Effect of Pesticide 'Companion' on the Nutritional Composition and Certain Metabolically Important Enzymes of Whole Green Gram at the Early Stages or Germination Dr. YAMINI CHATURVEDI

Effect of Pesticide 'Companion' on the Nutritional Composition and Certain Metabolically Important Enzymes of Whole Green Gram at the Early Stages or Germination Dr. YAMINI CHATURVEDI

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  1Research Analysis andEvaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed & Indexed Research Journal Related to Higher Education For all Subject Month : NOV.- 2020 Dr. Krishan Bir Singh Editor in Chief ISSN 0975-3486 (Print), E-ISSN- 2320-5482 RNI RAJBIL 2009/30097 IMPACT FACTOR 6.315 (SJIF) I Issue-11 Vol-I
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  2 Research Analysisand Evaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Editor’s Office A- 215, Moti Nagar, Street No.7 Queens Road Jaipur- 302021, Rajasthan, India E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 1. Editing of the research journal is processed without any remittance. The selection and publication is done after recommendation of Peer Reviewed Team, Refereed and subject expert Team. 2. Thoughts, language vision and example in published research paper are entirely of author of research paper. It is not necessary that both editor and editorial board are satisfied by the research paper. The responsibility of the matter of research paper is entirely of author. 3. Along with research paper it is compulsory to sent Membership form and copyright form. Both form can be downloaded from website i.e. www.ugcjournal.com 4. In any Condition if any National/International university denies to accept the research paper published in the journal then it is not the responsibility of Editor, Publisher and Manangement. 5. Before re-use of published research paper in any manner, it is compulsory to take written acceptance from Chief Editor unless it will be assumed as disobedience of copyright rules. 6. All the legal undertaking related to this research journal are subjected to be hearable at jaipur jurisdiction only. eq[; lEiknd & MkW- d`".kchj flag dk ekun in ,oa dk;Z iw.kZr% voSrfud gSA bl 'kks/k if=dk ds izdk'ku] lEiknu ,oa eqnz.k esa iw.kZr% lko/kkuh cjrh xbZ gSA fdlh Hkh izdkj dh =qfV egt ekuoh; Hkwy ekuh tk;sA 'kks/k i= dh leLRk ftEEksnkjh 'kks/ki= ys[kd dh gksxhA =qVh gsrq lEiknd] izdk'kd ,oa eqnzd ftEEksnkj ugha gksxkA leLRk fooknksa dk U;k; {ks= t;iqj 'kgj gh gksxkA
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  3Research Analysis andEvaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Patron Prof. Kala Nath Shastri (Rashtrapati Puraskar” For His Contribution To Sanskrit) Prof. Dr.Alireza Heidari Full Professor And Academic Tenure, (USA) Chief Editor Dr. Krishan Bir Singh (Jaipur) International Advisory Board Aaeid M. S. Ayoub Geotechnical Environmental Engineering Uqbah bin Muhammad Iqbal Postgraduate Researcher Badreldin MohamedAhmed Abdulrahman Associate Professor Dr.AlexanderN. LUKIN Principal Research Scientist & Executive Director Dr. U. C. Shukla Chief Librarian and Assistant Professor Dr.Abd El-Aleem Saad Soliman Desoky Professor Assistant Prof. Ubaldo Comite Lecturer Associate Chief Editor Dr.Surinder Singh S.Balamurugan Dr. Seema Habib Dr.S.R.Boselin Prabhu Deepika Vodnala Christo Ananth Dr. Snehangsu Sinha