Effect of Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1455
EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH STRENGTH
CONCRETE
Bharatkumaranaik T1, J M srishaila2 , Rajendra kumar K M3, , Veerangouda R4
1 MTECH Student Dept. of Civil Engineering, RYMEC Ballari, Karnataka, India ,
2,3 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, RYMEC Ballari, Karnataka, India
4Final Year, BE Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, RYMEC Ballari, Karnataka, India
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Abstract– Concrete is a vital ingredient in infrastructure
development with its versatile and extensive applications. It is
the most widely used construction material because of its
mouldability into any required structural form and shape due
to its fluid behavior at early ages. However, there is a limit to
the fluid behavior of normal fresh concrete. Thorough
compaction, using vibration, is normally essential for
achieving workability, the required strength and durability of
concrete. Inadequate compaction of concrete results in large
number of voids, affecting performance and long-term
durability of structures. Since due to the vast construction in
the urban development programs there is an Effect of fly ash
on mechanical properties of high strength concrete, fly ash is
being used as a mineral admixture, and glenium sky 8233
being used as chemical admixtures materials in concrete. Fly
ash based cement concrete. Concrete mixe M40, are designed
as per the Indian standard code (IS-10262-82) by adding, 0%,
10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of fly ash and chemical
admixture of master glenium sky-8233 (0.9% weight of
cementitious materials), it is used to improve the workability
of concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100mm X 100mm X 100
mm, beam size 500 mm X 100 mm X 100 mm, and impact
cylindrical size is 150 mm (diameter) X 60 mm (depth) were
casted and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength,
impact strength, and sorptivity, at 7 days, and 28 days curing
for all mixes and the results are compared with that of
conventional concrete.
Key Words: High strength concrete, Fly ash, impact
strength, Sorptivity
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is an exceptionally solid and adaptable mouldable
developments material. It comprisesof bond, sand and total
(e.g., rock or smashed shake) blended with water. The
concrete and water shape a glue or gel which coats the sand
and total. At the point when the concrete has synthetically
responded with the water (hydrated), it solidifies and ties
the entire combine. The underlyings solidifying response
more often than not happens inside a couple of hours. It
takes a little while for cement to achieve full hardness and
quality. Cement can proceed to solidify and pick up quality
over numerous years.
Early history of High Strength Concrete
High Strength concrete was first achieved in the year
1930’sin Japan, Yoshida reported thishighstrengthconcrete
in the year 1930s with 28days curing, the compressive
strength of 120Mpa was obtained, and this result was
obtained by the combinations of vibrating and pressing
processwithout using any mineral admixtureandchemicals,
super plasticizer was developed in the year of 1960 in West
Germany and Japan, which was very effective chemical
admixtures for reducing the water content in concrete. By
using super plasticizer, it is possible to decrease thewaterto
cement ratio while maintaining the workability of this high
strength concrete, so this type of technique will be applied
very widely and in many bridges, high rise buildings, and
precast concrete.
Based on strength concrete is classified as Normal
Strength Concrete (NSC), High Strength Concrete (HSC),
Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC) ), the high concrete
mixtureswhich are to be showed with compressivestrength
of 48Mpa or more are to cured for 28 days, were designated
asHigh Strength Concrete, and this type of concreteareused
for constructing of Long Span bridges, Sky Scrapers etc.,
hence strength developed concrete are classifiedinto3types
of Strength Concrete are Normal Strength Concrete, High
Strength Concrete, and Ultra High Strength Concrete. For
normal strength concrete itscompressive strength willbein
between 20-50Mpa, for high strength concrete compressive
strength is between 50-100Mpa and Ultrahigh Strength
concrete compressivestrength will be varyingbetween100-
150Mpa, High Strength concrete is specially achieved for
some applications, such as Abrasion resistance, Modulus of
Elasticity etc.
1.1 Need for the Study
The main investigation is to evaluatetheoptimumutilization
of fly ash as partial replacement material cement
 To develop, high strength concrete (HSC), for
optimum percentage of fly ash by using code IS
10262-2009 with design of M40 grade concrete.
 To determine the optimum percentage of fly ash, it
can be used for the given concrete to satisfy both
fresh properties (slump test) and mechanical

properties (compressivestrength, flexuralstrength,
impact strength, and sorptivity of concrete).
2. LITERATURES REVIEW
These are various experimental investigations that have
been done inthe field of Highstrength of concrete (HPC);
some of the papers have been discussed.
