resources to drive better patient outcomes.
• These tools, often based on statistical analysis and lean
methodologies,
• help identify areas of improvement, streamline processes, and
implement best practices

healthcare
• Adherence to Standards
• In the digital age, the importance of standards cannot be
overstated.
• Organizations like HL7 provide frameworks that ensure data
consistency and interoperability across different platforms.
• By adhering to these standards, healthcare institutions can
ensure that data is not only consistent
• but also easily exchangeable, facilitating collaborative care
and comprehensive research.

healthcare
• Modern Methods:
• The healthcare sector is ever-evolving, and so are the
methods for data collection.
• Embracing the latest in technology, such as AI-driven
predictive analytics,
• ensures that data remains relevant, accurate, and
actionable.

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