![There are many reports concerning the effects of in-office
bleaching on natural teeth, but its effect on tooth-colored
composite resin is not, yet, fully known and resin composites
are widely used as restorative materials because of their
excellent aesthetic properties. However, their initial color may
change over time because of surface and marginal staining, as
well as internal material deterioration20,21
. Staining of resin
composites by beverages such as coffee, tea and soda or by
mouth rinse agents has been reported to varying degrees22,23
.
In addition to color, surface characteristics contribute signifi-
cantly to the aesthetic quality of composite resin. Surface
roughness has a detrimental effect on light reflection, resulting
in a dull appearance that stands out from the rest of the teeth.
Moreover, rough surfaces promote bacterial plaque
adhesion, with subsequent increased staining24-26
. also the tooth
bleaching agents increased the tooth sensitivity and gingival
irritation by the effect of its oxidizing, many studies have proved
the decrease of the shear bond strength by use of any bleaching
agent either in vitro or in vivo27
.
Other studies find that high concentration hydrogen
peroxide with calcium was less effective in deep dentin than
10 % carbamide peroxide28
.
Titanium dioxide photocatalyst (VL-TiO2) and H2O2 conta-
ining with visible-light activating were introduce in some new
in-office bleaching agent were recently developed. Titanium
dioxide was used in different cleaning applications is had a very
low toxic level and inexpensive substance.Titanium dioxide also
known as the most important semiconductor photocatalyst
reacting to ultraviolet light29
. VL-TiO2 was made from original
titaniumdioxidephotocatalystandtheapplicationofvisiblelight
onableachingagentcontainingH2O2 andVL-TiOcouldincrease
the bleaching efficacy30,31
. The VL-TiO2 were photocatalyst
reacting material to visible light especially at low wavelength30
.
The purpose of this study was to determine color change of three
nanofilled composites, when subjected to iodine staining and
bleaching using chemically activated visible UV light bleaching
material.The null hypothesis was that the three-nano filled com-
posites would respond similarly to the aqueous suspensions of
titanium dioxide in photoreactor.
EXPERIMENTAL
Threeresincompositesspecimensi.e.,BeautifilII[bisphenyl-
glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) 7.5 %, triethylenglycol
dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) 5 %, alumino-fluoro 70 %,Al2O3
(borosilicate glass). DL-camphor quinone, (Shofu Dental
Corporation, USA)], IPS Empress Direct [paste of dimetha-
crylates, copolymer 20-21 wt. %, barpum glass 77.5-79 %
wt., ytterbium trifluoride (550 nm), Initiators, stabilizers and
pigments, (Ivoclar Vivodent, USA)] and Ceram.x.mono
[methacrylate modified polysiloxane, dimethacrylate resin,
Ba-Al-borosilicate glass 70 %, pyrogenic SiO257 %, camphor-
quinone, ethyl-4-diemethylamino benzoate, UV stabilizer,
butylated hydroxy toluene, (DeTrey, Dentsply, Germany)]
composite resin specimens, used in this study this three groups
(n = 5 discs, shade A1).
Fifteen disc specimens fabricated by using cylindrical
Teflon mold ‘each specimen was prepared as one increment
and light cure to polymerized the resin composite from each
side for 40 sec using a light unit with intensity of power density
of 355 mW/cm2
(GNATUS, Fotopolimerizador optilight plus,
Brasil). The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex system;
3M ESPE; specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C
for one week and then subjected to stain using iodine solution
at 37 °C for one week.All composite resin groups' discs speci-
mens were placed (Beautifil II, IPS Empress Direct and
Ceram.x.mono) in distilled water for one week to complete
their polymerization. Then to stain, the composite resin groups
specimens discs, immersion them in the iodine mouth wash
solution (prepared by 5 mL povidone-iodine USP 1 % w/v, in
5 mL of distilled water according to the instruction of mouth
wash use).
The absorbance of the specimen was measured at 355 nm,
using Cary 100 Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu
and color changes were measured using a Vita Easy Shade
device and put disc on black paper (VITAZahnfabrik H. Rauter
Gmbh & Co. KG, Bad Säckingen, Germany), they calibrated,
according to timetable as shown in Table-1.