History of concrete use Fly ash
P. Nath (1a) and P. Sarker (1b) 2008: In this diary, they
clarified about the use of fly ash as a supplementary
cementitious material which addsmanageabilitytoconcrete
by producing the CO2 discharge from the bond. In this
examination, solidness properties of high-quality cement
have been considered by utilizing high volume Class F fly
cinder. A solid blend with fly fiery remains, as30%and 40%
of the aggregate blend was utilized to cast the test examples
by measuring parameters like compressive quality, drying
shrinkage, sorptivitys and quick chloride penetrabilityofthe
fly cinder and traditional solid examples. The compressive
quality of the solid blends changed from 65 to 85 MPa in 28
days. The fly fiery debris solid examples demonstrated less
drying shrinkage than the traditional solid specimens when
intended for a similar 28-day compressive quality of the
customary cement. Incorporationof fly fiery debrislessened
sorptivity and chloride particle penetration altogether at 28
days and diminished further at a half year. This paper closed
the fly slag as the fractional supplement for bond enhanced
the strength properties of cement.
R. D. Padhye, N. S. Doe, (2016): In this researches
explained about the compressive strength of concrete
mixtures was increased by reducing theflyashmixtureratio.
Usually fly ash up to 40% it’s better for replacement, but
beyond 40% is not good for changed concrete mixtures. As
there is an increase in the fly ash content, there is steep
increase in strength from 7 to 28 days indicating that early
strength of concrete is reduced. The various mixtures of fly
ash with varying the curing day’sresults in the varyingofthe
strength of the specimens. However, it wasobservedthatthe
M50 with 60% fly ash obtained higher strength in 28 day
and aswell as M30 with 40% fly ash increased comparedto
Dr S L Pati1 et.al [2012]: They have studied fly ash
concrete, a technical analysis for compressive strength.
Hence the study proved that Deep Nagar fly ash can be
successfully used in the cement concrete in minoramountas
a supplement cementitious material. Considering the
intangible cost of disposal problem of fly ashandhiddencost
of environmental protection, the methodology appearstobe
indeed successful. Fly ash is actually a solid waste. So, it is
priceless. Use of this fly ash as a raw material in Portland
cement is an effective means for its management and leads
to saving of cement and economy consequently. Hence it isa
safer and eco-friendly method of disposalofflyash.However
the rate of strength developed was less. Due to lesser rate of
strength the ash finds specific applicationinmassconcreting
e.g. Dam construction. It can be concluded that power plant
waste is extensively used in concrete as a partial
replacement for cement.
SandhyaB and Reshma E.K (2013): a study on mechanical
propertiesof cement concrete by partial replacement offine
aggregateswith bottom ash. The study was carriedoutusing
coal bottom ash as a partial replacement with fine
aggregates in the concrete mix by 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%
by weight. The various strength properties studied consists
of compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting
tensile strength. The results shows that the compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength
decreased as the percentage of replacement of bottom ash
increased as compared to plain concrete. The compressive
strength of the plain concrete specimen for 7days, 28days
and 56dayswas found to be 38.22 N/mm2, 48.7N/mm2and
54.22 N/mm2 respectively. The 28daysstrengthofthemixis
48.7 N/mm2 which concludes, mix hasreached the required
strength of m40. The workability of the fresh concrete
decreases with increase in percentage of bottom ash.
Syed afzal basha et.al[2014]: In this study carried out to
concrete bulk for concrete achieving the requirement of
concrete in bulk, in this paper attempt is made for
assessment of compressive strength ,the fly is used for
mineral admixture in concrete , the design of concrete mixes
M25 and M30 grade concrete as per code (is-10262-82), the
fly ash concrete replaced range at 0%,10%,20%,30%,and
40%, they have conducting the experiment for compressive
strength of concrete cube of size is 150X150X150mm were
casted and verified for compressive strength, the days of
curing for all mixes and results it will be taken to
7day,14day,21day and 28day and this results are related
with that of conservation concrete, in this mixes are used to
purpose of decrease the compressive strength for thedesign
of M25 and M30 grade concrete and also increase by the fly
ash % of concrete,
3. MATERIALS USED
The Main ingredientswhich are used in thisinvestigationare
described below
Cement
This effort, Ordinary Portland Cement of53-grade Ultra tech
confirms to IS: 12269-1987 has been used.
Fine aggregates
M-Sand asa Fine aggregate which is used in the projectwere
collected from Bengaluru conforming IS 383-1970 passing
4.75 mm and retained on 75 micron were used.

Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregate which is use in the project were collected
from Bengakuru conforming IS 383-1970 passing 20mm &
retained on 4.75mm were used.
FLY ASH
Was taken from thermal power plant at kudithini bellary
thermal power station was used in the investigation. the
specific gravity is 2.08.