EDITORIAL BOARD Editor Dr. Dharamender Singh Chauhan,UOR,Jaipur Dr.Govind Nath Chaudhary-Sanskrit- Bhagalpur Dr. Suresh Singh Rathor Dr.Arvind Vikram Singh Ranjan Sarkar Dr.Naveen Gautam Dr.I U Khan,UOR,Jaipur Dr. Deepak Sharma Dr. S.N.Joshi Dr. Kamalnayan B. Parmar Dr. Sandeep Nadkarni Dr.Bindu Chauhan Dr.Vinod Sen Dilip Jiwan Ramteke Dr. Sushila Kumari Dr Indrani Singh Rai Prof. Praveen Goswami Dr. Shubhangi Dinesh Rathi G Raghavendra Prasad Dr.Dnyaneshwar Jadhav Dr.A. Dinesh Kumar Anand Nayyar Dr.R.Devi Priya Dr. Srijit Biswas Dr.Rajender singh Dr Dheeraj Negi Dr. Sandeep Kataria Swapnil MurlidharAkashe Dr. Sunita Arya Dr. Meeta Shukla Associate Editor
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  4 Research Analysisand Evaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Dr RArul Dr. Kshitij Shinghal Dr . EkhlaqueAhmad Dr Niraj Kumar Singh Raffi Mohammed Assistant Editor Dr.Pintu Kumar Maji Dr. Soumya Mukherjee SubjectExpert Ravindrajeet KaurArora Dr. R. K. Sharma Parser Seelwal Kumar Sankaran Dr. Chitra Tanwar Dr. Neeta Gupta JyotirMoy Chatterjee Dr. Gunjan Mishra Dr. Seema Singh Archana More DrAjay Kumar Research Paper Reviewer Dr. S. K. Singh Dr. Pradip Chouhan Dr. Narendrakumar S. Pal Dr.shama khan Dr Indrani Singh Rai Dr.Surinder Singh AmitTiwari Naveen Kumar Kakumanu Dr Dheeraj Negi Dr. Shailesh Kumar Singh Ashim Bora Dandinker Suryakant N Guest Editor Dr. Lalit Kumar Sharma Advisory Board Dr. Kanchan Goel Praveen Kumar Manoj Singh Shekhawat Abilash Vishnu Narayan Mishra Dr. Gunjan Mishra Jyotir Moy Chatterjee Dr. Janak Singh Meena
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  105Research Analysis andEvaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Research Paper - Foods and Nutrition Nowadays,thereisadrasticincreaseintheuse ofpesticidesintheagriculturalfarmstokeepawaypestsand othermicro-organisms which destroytheplant and thereby decreasetheyield ofcrop.Areport bytheICMR shows that 51%offoodiscontaminatedwithpesticides,outofwhich20% havelevelsofpesticides,exceedingthemaximumtolerance limits.Thesepesticidespostathreattothehumanhealth.Apart fromotherdreadfulsideeffects,pesticidesalsoattackourimmune system, cause cancers, hormonal disruptions and other degenerativediseasesandarecountedasacauseforincreasing instancesofinfertility(Caffarelliet.al.1999). Besides,chemicalswhicharereleasedintothe environmentmayhaveavarietyofdreadfulecologicaleffects. Theseeffectscanbeglobalorlocal,temporaryorpermanent. Themostseriouseffectsinvolvelossinproduction,changesin Effect of Pesticide ‘Companion’ on the Nutritional Composition and Certain Metabolically Important Enzymes ofWhole Green Gram at the Early Stages or Germination *Dr.YAMINI CHATURVEDI *CommissionerateCollegeEducation,ShikshaSankul,Jaipur Key words : A B S T R A C T Investigations were carried out to see the effect of pesticide ‘companion’ on the proximal composition and enzyme namely amylase, GOT and GPT of whole green gram in the early stages of germination. The findings revealed that the pesticides increase the enzyme activity in the early stages of germination and thus increase the metabolic rate. The Vitamin-C content was also enhanced with the use of pesticide, but there was a decrease in the proximal composition of the gram when treated with pesticide. Pesticide,companion, germination,enzyme, nutritional composition, metabolicactivity.