The colorimeter display the different color parameters L*,
a*andb*accordingtotheCIEL*,a*,b*spacesystem,where L*
describes the luminance reflectance, while a* and b* describe
the red-green and yellow-blue color coordinates, respectively.
The test measures L*, a*, and b* space system and this
system are referred to as CIEL*a*b*. In the color space, L*
indicates lightness (L + = lightness and L- = darkness), the a*
coordinate represents the red/green range (a*+ = redness and
TABLE-1
TIMETABLE AND PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION OF GROUPS’ SPECIMENS
Beautifil II groups specimens
before stain (B1)
G1a
IPS Empress Direct groups
specimens’ before stain (E1)
G2a
Ceram.x.mono groups specimens
before stain (C1)
G3a
Beautifil II groups specimens
after stain (B2)
G1b
IPS Empress Direct groups
specimens after stain (E2)
G3b
Ceram.x.mono groups specimens
after stain (C2)
G3b
Beautifil II groups specimens
after bleach (B3)
G1c
IPS Empress Direct groups
specimens after bleach (E3)
G2c
Ceram.x.mono groups specimens
after bleach (C3)
G3c
4508 Alameedee et al. Asian J. Chem.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-effectofaqueoussuspensionsoftitaniumdioxideinphotoreactorwith-160127174001/85/Effect-of-aqueous-suspensions-of-titanium-dioxide-in-photoreactor-with-2-320.jpg)
![a*- = greenness) and the b*
coordinate represents for the yellow/
blue range (b* + = yellowness and b* - = blueness).
The values of the coordinates a* and b* approach zero,
indicating neutral color (white and grey) and an increase in
magnitudeformoresaturatedorintensecolor33
.TheCIE L*, a*, b*
space system allows the numeric definition of a color as well as
the difference between two color using the following formula:
∆E = [(L1-L0)2
+ (a1-a0)2
+ (b1-b)2
]1/2
The change in color from baseline was calculated (∆E1),
after staining (∆E2)andaftertheaqueoussuspensionsoftitanium
dioxide (TiO2) session (∆E3). The change in color after staining
and the bleaching compared to the color after staining was
also calculated. ∆E values obtained using the Hunter's equation
(Central Bureau of the International Commission on
Illumination Colorimetric CIE publication. Vienna, Austria:
1986).
∆E = [(∆L)2
+ (∆a)2
+ (∆b)2
]1/2
Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20 package
(Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.). Regression models with one-way
ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests used to test significance
of the effects of composite material and bleaching agent on
color at P ≤ 0.05.
Photocatalytic reactor is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Photocatalytic reactor
The photocatalytic reactions carried out in a batch photo-
reactor with the radiation source type Philips (CLEO), Poland,
mercury lamps containing 6 lamps with 15W for each.Aqueous
suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing specimens
in beaker, under sonication, were irradiated in light of wave-
length 365 nm with an irradiation intensity of 3 mW cm-2
. In
all experiments, the required amount of the catalyst was
suspended in 100 cm3
of aqueous solution of specimens.After
illumination, 2 mL was taken from the reaction suspension,
centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min in an 800 B centrifuge,
the absorbance of the specimens was measured at 355 nm,
using Cary 100Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The color changes evaluation can performed either by
using a colorimeter or, by visual assessment and spectro-
photometry as were used in dentistry, which expresses color
coordinates according to the CIE L*, a*, b* space system.
These methods generally considered more precise, as they
eliminate subjective errors32
.
The ∆E value is expressed as a relative color change
between successive color measurements, the ∆E = 3.3 value
considered clinically perceptible according to the CIELab color
space. The color space more popular and developmental for
characterization of color based on human perception30,33,34
.
Tables 2-4 represent the statistical mean and standard
deviation, comparison of color changes testing (∆E) when
compared with groups' specimens at different time interval
before iodine staining.After iodine staining and after aqueous
suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment, for Beautifill
II, IPS Empress Direct and Ceram.x.mono composite resin
group's specimens respectively.As for composite resin group's
specimens: total color change (∆E) after staining treatment
when compared to before staining, also the total color change
(∆E) after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2)
treatment when compared to after staining for all composite
resin group's specimens.
Result of Beautiful composite resin group (G1a) showed
there were significant effect (p = 0.00) when compere ∆E,
color changes after stain (∆E = 0.08) with ∆E, color changes
after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment
(∆E = 12.14).