Super plasticizer Masters glenium sky-8233
To improve the workability of the mixes, a high range water
reducing agent master glenium sky-8233 0.9% weighted of
cementitious materials has been used.
Water
The water, which was used for making concrete and for the
curing, and it should be clean and free from harmful
impurities. The PH value should be less than 7.
4.0 MIX PROPORTIONS
The investigation of the high strength concrete isdeveloped
based on the available works and to achieve the desired
objectives by replacing cement concrete with industrial
wastes like fly ash and chemical admixture (master glenium
sky 8233). The present investigation is about Concrete
Cubes, Prism (beams), Impact Cylindrical Specimens, casted
for studying the fresh and hardened properties of HSC. The
industrial waste used is fly ash which is replacedintherange
of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of cementitious
materials and chemical admixture for master glenium sky
8233 (0.9% wt of cementitious materials), the chemical
admixture, it was used for improve the workability of
concrete, and to design for M40 grade of concrete. The fine
aggregate used is 4.75mm down, M-sand is use and coarse
aggregate used is of 20mm passing and 10mm retain. The
methodology for satisfying the desired objectives can be
categorized as follows:-
 Procedure and testing the basic propertiesof cement,
fly ash, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, of high
strength concrete.
 Selection of mix proportions of HSC by reducing the
cement proportion with partial replacing of fly ash,
and chemical admixture is gleniun sky 8233 (0.9%
weight of cementetiousmaterials) therebycastingthe
fly ash mixture concrete into different shapes as
Cubes, prism, and Cylindrical specimens of desired
quality.
 To determine the fresh and hardened properties of
newly casted HSC by slump test as per code and also
determine, hardened properties of HSC for example
Compressive Strength, flexural strength, Impact
Strength and also sorptivity tests were conducted
Table - 1.0: Material requirement and mix design
Figure - 1.0 Casting of high strength Concrete.
Figure - 2.0 Specimens prepared for casting.
Figure - 3.0 Casting of HSC Cylinders.
Mix
Proportions
C*
Kg/M3
FAsh
Kg/m3
FA
Kg/m3
CA
Kg/m3
SP*
0.9%
Kg/m3
W*
Kg/m3
W/C
Ratio
mix-1
0% fly ash
374 0 696.08 1275.9 3.36 136 0.4
mix-2
10%fly ash
336 37.4 689.66 1263.51 3.36 136 0.4
mix-3
20%fly ash
299.2 74.8 684.29 1253.66 3.36 136 0.4
mix-4
30%fly ash
261.8 112.2 679.10 1244.16 3.36 136 0.4
mix-5
40%fly ash
224.4 149.6 673.82 1234.48 3.36 136 0.4
mix-6
50%fly ash
187 187 669.38 1226.36 3.36 136 0.4

Figure - 4.0 Specimens curing in in water..
5. TEST RESULTS
The various strengthtests that are to be done listed asbelow.
5.1 Slump test
It’s a one of the process, to measure the fresh properties of
concrete essentially for consistency and balanced (equality
of) concrete mix. The dimension of mould having at the
diameter for top and bottom is 100mm &200mm (base
diameter), and height of the mould is 300mm. And its sited
on smooth surface, with 100mm diameter is opening at top
phase, and filled by concrete by 3layers. Each layer by
tamped at 25 times with typical tamping rod (16 mm dia).
That cone must not be tilted at the time of lifting anditsmust
be lift straight up and down. That wasdecrease inthelevelof
slumped concrete is called slump. Thisslumptestisweighed,
by using30cmscale. Slump was classified into 3 types such
as collapse slump, shear slump, true slump, this types of
slump is mainly depending on various shapes, that takes
place after the lifting.
Table no 2: slump test results
Mix Proportions Slump results(mm)
Mix 1(0% flyash) 75
Mix 2(10% of flyash) 78
graph-1: slump test
5.2 Compressive Strength Test:
The compressivestrength of concrete is defined astheloads,
which has causes that failure of standard specimen /area of
cross section in uniaxial compression, under that given rate
of loading. This compressive strength test was made on at
the standard of 100mm size cubes. By placing that cubes in
the compression-testing machine. Then this machine was
run which started applying the load gradually with the
piston. Then piston was lifted up along with the lower plate
and thus the specimen was applied with a load of
140kg/cm2/min which were controlled by load rate control
knob until the specimen can’t offer further resistance
without breakage even after continuous apply of the load.
After breakage the Ultimate load is noted for each specimen.
The values are tabulated and calculations are done.
Figure – 5.1 Compressive tests on concrete cube.
