Effect of sulphur supplementation on micronutrients, fatty acids and sulphur use efficiency of soybean seeds

International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.5 ISSN: 2456-1878
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Effect of sulphur supplementation on
micronutrients, fatty acids and sulphur use
efficiency of soybean seeds
Gurpreet Kaur Gill1*
, Sucheta Sharma2
1
Khalsa College of Pharmacy and Technology, Amritsar-143 001, Punjab, India
2
Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Punjab, India
*Corresponding author email: gurpreet_pau25@yahoo.com
Abstract— The present study was aimed at finding the
influence of different sources and doses of sulphur
fertilizers on micronutrient status and oil composition in
soybean seeds. Soybean is the major source of edible
vegetable oils and high protein seed supplements in the
world. Sulphur deficiency causes soybean protein quality
to decline and also decreases nitrogen-use efficiency of
fertilizers. Soybean is a good source of nutrients which
could further be amended with biofortification and use of
fertilizers, to meet the nutrient deficiencies. Various
limiting factors affect the yield of soybean crop by
affecting the yield potential. Sufficient sulphur deficiency
is one such limiting factor and have become common all
over due to intensive crop systems and higher yielding
varieties. Micronutrients play an important role in quality
and quantity of soybean yield. Sulphur fertilizers viz
gypsum and single super phosphate (SSP) were used at
three different doses. Soil analysis have been done to
evaluate the fertility status of soil prior to the experiment.
Different treatments of sulphur supplementation had
significant effect on seed micronutrient accumulation,
nitrogen sulphur ratio and fatty acid profile. Sulphur
supplementation increased zinc and iron content in
mature soybean seeds, however, copper and manganese
were found to be least effective. Sulphur supplementation
with gypsum @ 20 kgha-1
increased plant height and pods
per plant. Increase of oleic acid coincided with the
decrease of linoleic acid with sulphur supplementation
during both the cropping seasons of study.
Keywords—fatty acids, gypsum, micronutrient, soybean,
single super phosphate.
I. INTRODUCTION
Soybean has a great potential as a source of important
nutrients and nutraceuticals of implication to human
health. Soybean contains a high nutritional value due to
the high concentration of oil (18-25%) and protein (38-
50%) and is a popular food all over the world (Tidke et al
.,2015). Soybean is the major source of edible vegetable
oils and of high protein seed supplements in the world.
Sulphur deficiency causes soybean protein quality to
decline (Gayler and Sykes 1985) and also decreases
nitrogen-use efficiency of fertilizers (Ceccoti 1996).
Various limiting factors affect the yield of a particular
crop by affecting the yield potential. One such limiting
factor is sufficient nutrient supply (Sahu et al., 2017).
Sulphur deficiencies have become common all over due
to intensive crop systems and higher yielding varieties.
The agronomic productivity of soybean plants is
dependent upon their capacity to partition a significant
proportion of assimilates to the seeds, and the economic
value of the crop is directly related to the seed
composition (Sebastia et al., 2005). But the current
practice of applying large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers
to crops without considering sulphur requirements is
becoming a concern for crop quality (Tea et al., 2007).
Sulphur plays a very important role in various plant
growth and developmental processes being the constituent
of sulphur containing amino acids methionine (21% S)
and cysteine (27% S), and other metabolites such as
glutathione (Devi et al., 2012). The sulphur requirement
by plants varies with the developmental stage and with
species whereas its concentration in plants varies between
0.1 and 1.5% of dry weight. Even if sulphur is only 3% to
5% as abundant as nitrogen in plants, it plays essential
roles in various important mechanisms such as Fe/S
clusters in enzymes, vitamin cofactors, GSH in redox
homeostasis, and detoxification of xenobiotics (Anjum et
al., 2011). Oilseeds not only respond to applied sulphur,
but their requirement for sulphur is also the highest
among other crops, thereby attributing a role for the
nutrient in oil biosynthesis (Ahmed et al., 2007)
Micronutrients have the potential to contribute in
maximizing yields. Nutrients evaluated in the studies
presented here include Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn. Soybean also
contains ~5% minerals. It is relatively rich in K, P, Ca,
Mg and Fe. Soil conditions must be taken in consideration
when evaluating micronutrients. Organic matter plays an

essential role and is the main source of most
micronutrients, especially for Zn and Cu. Soil pH
influences the bioavailability of micronutrients in the soil.
Availability of B, Cu, Fe, and Zn tends to decrease as pH
increase. Soil texture can also affect the availability of
micronutrients; coarse texture soils have the tendency to
be low on B concentration. Soils with poor aeration are
more likely to have Fe, Zn and Mn deficiencies.