Result of Table-3 for group three for IPS Empress Direct
composite resin (G2) showed there were significant effect (p
= 0.00) when compere ∆E color changes of IPS Empress Direct
TABLE-2
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E) FOR BEAUTIFIL II GROUPS (G1) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5)
Difference between groups
Group one (G1) Range
Mean
(∆E, color
changes)
SD
(∆E, color
changes)
Groups
Compared
Mean
difference
a.
P-Value
(∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite
resin before stain (G1a)
0.0-0.1 0.08 0.04
(G1a)-(G1b)
-21.53* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite
resin after stain (G1b)
21.61-21.62 21.61 0.00
(G1b)-(G1c)
9.47* 0.00*
(∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite
resin after aqueous suspensions of titanium
dioxide treatment (G1c)
21.13-21.15 12.14 0.00 (G1c)- (G1a) 12.06* 0.00*
*
Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a
Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni
Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014) Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor 4509](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-effectofaqueoussuspensionsoftitaniumdioxideinphotoreactorwith-160127174001/85/Effect-of-aqueous-suspensions-of-titanium-dioxide-in-photoreactor-with-3-320.jpg)
Effect of aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor with
- 1. ASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRYASIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.17479 INTRODUCTION The aesthetic goals of our patients and dentistry today have become increasingly demanding. The use of composite resins as tooth composite resins to achieve the optical properties of natural teeth. The aesthetic appearance of anterior teeth has become a major concern for patients. Discolored vital anterior teeth have long treated with different approaches, including crowns, direct, indirect veneers, composite resin and most conservatively bleaching. Both take-home and in-office blea- ching techniques have proven effective in whitening teeth, with the latter having the advantage of producing immediate results1,2 . In addition to color changes a compared by bleaching process, resin composite that exit on the tooth surface also may be cleaned may also change. These changes are effected by different factors, such as type concentration and exposer time of bleaching3-5 . Kim et al.6 revealed that tooth whitening because negli- gible alterations on the color and the surface of a nano filled and two micro-hybrid resin composites. The composite resin Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor with Radiation Source on Color Changes of Three Contemporary Composite Resins AMEER H.H. ALAMEEDEE 1,2,* , HALA A.M. RAGAB 1 , ESSAM M.H. OSMAN 1 and FALAH H. HUSSEIN 3,* 1 Faculty of Dentistry, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon 2 Faculty of Dentistry, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq 3 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq *Corresponding authors: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 18 February 2014; Accepted: 8 March 2014; Published online: 5 July 2014; AJC-15507 The study performed to assess the effect of titanium dioxide using (Photoreactor) with the source of radiation on the color change of the three contemporary dental fillings by composite resin material. The resins were divided into three groups head of considering the type of charge and each group of which is composed of five discs and each disc thickness of 2 mm and diameter of 5 mm and manufactured by the mold of Teflon material and then been refined and soften the disc surface and stored in distilled water for one week at 37 °C in order to complete the polymerization. After the completion of the first week is staining the surface of disks and putting it in a solution of iodine mouth wash (AVALON pharma® ) at 37 °C for a period of just one week after the completion of this week has been directed drive and put it in aqueous suspension consisting of titanium dioxide in Photoreactor Radiation with 355 NM periods of time 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 seconds. Colorimetric readings were taken of the tablets based on, before staining substance iodine solution, after staining discs textured iodine solution and after treatment disks Palmalq water for titanium dioxide. In addition, the absorbance was measured after each period of time and put the disks. Palmalq watery results were analyzed statistically. There were significant effects on pay chromatography and the palace of color where are different for each group from the other and come the second group of the most influential change chromatography and minors chromatography and then finished second the third set. Finally, comes the first group, as well as influenced by absorbance time in extrusive and different for each group of the three groups of disk attributed to their chemical composition Keywords: Photocatalytic decolorization, Restorative composite color changes, Titanium dioxide. Asian Journal of Chemistry; Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014), 4507-4512 composed of organic and inorganic phase has important effect in the degree of color and surface changes when exposed to the bleaching products7-12 . Resinmaterialsareespeciallymorepronetochemicalaltera- tion compared to inert metal or ceramic composite resin13-15 . In addition, composite resins tend to discolor teeth due to their resin matrix hydrophilicity and water absorption properties, so the degree of discoloration may lead the patient and the dentist to replace composite resin composite resins over time16 . The typical in-office bleaching regimen involves appli- cation of a high percentage hydrogen peroxide formulation either to the teeth surfaces, which activated chemically or by a light source.The theoretical advantage of using lights is their ability to heat hydrogen peroxide, thereby enhancing the rate of oxygen decomposition. The oxidation, in which the molecules causing discolo- ration are chemically modified17 , and the increased amount of oxygen-free radicals produced thus enhances the release of stain-containing molecules and, therefore, results in enhanced whitening18,19 .