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  106 Research Analysisand Evaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Method Twogroupsofsampleofgreengramwholeweretaken.Onegroupofsamplewas nottreatedwithpesticideandwasnamedastheCONTROLGROUP. Theothergroupwhichwastreatedwithpesticide‘companion’wasnamedasthe EXPERIMENTALGROUP.NutrientcontentofbothCONTROLandEXPERIMENTALgroups wereestimatedatthefollowingstages: (a) Steepingfor8hrs. (b) Germinationfor12,24,36,48hrs. nutrientcyclingandlossesofvaluablesspecies(Guallaret.al.1999).Theseecologicallosses,inturn, proveeconomical,aestheticalandsociallyimportant(Monga2001). Thepesticideshaveaneffectonnutritionalcompositionoffoodaswellastheir metabolicrateandevenenzymeactivityoffoods.Thepresentstudy,therefore,wasundertakento seetheeffectofpesticidesonthenutritionalcompositionandonsomemetabolicallyactiveenzymes ofpulsesatearlystagesofgermination. The green gram whole was distributed into two groups – one was treated with pesticideandotherwasthecontrol.Theproximalcompositionofboththesampleswasinvestigated whichincludedmoisture,ash,fat,fiber,crudeprotein,availablecarbohydrates,andvitaminC. TheenzymesrelatedtonitrogenmetabolismnamelyGOT,GPTandamylaseof carbohydratemetabolismwerealsostudied. Materials and Methods Greengramwhole(phaseolusaureusroxb)waspurchasedfromthelocalmarketofJaipur. Pesticide:‘Companion’pesticidewasusedforthestudybecauseitiscommonlyusedfor cerealsandpulses.Thechemicalcompositionofthe‘companion’isasfollows: Carbendazim Technical (98% Pure) 12.25% W/W Mancozeb (85% Pure) 74.12 W/W Sodium Salt of Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate 2.00% W/W Sodium Salt of Alkyl Naphthyl Sulfonate 2.00% W/W Kaslin (inert filter) 9.63% W/W Total 100.00% W/W
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  107Research Analysis andEvaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Thefollowingparametersweretakenforthestudy: 1. Proximalcomposition: ♦Moisture ♦Ash ♦CrudeProtein(Nx6.25) ♦Fat ♦FibreContent ♦CalculatedCarbohydrate 2. VitaminC:Raghuramaluet.al.(1983) 3. Enzymes: ♦GOT : ReitmanandFrankel(1957) ♦GPT : ReitmanandFrankel(1957) ♦Amylase : Street and CloseMethod (1956) Raghuramaluet.al.(1983) Statistical Analysis Allthereadingsweretakentwiceandtheirmeanvalueswererecorded. Results and Discussion Theresultsoftheproximalcompositionrevealedthattherewasadecreaseinalmost allnutrientsintheexperimentalgroupexceptashinwhichtherewasdecreaseinsomestageswhile increaseintheother.TheTableIshows(SEETABLE-I)thatthefatcontentwasaffectedbythe pesticide‘companion’whereitreduced5-6%comparedtothecontrolgroup. The maximum decrease was observed in 24h of germination. With advanced germination,fibrecontentshowedamarkedincrease.AkpapunamandAchinewhu(1984)also reported an increase of 13.04% and 21.73% in the fibre content of cowpea in 24 and 48h of germinationrespectively.Thepesticide‘companion’,onthecontrary,reducedthefibrecontentin differentstagesofgerminationwithamaximumdecreaseafter36h. Although the decrease in the fibre content of experimental sample was not so significantbutitshowsthatalongwithotherharmfuleffectsthepesticidealsohasaneffectonthe nutritivevalueoffood.Availablecarbohydrateswerealsoaffectedbythepesticideandmaximum reductionof4and8%wasobservedafter36hofgermination. Germinationfor24hwasbeneficialforvitaminCcontentwhichincreasedconsiderably butthenadeclinewasseenonfurthergermination.Fordhamet.al.(1975)provedthatvitaminC content increases upto a certain period, thereafter it declines following further germination. Experimentalgroup,interestingly,showedmaximumincreaseatthestateof36hofgermination. Table2shows(SEETABLE-II)theenzymeactivityfollowinggermination.The amylaseactivityinbothcontrolandexperimentalgroupsincreasedsignificantly.Bednakshiet.al. (1985) reported higher amylase activity due to germination of beans. The enzyme amylase is responsiblefordegradingstarchintoreducingdextrinandsmallersaccharides(Nagar,1994).