Soybean oil makes up nearly 60% of the world's oil seed
production and is by far the world’s dominant vegetable
oil (http://www.soystats.com) which has also been
employed as source of bio-diesel fuels (Graham and
Vance 2003). The fatty acid composition in oilseeds is an
important consideration for breeding programs (Daun
1998). Five fatty acids make up nearly the entire oil
portion of soybean seed. Soybean oil averages 12%
palmitic acid (16:0), 4% stearic acid (18:0), 23% oleic
acid (18:1), 53% linoleic acid (18:2), and 8% linolenic
acid (18:3) (Wilson 2004). The 16:0 and 18:0 fractions
are saturated fatty acids and constitute 15% of the
soybean oil. The remainder of the oil (about 85%) is made
up of unsaturated fatty acids. Soybean lines are currently
being developed to express modified fatty acid profile
thus increasing the potential uses of oil (Spencer et al.,
2003). Sulphur interactions with nitrogen nutrients are
directly related to the alteration of physiological and
biochemical responses of crops, and thus required to
be studied in depth.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soybean var. SL525 was raised in the experimental fields
of Pulses Section of Department of Plant Breeding and
Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana by
recommended packages and practices. The experiment
was laid out in Randomized Block design (RBD) with
three replications. The field and the plots were of sizes
21.7 m × 17.4 m and 5 m × 2.7 m respectively. Each plot
comprised of 6 rows which were 45 cm apart. The
spacing between the blocks was 1.2 m. Two different
sulphur sources i.e. Gypsum and Single Super Phosphate
(SSP) were used at three different dose rates respectively.
There were seven treatments including control 0, 10 kg S
ha-1
, 20 kg S ha-1
, 30 kg S ha-1
through gypsum and 10 kg
S ha-1
, 20 kg S ha-1
, 30 kg S ha-1
through SSP. The soil of
each plot was uniformly fertilized with urea as a nitrogen
source and rock phosphate as phosphorus source. In
calculating the amount of phosphorus, its content in SSP
was reduced from the rock phosphate. Fertilizers were
applied at the time of final land preparation as basal dose.
The composite soil samples from 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm
profile layers were collected before sowing from
randomly selected sites from experimental area and
analyzed for initial soil fertility status and other soil
characteristics.
Plant height (cm) was measured from the base of the main
stem to the tip of the youngest leaf using measuring tape
at maturity. The number of pods per plant was taken by
counting all pods in the tagged plants, and the average
number of pods per plant was determined.
The micronutrients were determined from 1:2; soil-
extractant ratio using DTPA-TEA (Diethylene triamine
penta acetic acid-triethanolamine) buffer (0.005 M
DTPA+ 0.001 M CaCl2 + 0.1M TEA, pH 7.3) as per
method proposed by Lindsay and Norvell (1978) and
concentration of these micronutrients was measured on an
atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Water
extractable sulphate was determined by Tabatabai (1974).
N: S ratio was determined by estimating the total nitrogen
content by Microkjeldahl method (McKenzie and Wallace
1954) and total sulphur content (Chesnin and Yien 1950)
by wet digestion with nitric acid-perchloric acid mixture.
Fatty acids were analyzed by forming their ethyl esters
(Uppstrom and Johansson 1978). The ethyl esters
prepared were identified and estimated as relative
percentage by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The
esters thus prepared were analysed using M/s Nucon
Engineers AIMIL Gas chromatograph (solid state) model:
57 or equipped with a flame ionization detector fitted with
a 6’ x 1/8” stainless steel column, packed with 6% BDS
(Butane diol succinate) on 100-120 mesh chromosorb HP.
The conditions for the separation were as follows: Oven
temperature : 190-200o
C ; Injector and flame ionization
detector temperature: 240-250o
C; Hydrogen flow: 40 ml
min-1
; Nitrogen pressure: 2.5 kg sq-1
inch ; Air flow :
300-400 ml min-1
. The sample (0.2 l) was injected into
the GLC by means of a 10 l ‘Hamilton’ syringe.
Tentative identification of the peaks was done by
comparison of their retention time with those of standard
fatty acyl esters. The relative percentage of different fatty
acids was analysed using Nuchrom software.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Plant height showed insignificant variation under the
influence of different treatments of gypsum and SSP as
sulphur source. Pods per plant is an important component
of yield which did not reveal any significant differences
among various treatments of sulphur and in comparison to
control. However, number of pods per plant increased to
47.5 with gypsum @ 20 kg S ha-1
, in comparison to
control (42.9). With SSP as sulphur source, number of
pods per plant increased to 46.7 with the dose rate of 30
kg S ha-1
. Increase in plant height and other yield
attributes such as pods per plant, 1000 seed weight
indicated the positive effect of sulphur nutrition on
vegetative growth because of the availability of more
photoassimilates.