- 2. There are many reports concerning the effects of in-office bleaching on natural teeth, but its effect on tooth-colored composite resin is not, yet, fully known and resin composites are widely used as restorative materials because of their excellent aesthetic properties. However, their initial color may change over time because of surface and marginal staining, as well as internal material deterioration20,21 . Staining of resin composites by beverages such as coffee, tea and soda or by mouth rinse agents has been reported to varying degrees22,23 . In addition to color, surface characteristics contribute signifi- cantly to the aesthetic quality of composite resin. Surface roughness has a detrimental effect on light reflection, resulting in a dull appearance that stands out from the rest of the teeth. Moreover, rough surfaces promote bacterial plaque adhesion, with subsequent increased staining24-26 . also the tooth bleaching agents increased the tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation by the effect of its oxidizing, many studies have proved the decrease of the shear bond strength by use of any bleaching agent either in vitro or in vivo27 . Other studies find that high concentration hydrogen peroxide with calcium was less effective in deep dentin than 10 % carbamide peroxide28 . Titanium dioxide photocatalyst (VL-TiO2) and H2O2 conta- ining with visible-light activating were introduce in some new in-office bleaching agent were recently developed. Titanium dioxide was used in different cleaning applications is had a very low toxic level and inexpensive substance.Titanium dioxide also known as the most important semiconductor photocatalyst reacting to ultraviolet light29 . VL-TiO2 was made from original titaniumdioxidephotocatalystandtheapplicationofvisiblelight onableachingagentcontainingH2O2 andVL-TiOcouldincrease the bleaching efficacy30,31 . The VL-TiO2 were photocatalyst reacting material to visible light especially at low wavelength30 . The purpose of this study was to determine color change of three nanofilled composites, when subjected to iodine staining and bleaching using chemically activated visible UV light bleaching material.The null hypothesis was that the three-nano filled com- posites would respond similarly to the aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in photoreactor. EXPERIMENTAL Threeresincompositesspecimensi.e.,BeautifilII[bisphenyl- glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) 7.5 %, triethylenglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) 5 %, alumino-fluoro 70 %,Al2O3 (borosilicate glass). DL-camphor quinone, (Shofu Dental Corporation, USA)], IPS Empress Direct [paste of dimetha- crylates, copolymer 20-21 wt. %, barpum glass 77.5-79 % wt., ytterbium trifluoride (550 nm), Initiators, stabilizers and pigments, (Ivoclar Vivodent, USA)] and Ceram.x.mono [methacrylate modified polysiloxane, dimethacrylate resin, Ba-Al-borosilicate glass 70 %, pyrogenic SiO257 %, camphor- quinone, ethyl-4-diemethylamino benzoate, UV stabilizer, butylated hydroxy toluene, (DeTrey, Dentsply, Germany)] composite resin specimens, used in this study this three groups (n = 5 discs, shade A1). Fifteen disc specimens fabricated by using cylindrical Teflon mold ‘each specimen was prepared as one increment and light cure to polymerized the resin composite from each side for 40 sec using a light unit with intensity of power density of 355 mW/cm2 (GNATUS, Fotopolimerizador optilight plus, Brasil). The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex system; 3M ESPE; specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for one week and then subjected to stain using iodine solution at 37 °C for one week.All composite resin groups' discs speci- mens were placed (Beautifil II, IPS Empress Direct and Ceram.x.mono) in distilled water for one week to complete their polymerization. Then to stain, the composite resin groups specimens discs, immersion them in the iodine mouth wash solution (prepared by 5 mL povidone-iodine USP 1 % w/v, in 5 mL of distilled water according to the instruction of mouth wash use). The absorbance of the specimen was measured at 355 nm, using Cary 100 Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu and color changes were measured using a Vita Easy Shade device and put disc on black paper (VITAZahnfabrik H. Rauter Gmbh & Co. KG, Bad Säckingen, Germany), they calibrated, according to timetable as shown in Table-1. The colorimeter display the different color parameters L*, a*andb*accordingtotheCIEL*,a*,b*spacesystem,where L* describes the luminance reflectance, while a* and b* describe the red-green and yellow-blue color