Mix praportion Compressive strength cubes N/mm2
7 days 28 days
Mix 1(0% fly ash) 30.15 45
Mix 2(10% of fly ash) 28.81 43
Mix 3(20% of fly ash) 23.45 35
Mix 4(30% of fly ash) 18.76 28
Mix 5(40% of fly ash) 16.75 25
Mix 6(50% of fly ash) 14.74 22
Table – 3.0 Experimental results of compressive strength
of cube at 7 and 28 days in N/mm2
Graph -2: Cube compressive strength results at 7 and
28 days.

5.3 Flexure Strength Test:
The flexural strength is also identifiedasmodulusofrupture,
the fracture strength or bend strength. That material was
able to resist deformation under applied load. Whenever,
those most materials fail under tensile stress before they
flop under a compressive stress, so, that maximum tensile
stress value, it can be sustained before that beam orrod,that
fails is its flexural strength. These types of test can be done
either center point loading or three points loading. In the
case of three points loading load is applied at 1/3 of thespan
of prism. In those cases, the center point load is applied at
the center of the span. Flexure strength, for prism can be
calculated by using
=
Figure – 5.2 flexural strength test.
Table - 4.0 flexural Strength results at 7 and 28 Days of
age in N/mm2.
Graph -3: flexural strength results at 7 and 28 days.
5.4 Impact Strength Test:
For impact strength test, cylindrical specimens having
150mm diameter & 60mm height were prepared. To
adopted the Drop weight test for testing in impact specimen.
The specimens were kept in the Schrader’s impact testing
machine and hammer weight having 4.54 kg it was dropped
from the height of 457mm. And then that blowswerecarried
on until the crack was observed in the specimen and also
counted the number of blows for the crack specimen was
noted. The final failure is defined as the opening of cracks in
the specimen sufficiently so that pieces of concrete are
touching at least three out of the four. Positioned lugson the
base plate. These numbers of blows were converted into
impact energy by the following formulae.
Impact energy = w* h* n.
Where
w = weight of the hammer = 4.54 kg = 45.4 N.
h = height of the fall = 45.7 cm = 0.457 m.
n = number of blows required to cause first crack and final
crack as the case may be.
Figure 5.3: impact strength
Table 5: impact strength test results at 7 and 28 days
Graph 4: impact strength
Mix proportion 7 days of specimens
N/mm2
28days of specimens
N/mm2
Mix 1(0% fly ash) 8.08 7.403
Mix 2(10% of fly ash) 7.45 7.8
Mix 3(20% of fly ash) 7.3 7.92
Mix 4(30% of fly ash) 7.42 8
Mix 5(40% of fly ash) 7 7.96
Mix 6(50% of fly ash) 6.8 7.6
Mix
Proportions.
Impact strength in no of cycles
7 days specimens 28 days specimens
Mix 1(0% of fly ash) 113 168
Mix2(10% of fly ash) 84 125
Mix 3(20% of fly ash) 67 100
Mix 4(30% of fly ash) 54 80
Mix 5(40% of fly ash) 50 75
Mix 6(50% 0f fly ash) 35 52

5.41: impact energy:
Calculations of impact energy : WXNXh
w = weight of the hammer = 4.54 kg = 45.4 N.
h = height of the fall = 45.7 cm = 0.457 m.
n = number of blows required to cause first crack and final
crack as the case may be
Table 6 : impact energy at 7 and 28 days
Mix
Proportions
Impact energy= w*h*n (n-m)
7 days specimens 28 days specimens
Mix 1(0% of fly ash) 2344.5 3485.6
Mix2(10% of fly ash) 1742.81 2593.4
Mix 3(20% of fly ash) 1390.1 2074.7
Mix 4(30% of fly ash) 1120.38 1659.8
Mix 5(40% of fly ash) 1037.39 1556.0
Mix 6(50% 0f fly ash) 726.17 1078.8
Graph 5: Impact energy for 7 and 28 days.
5.5 Sorptivity Test:
To determine the amount of water absorption by concrete
cubes, sorptivity test were done. It will take 7days and 28
days of curing, Cubes from each mixture taken from curing
set up and oven dried at 110 for 24 hours. After 24 hours
of oven dried the specimen are taken out from the oven and
allowed to cool the specimens. The four looks of the cubes
are wrapped with electrical tape. to avoid the evaporationof
moisture content and initial weights of specimen are
measured. Test were carried out as per ASTM C-1585 by
placing unsealed face of cube on 5 mm depth of water and
allowed to unidirectional flow of water. Measuring the
weight of the cubes at regular time intervals(30min, 60min,
90min, 120min, 150min and 180min).Thesorptivityvalueof
concrete cube can be determined by
I =
Where
I = water immersion in mm
m = change in mass of the specimen in grams
d = density of water i.e. 0.001 g/mm3
a = external zone of the specimen through which
water entered.