Table.1: Soil characteristics of the experimental site
Mohanti et al (2004) recorded highest plant height with
30 kg S ha-1 in soybean. Similarly, Ravi et al (2008)
reported significant increase in height of safflower with
sulphur application @ 30 kg S ha-1. Nasren and Farid
(2006) recorded highest number of pods per plant with 60
kg S ha-1 followed by 40 kg S ha-1 in soybean.
Application of sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 enhanced plant
height, branches, pod per plant and 1000 seed weight in
green gram (Sharma and Singh 1979) whereas application
@ 60 kg S ha-1 produced higher pod length, seed per pod
and 1000 seed weight in black gram (Singh and Aggrawal
1998).
Nitrogen and sulphur assimilation get restrained in plants
with the deficiency of either of the nutrient. Nitrogen
content in seeds was not significantly influenced by
different treatments of sulphur fertilization. The highest
nitrogen content was observed in control soybean seeds,
where no sulphur was applied. Nitrogen content decreased
to minimum value with gypsum @ 20 kg S ha-1
.
Significant variations in sulphur content was observed in
mature soybean seeds under the influence of sulphur
fertilization. With gypsum, highest sulphur content was
observed in seeds treated @ 20 kg S ha-1
. Similarly, with
SSP, maximum sulphur content was observed @ 20 kg S
ha-1
in soybean seeds. N:S ratio was highest in control
seeds (49.56), and decreased with sulphur
supplementation in comparison to control. With gypsum
and SSP both @ 20 kg S ha-1
, N:S ratio reduced to 24.2
and 28.38 respectively (Table 2).
Table.2: Effect of different levels and sources of sulphur on physiological parameters and sulphur use efficiency in soybean
seeds
TREATMENT
Amount of sulphur added
to soil
(kg ha-1
)
Plant Height Pods per
plant
Water
extractable
sulphate
N:S Ratio
Fetilizer
sulphur use
efficiency
Control
55.3±2.08 42.9±0.70 0.88±0.03
49.56
-
Soil
Characteristics
2011 2012
Methods usedDepth Depth
0-15 cm 15-30 cm 0-15 cm 15-30 cm
Soil texture
Sandy
Loam
Sandy Loam Sandy Loam Sandy Loam
pH 7.60 7.50 7.70 8.00
1:2 soil : water suspension (Jackson
1967)
Electrical
Conductivity
(mmoles cm-1
) at
25o
C
0.10 0.06 0.15 0.10
Solubridge conductivity meter (1:2
soil : water suspension) (Jackson
1967)
Organic carbon
(%)
0.60
(High)
0.48
(Medium)
0.51
(Medium)
0.36
(Low)
Walkley and Black’s rapid titration
method (Walkley and Black 1934)
Available
Phosphorus
(kg/acre)
11.4
(High)
11.4
(High)
14.3
(High)
11.8
(High)
0.5 N sodium bicarbonate
extractable P by Olsen’s method
(Olsen et al 1954)
Potassium
(kg/acre)
138
(High)
105
(High)
30
(Low)
72
(High)
Ammonium acetate extraction
method (Piper 1966)
Sulphur (%) 0.20 0.08 0.22 0.10 Williams amd Steinbergs (1959).