coordinates, respectively. The test measures L*, a*, and b* space system and this system are referred to as CIEL*a*b*. In the color space, L* indicates lightness (L + = lightness and L- = darkness), the a* coordinate represents the red/green range (a*+ = redness and TABLE-1 TIMETABLE AND PATHWAY DISTRIBUTION OF GROUPS’ SPECIMENS Beautifil II groups specimens before stain (B1) G1a IPS Empress Direct groups specimens’ before stain (E1) G2a Ceram.x.mono groups specimens before stain (C1) G3a Beautifil II groups specimens after stain (B2) G1b IPS Empress Direct groups specimens after stain (E2) G3b Ceram.x.mono groups specimens after stain (C2) G3b Beautifil II groups specimens after bleach (B3) G1c IPS Empress Direct groups specimens after bleach (E3) G2c Ceram.x.mono groups specimens after bleach (C3) G3c 4508 Alameedee et al. Asian J. Chem.
- 3. a*- = greenness) and the b* coordinate represents for the yellow/ blue range (b* + = yellowness and b* - = blueness). The values of the coordinates a* and b* approach zero, indicating neutral color (white and grey) and an increase in magnitudeformoresaturatedorintensecolor33 .TheCIE L*, a*, b* space system allows the numeric definition of a color as well as the difference between two color using the following formula: ∆E = [(L1-L0)2 + (a1-a0)2 + (b1-b)2 ]1/2 The change in color from baseline was calculated (∆E1), after staining (∆E2)andaftertheaqueoussuspensionsoftitanium dioxide (TiO2) session (∆E3). The change in color after staining and the bleaching compared to the color after staining was also calculated. ∆E values obtained using the Hunter's equation (Central Bureau of the International Commission on Illumination Colorimetric CIE publication. Vienna, Austria: 1986). ∆E = [(∆L)2 + (∆a)2 + (∆b)2 ]1/2 Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 20 package (Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.). Regression models with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests used to test significance of the effects of composite material and bleaching agent on color at P ≤ 0.05. Photocatalytic reactor is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Photocatalytic reactor The photocatalytic reactions carried out in a batch photo- reactor with the radiation source type Philips (CLEO), Poland, mercury lamps containing 6 lamps with 15W for each.Aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) containing specimens in beaker, under sonication, were irradiated in light of wave- length 365 nm with an irradiation intensity of 3 mW cm-2 . In all experiments, the required amount of the catalyst was suspended in 100 cm3 of aqueous solution of specimens.After illumination, 2 mL was taken from the reaction suspension, centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 15 min in an 800 B centrifuge, the absorbance of the specimens was measured at 355 nm, using Cary 100Bio UV-visible spectrophotometer Shimadzu. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The color changes evaluation can performed either by using a colorimeter or, by visual assessment and spectro- photometry as were used in dentistry, which expresses color coordinates according to the CIE L*, a*, b* space system. These methods generally considered more precise, as they eliminate subjective errors32 . The ∆E value is expressed as a relative color change between successive color measurements, the ∆E = 3.3 value considered clinically perceptible according to the CIELab color space. The color space more popular and developmental for characterization of color based on human perception30,33,34 . Tables 2-4 represent the statistical mean and standard deviation, comparison of color changes testing (∆E) when compared with groups' specimens at different time interval before iodine staining.After iodine staining and after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment, for Beautifill II, IPS Empress Direct and Ceram.x.mono composite resin group's specimens respectively.As for composite resin group's specimens: total color change (∆E) after staining treatment when compared to before staining, also the total color change (∆E) after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment when compared to after staining for all composite resin group's specimens. Result of Beautiful composite resin group (G1a) showed there were significant effect (p = 0.00) when compere ∆E, color changes after stain (∆E = 0.08) with ∆E, color changes after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (∆E = 12.14). Result of Table-3 for group three for IPS Empress Direct composite resin (G2) showed there were significant effect (p = 0.00) when compere ∆E color changes of IPS Empress