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  108 Research Analysisand Evaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Duringseedgerminationmoreenergyisrequiredbytheseedwhichisgivenbysimplesugars(Saini, 1998).Amylaseactivity,therefore,playssignificantroleduringseedgermination(Doesthale,1982). Maximumactivitywasseenat36hofgerminationi.e.93.6%higherthanthatofthesteeping stageinthecontrolgroup.Whereas,Pesticide‘companion’increasedthemetabolicactivitybecause in experimental group, where maximum activitywas seen at 24h germination. GOT and GPT enzymesareresponsiblefornitrogenmetabolism.Boththeenzymeswerefoundtobemoreactive inexperimentalgroupofseedswhichshowedtheincreasedrateofmetabolismduetothepesticide ‘companion’.Thishighermetabolismresultsinincreasedyieldofcrop. Onthebasisoftheresultsofthestudy,itmaybeconcludedthattheuseofpesticidesincrease theyieldofcropbyincreasingthemetabolicrateintheinitialstageofgermination.Thishigheryield appealsthefarmerssincetheygetmoreprofitbutunfortunatelywithincreaseduseofpesticidesin food,theconsumerischeated.Ononehandtheydon’tgetsufficientnutrientsfromthefoodandon theothertheyareinheritingmanydreadfulandfataldiseaseswhichcauseirrepairablelossestothe humanbody. So,thetimehascometotakesomestrictactiontofightagainstthiscursetothemankind. Themostprominentwayistheadoptionoftheancestraltechniquestogrowthecrops,whichtoday isknownas‘organicfarming’.Thiswaywecanprotectourfuturegenerationsfromthis‘slowpoison’ whichwehavealreadyconsumedinlargeamounts. Table 1 : Proximal Compositionand Vitamin-C contentof Two Groups Treatment Moisture g/100g Ash g/100g Fat g/100g Crude Protein Nx6.25 g/100g Fibre g/100g Available Carbohydrate Vitamin-C mg/100g Control Experimental C E C E C E C E C E C E Steeping 45.81 46.15 3.3 3.4 1.71 1.61 24.17 24.11 4.19 4.15 20.82 20.58 7.73 8.08 Germinated for 12h 47.8 48.38 3.3 3.3 2.12 2.01 24.63 24.41 4.4 4.21 17.75 17.69 28.3 1 33.48 Germinated for 24h 48.35 49.19 3.2 3.1 2.35 2.21 24.91 24.66 4.61 4.36 16.58 16.48 30.3 59.01 Germinated for 36h 48.91 50.53 3.1 3.0 2.69 2.55 25.2 24.9 4.79 4.42 14.67 14.67 25.8 9 45.39 Germinated for 48h 50.8 51.57 3.0 3.0 3.06 2.9 25.3 25.02 4.92 4.56 12.95 12.95 16.3 23.99
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  109Research Analysis andEvaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 Table 2 :Amylase, GPT, GOT enzyme activities of green gram whole of two groups at different stages of treatment T r e a t m e n t A m y l a s e A c t i v i t y ( S t r e e t ) C l o s e U n i t / M l . o f h o m o g e n a t e G P T A c t i v i t y ( K . A . ) U n i t s / M l .o f H o m o g e n a t e G O T A c t i v i t y ( K . A . ) U n i t s / M l . o f H o m o g e n a t e C o n t r o l E x p e r i m e n t a l C E C E S t e e p i n g 4 5 4 5 5 6 . 6 3 1 . 2 3 8 . 3 2 0 3 0 G e r m i n a t e d f o r 1 2 h 7 0 7 . 8 8 7 2 . 3 1 8 7 . 5 2 4 0 . 2 6 0 1 0 0 G e r m i n a t e d f o r 2 4 h 8 0 3 9 9 3 . 2 3 0 5 . 5 3 9 3 . 2 8 0 1 2 0 G e r m i n a t e d f o r 3 6 h 8 7 9 . 