Sorptivity =
Where,t = time in seconds
Figure - 7.0 Schematic of Sorptivity Test.
7 day
At 30
minute
At 60
minute
At 90
minute
At 120
minute
At 150
minute
0% 0.025 0.019 0.005 0.0008 0
10% 0.0207 0.0148 0.0104 0.009 0.0048
20% 0.021 0.0108 0.008 0.0054 0.0021
30% 0.0209 0.0115 0.0068 0.0012 0.0009
40% 0.0199 0.0105 0.0064 0.002 0.0008
50% 0.0208 0.012 0.0066 0.0028 0.0006
Figure - 8.0 Sorptivity Test.
Graph 6: sorptivity test for 7 days.
28 day
At 30
minute
At 60
minute
At 90
minute
At 120
minute
At 150
minute
0% 0.0069 0.0004 0.0031 0.0021 0
10% 0.0057 0.0004 0.001 0.0004 0
20% 0.0044 0.0008 0.0021 0 0.0002
30% 0.0052 0.0013 0.001 0.0002 0
40% 0.0084 0.0008 0.0021 0.00021 0
50% 0.0069 0.0008 0.0015 0.0004 0
Table - 6.0 Sorptivity results.
Grapg 6.1: sorptivity test for 28 days.

6.0 CONCLUSION:
6.1Slump test
 The workability of fresh concrete decreases with
increases percentage of fly ash concrete.
 For mix 6 (50% fly ash concrete) is obtained by
maximum slump compared to all mixes.
 Workability of conventional concrete is decreased,
compared by flyash concrete.
 For workability of fly ash replaced concrete is
decreased, to compare with conventional concrete.
6.2 Compressive strengths
 To observe the compressive strength of high
strength concrete, for 28 daysis goes on decreasing
with the incremental increase of fly ash content of
10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%.
 It is observed the7 and 28 days, the compressive
strength of fly ash concrete was decreased, by
 In compare to all that 7 and 28 days, concrete
strength, there is varying compressivestrength.The
maximum compressivestrength found in 28daysof
specimens.
 For replacement of fly ash based concrete is
decrease that early strength and later strength will
be increased.
6.3 Flexural strength
 From the above fig.5.3 it wasobserved thatincrease
in the percentage of fly ash increase in the flexure
strength.
 Flexure strength increase up to 10%replacementof
fly ash and further increase in fly ash reduction in
flexure strength at both ages 7 and 28 days. 10%,
20%, 30%, 40%, 50%replacement of fly ash has
achieved optimum flexure strength at 7 and28days
is 7.57 and 8.183 N/ which is higher than
control mix at both ages 7 and 28 days is 7.39 and
7.989 N/mm2.
6.4 Impact Strength and Impacts energy
 It is observedthe 7and 28 days of specimens of fly
ashconcrete like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of
replacements was decreased by both impact
strength (number of cycles) and impact energy,
compared to normal concrete.
 It is observed that 7 and 28 days of flyash, for
increase the fly ash content to decrease that impact
strength and energy, compared by conventional
concrete.
6.5 Sorptivity test
 From the above fig 5.5 and 5.6, it was observed that
increase in sorptivity with the increase in
percentage of fly ash.
 Further increase in percentage of fly ash reduction
in sorptivity of concrete at both ages 7 and 28 days.
At 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% replacement of
fly ash achieved sorptivity compared to the
conventional concrete at 7 and 28 days.
REFERENCES
1. IS 10262-2009, concrete mix design proportioning,
ICS90.100.30
2. P. Nath and P. Sarker; Effect of fly ash on the
durability properties of high strength concrete; the
twelftg east asia-pacific conference on structural
engineering and construct, procedia engineering14
(2011) 1149-1146.
3. R. D. Pandhye, N. S. Doe ; Cement replace by fly ash
in concrete; International journals, volume 5, Issue
special 1, pp:60-62, ISSN :2319-6890(online),2347-
5013, 8&9, 2016.
4. Dr.S.L Patil, J.N Kale, S. Suman:Fly ash concrete : A
technical analysis of compressive strength, E-
ISSN2249–8974, IJAERS/Vol. II/ Issue I/Oct.-
Dec.,2012/128-129.
5. Sandhya B, Reshma E.K; A study on mechanical
properties of cement concrete by partial
replacement with fine aggregate with bottom ash,
International journal of students research in
technology & management Vol 1 (06), October –
December 2013, ISSN 2321-2543, pg 591-597

Effect of Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of High Strength Concrete

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