Direct TABLE-2 MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E) FOR BEAUTIFIL II GROUPS (G1) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5) Difference between groups Group one (G1) Range Mean (∆E, color changes) SD (∆E, color changes) Groups Compared Mean difference a. P-Value (∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite resin before stain (G1a) 0.0-0.1 0.08 0.04 (G1a)-(G1b) -21.53* 0.00* (∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite resin after stain (G1b) 21.61-21.62 21.61 0.00 (G1b)-(G1c) 9.47* 0.00* (∆E, color changes) Beautifill-II composite resin after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide treatment (G1c) 21.13-21.15 12.14 0.00 (G1c)- (G1a) 12.06* 0.00* * Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014) Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor 4509
- 4. composite resin after stain (∆E = 0.12) with ∆E color changes IPS Empress Direct composite resin after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (∆E = 32.97). Result of Table-4 of the Ceram.x.mono composite resin group (G3) showed there were significant effect (p = 0.00) when compere ∆E color changes after stain (∆E = 0.22) with ∆E color changes of the after the aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (∆E = 16.04). In study by Suyama et al.30 , the effects of various light sources on the bleaching action by using titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts in an ultraviolet light-activated photo catalyst (UVTiO2), versus a visible light-activated photo catalyst (VL-TiO2). They showed high-intensity halogen with VL-TiO2 + H2O2 caused the most significant reduction in methylene blue concentration, and the effect of light sources, the halogen lamps resulted in a greater bleaching effect than the blue LED30 . Tables 4-6 showed the color changes (∆E) represented as bleaching effect on specimens by the effect of aqueous suspen- sions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment, as in-group IPS TABLE-3 MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E) FOR THE IPS EMPRESS DIRECT GROUPS (G2) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5) Difference between groups Group (G2) Range Mean (∆E, color changes) SD (∆E, color changes) Groups Compared Mean difference a. P-Value (∆E, color changes) IPS Empress Direct composite resin before stain (G2a) 0.1-0.2 0.12 0.04 (G2a)-(G2b) -41.72* 0.00* (∆E, color changes) IPS Empress Direct composite resin after stain (G2b) 41.77-42.02 41.84 0.09 (G2b)-(G2c) 8.87* 0.00* (∆E, color changes) IPS Empress Direct composite resin after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide treatment (G2c) 32.9-33.11 32.97 0.09 (G2c)- (G2a) 32.85* 0.00* * Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni TABLE-4 MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR COLOR CHANGE (∆E) FOR THE CERAM.X.MONO GROUPS (G3) IN SHADE A1 (n = 5) Difference between groups Group (G3) Range Mean (∆E, color changes) SD (∆E, color changes) Groups Compared Mean difference a. P-Value (∆E, color changes) Ceram.x.mono composite resin before stain (G3a) 0.0-0.4 0.22 0.13 (G3)- (G3) -31.73* 0.00* (∆E, color changes) Ceram.x.mono composite resin after stain (G3b) 30.66-32.34 31.95 0.68 (G3b).- (G3c) 15.9* 0.00* (∆E, color changes) Ceram.x.mono composite resin aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide treatment (G3c) 16.02-16.05 16.04 0.01 (G3c)- (G3a) 15.82* 0.00* * Mean difference is significant at the .05 Level, a Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni TABLE-5 MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATION VALUES FOR 3D COLOR SPACE FOR THE THREE COMPOSITES GROUPS IN SHADE A1 Time interval G1 Mean, SD G2 Mean, SD G3 Mean, SD L*. Before staining treatment measure 76.08aA 0.04 24.98dA 18.25 57.90gA 2.79 L*. After staining treatment measure 76.12aB 0.04 77.74dB 1.24 64.20gB 0.00 L*. After aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment measure 78.10aC 0.00 76.30dC 0.00 68.38gC 0.04 a*. Before staining treatment measure 1.50bD 0.00 77.94eD 1.61 -1.62hD 0.59 a*. After staining treatment measure 2.40bE 0.00 0.88eE .042 2.50hE 0.00 a*. After aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment measure 0.30bF 0.00 0.10eF 0.00 -2.68hF 0.04 b*. Before staining treatment measure 15.40cG 0.00 -0.11fG 0.91 11.76kG 0.24 b*. After staining treatment measure 37.0cH 0.00 7.88fH 0.17 42.70kH 0.00 b*. After aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment measure 25.20cI 0.00 49.68fI 0.13 28.10kI 0.00 Similar small letter in column significant difference. Similar capital letter in row significant difference, p = 0.05 4510 Alameedee et al. Asian J. Chem.