2 1 0 6 0 . 2 4 2 3 . 7 5 0 3 . 2 1 0 0 1 3 0 G e r m i n a t e d f o r 4 8 h 7 8 4 9 4 3 . 3 2 9 7 . 6 3 8 4 . 3 8 0 1 1 0 1 DuhanA.(NutritiveEvaluationofPigeonPea)CajanusKajan.Varietaldifferencesand effectofdifferentprocessingmethods.Chemicalabstractvol.122(1994). 2 BishnoiS.,KheterpaulN.,YadavR.K.(1991)Effectofdomesticprocessingandcooking methodsonphyticacidandpolyphenolcontentofpeacultivarsPisumsativum.PlantFood Hum. Nutr. 45(4) : 381-8. 3 BhartiV.C.,RaoM.(1997)Studiesonunderexploitedgrainlegumes:wingedbeanand blackbean.Proc.Nutr.Soc.Ind.XXXIAnn.Meeting,NationalInstituteofNutrition, Hyderabad 35. 4 MarkakisS.(1996)Carobbeaninfoodandfeed:Currentstatusandfuturepotentials.A criticalappraisal,J.FoodSci.Technol.33(5)365-83. 5 NeerjaR.andCharanjeetK.H.(1993)Effectofvarioustreatmentsonnutritionalquality of faba beansVicia faba. J. Food Sci.Technol. 30(6) 413-16. 6 BednakshiWTomasikJandPlalkowskerB(1985).Processingsuitabilityandnutritive valueoffieldbeanseedsaftergermination.JournalofFoodScienceandAgriculture,36: 745-754. R E F E R E N C E
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  110 Research Analysisand Evaluation ImpactFactor-6.315(SJIF) RNI-RAJBIL2009/30097 International Double Blind Peer Reviewed,Refereed,Indexed Research Journal,ISSN(Print)-0975-3486,E-ISSN-2320-5482,RNI-RAJBIL-2009/30097,Impact Factor-6.315(SJIF),NOV-2020 7 CafferelliVRapagnaniMRLetardiATrioloLSantaroniPLanciaB(1999)Pesticide residuesinhorticulturalproductsandcarcinogenicriskforconsumers.Humanand environmentalexposuretoxenobiotics.ProceedingsoftheIIsymposiumPesticideChemistry crenona, Italy 11-15 September 1999 ISBN 88-7830-299-6: 665-669. 8 FordhamJRWellsCEChenLH(1975)Sproutingofseedsandnutrientcompositionof seeds and sprouts. Journal ofFood Science 40: 552-556. 9 Guallar.ESanzGallardoMIVeerPVan’tLangneckerMPStrainJJMartinBCKardinaal AFMFernandez-CrehuetJThammMKohlmeierLKokFJandMartinMorenoJM (1999)Determinantsofp,p’dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane(DDE)concentrationinadipose tissuesinwomenfromfiveEuropeancities.ArchivesofEnvironmentalHealth544:277- 283. 10 MongaGS(2001)EnvironmentandDevelopment.DeepandDeepPublicationPvt.Ltd. NewDelhi,336-338. 11 NagarR(1994)Biochemicaleffectsofgerminationinseedsoflegumes.Areviewarticle publishedinabookentitled‘VISTAS’inseedbiology.EditedbySinghTandTrivediPC PrintwellPublishers,220-225. 12 RaghuramaluNNarayanM.KalansundaramS(1983).AManualofLaboratoryTechniques. NationalInstituteofNutritionICMRHyderabad. 13 Reitman S.and FrankelS. (1957)AmerJ. Clin.Path. 28-56. 14 SainiHS(1998)ExtractabilityandEvaluationofgalactosidesofsucroseinleguminous seeds. Food Chemistry28: 149-157. 15 Street HVand CloseJR (1956)Clin. Chem.Acta. 1:256. 16 DeosthaleY.G.(1982).HomeProcessingandNutritiveNatureofPulses.NutritiveValueof Indian Foods NIN Hyderabad, 3:122. 17 AkpapunamMAAchinewhuSC(1985).EffectofCooking,germinationandfermentation ontheChemicalCompositionofNigerianbeans (Vigmaungriculata).PlantFoodHumn. Nutr. 35 : 353-58.