- 5. Empress Direct composite resin after stain (G2c), then group Ceram.x.mono composite resin after stain (G3c). Table-5 showed the aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment effect in 3D space is the L* (mean = 68.38 which mean get more dark area in color) of the group Ceram.x.mono composite resin (G3c) after treatment by aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Table-6 showed the data submitted to two-way ANOVA (p < 0.00) and post hoc tests. Statistical difference observed between all groups. It has had been concluded that G2c (E3), showed significantly higher effect of the aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment changes than the G1c (B3) group. (G2b) and (G3b) (mean= 0.88 and 2.50) respectively, showed intermediary pigmentation more than (G1b) group and in ANOVA test showed not significant of b*. The more significant effect (mean=-2.68) in 3D space is the a* of the G3c Ceram.x.mono after aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment (Table-5). Tables 7-9 showed there were all groups’ increase of the absorbance with the increasing time exposer increase and increase in the group 1 and group 2 more than group 3. TABLE-6 ANOVA TEST FOR ALL THREE COMPOSITE RESINS GROUPS OF THE SPECIMENS’ MEASUREMENT FOR ∆E COLOR CHANGES AND 3D COLOR SPACE ANOVA Sum of squares df Mean square F P-value Between groups 2899.635 2 1449.818 7.405 0.001* Within groups 17034.789 87 195.802∆E-Color change Total 19934.424 89 Between groups 3862.643 2 1931.321 230.538 0.000* Within groups 728.837 87 8.377L* Total 4591.480 89 Between groups 65.134 2 32.567 14.199 0.000* Within groups 199.539 87 2.294a* Total 264.673 89 Between groups 110.692 2 55.346 .287 0.752 Within groups 16805.733 87 193.169b* Total 16916.425 89 * Mean difference is significant at the P < 0.05 Level TABLE-7 ABSORBANCE DEGREES IN ALL THREE COMPOSITE RESINS GROUPS’ OF THE SPECIMENS’ MEASUREMENT WITHIN ALL TIMES INTERVALS Group Group1 Group2 Group3 t (min) Beautifil II IPS Empress Direct Ceram.x.mono 0 0.101 0.097 0.085 5 0.132 0.114 0.099 10 0.144 0.161 0.135 15 0.198 0.192 0.161 30 0.213 0.218 0.183 In all ‘between groups’ of ∆E-Color change, L*, a*, b* respectively showed significant p values = 0.001, 0.000 and 0.000, respectively, there were effect of the aqueous suspen- sions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) treatment on the color changes composite groups specimens, except b* showed not significant effect (p = 0.752) in all composite groups specimens (Table- 6). Table-8 showed multiple comparisons of the absorbance in all groups, through different time intervals, among all groups only the time 5 min not significant difference (p = 1.000), that showed there were no effect titanium dioxide at absorbance TABLE-8 MULTIPLE COMPARISONS OF THE ABSORBANCE IN ALL GROUPS, THROUGH DIFFERENT TIME INTERVALS Bonferroni Dependent Variable (I) Absorbance time (J) Absorbance time Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error P-value 5-time -.02067 0.013 1.000 10-time -.05233* 0.013 0.024* 15-time -.08933* 0.013 0.000* Absorbance 0-time 30-time -.11033* 0.013 0.000* * Mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level TABLE-9 ANOVA TEST FOR ALL THREE COMPOSITE RESINS GROUPS’ ABSORBANCE OF THE SPECIMEN'S MEASUREMENT AT ALL TIME Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P-value Between roups 0.025 4 0.006 24.965 0.000* Within Groups 0.003 10 0.000Absorbance Total 0.028 14 Mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Vol. 26, No. 14 (2014) Effect of Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide in Photoreactor 4511
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