Nitrogen (%) 0.23 0.19 0.26 0.21 McKenzie and Wallace (1954)
Zinc (kg acre-1
) 1.38 1.28 1.56 1.04 Lindsay and Norvell (1978)
Iron (kg acre-1
) 3.76 4.0 6.94 4.88 Lindsay and Norvell (1978)
Manganese
(kg acre-1
)
7.14 7.74 9.28 8.54 Lindsay and Norvell (1978)
Copper
(kg acre-1
)
0.32 0.44 0.40 0.34 Lindsay and Norvell (1978)

Gypsum
10 55.0±3.93 46.8±3.43 0.85±0.02 30.00 8.72
20
56.3±2.51 47.5±5.20 0.79±0.01
24.22 12.75
30 55.6±1.52 46.4±1.36
0.77±0.02
26.81 15.11
SSP
10 57.5±3.0 42.6±3.70
0.81±0.01
31.90 7.17
20 59.4±4.93 46.2±2.80
0.77±0.01
28.38 12.63
30 58.4±1.40 46.7±1.61 0.73±0.02 34.86 10.32
Overall mean 56.78 45.58
0.80
32.24 11.11
Critical difference
(p<0.05)
NS NS 0.033
*Data is represented as mean ± S.D of three replications
Sulphur fertilization affected nitrogen assimilation as
indicated by decreased N:S ratio which is an indicator of
quality of legumes (Eppendorfer 1971) and decrease in
this ratio suggested more uptake of sulphur. Increased
sulphur uptake had increased nitrogen utilization assisting
in synthesis of certain biochemicals in the seed. Soybean
seed have intrinsic biochemical ability to synthesize high
amount of protein when sufficient raw material is
available. Kumar et al (2013) also reported decrease in
N:S ratio with sulphur and nitrogen treatments in
mungbean seeds although higher effect was observed to
be with sulphur fertilizers. In cowpea, N:S ratio decreased
with the increasing dose of sulphate fertilizers (Evans et
al., 2006). Minimum N:S ratio was recorded with
application of 40 kg S ha-1
over control treatment in
soybean seeds (Najar et al., 2011). On the contrary, N:S
ratio increased in soybean under sulphur stress (Sexton et
al., 1998). Sharma and Gupta (1992) reported that the
application of 60 kg S ha-1
caused significant increase in
sulphur and nitrogen content whereas Fazili et al (2010)
reported increase in sulphur content in mustard seeds with
40 kg S ha-1
.Significant variation was observed in content
of water extractable sulphate in soybean seeds under the
influence of sulphur supplementation (Table 2). The
amount of water extractable sulphate was reduced with
the different treatments of sulphur in the form of gypsum
and SSP during both the cropping seasons in dose
dependent manner. Sulphur application affected crop
yield through the effect on S-use efficiency and its
components (uptake efficiency and utilization efficiency).
Data on fertilizer sulphur use efficiency (FSUE) revealed
that gypsum showed FSUE in the range of 8.72 to 15.11,
highest @30 kg ha-1
(Table 2). Comparatively, SSP
showed lesser FSUE upto 7.11 with 10 kg ha-1
. Highest
FSUE (15.11) was recorded with gypsum applied @ 30
kg S ha-1
. SSP also showed highest FSUE (12.63) with 20
kg S ha-1
. In the present study, gypsum was found to be
efficient fertilizer in terms of sulphur use as compared to
SSP. In addition to the sulphur, calcium present in
gypsum might have created a favourable environment for
efficient sulphur utilization, thereby leading to higher
yield and higher sulphur-use efficiency and its
components. Najar et al (2011) reported highest sulphur
use efficiency with 10 kg S ha-1
in soybean whereas
Sriramachandrasekharan (2012) reported highest FSUE
@ 50 kg S ha-1
applied as gypsum in radish.
Soybean is also a good source of micronutrients which
could further be amended with biofortification and use of
fertilizers, to meet the nutrient deficiencies.
Micronutrients play an important role in quality and
quantity of soybean yield. Different treatments of sulphur
supplementation had significant effect on seed
micronutrient accumulation. Sulphur supplementation
increased zinc and iron content in mature soybean seeds,
however, copper and manganese were found to be least
effective (Table 3). Both gypsum and SSP @ 10 kg S ha-1
increased Zn content upto 62 and 60 mg kg-1
respectively,
in comparison to control seeds (39 mg kg-1
) where no
sulphur was applied. But, with the increase in sulphur
doses, Zn content showed a decreasing trend and was
minimum with both the fertilizers when applied @ 30 kg
S ha-1
. Iron concentration was higher in soybean seeds
under sulphur nutrition, as compared to control seeds (58
mg kg-1
). Maximum iron concentration (90 mg kg-1
) was
observed with gypsum applied @10 kg S ha-1
, and it
decreased to 63.5 and 69.5 mg kg-1
with increase in
sulphur dose upto 20 and 30 kg S ha-1
respectively.
Similar changes in iron concentration was observed when
SSP was applied at different levels.

Table.3: Effect of different levels and sources of sulphur on micronutrients (mgkg-1
) in soybean seeds
TREATMENT
Amount of S added to soil
(kg ha-1
)
Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe)
Manganese
(Mn)
Control 39 9 58 22.5
Gypsum
10 62 10.5 90 22.5
20 42 10 63.5 21
30 35 10 69.5 21.5
SSP
10 60 9 79.5 25
20 41 6.5 64.5 19.5
30 40.5 6 71.5 23
Overall Mean 45.64 8.71 70.92 22.14
Gypsum applied at different dose rates resulted in higher
copper concentration in soybean seeds as compared to
control whereas application of various levels of SSP
showed reverse trend. Manganese concentration was not
affected by application of different doses of gypsum but
SSP @ 10 kg S ha-1
increased manganese concentration as
compared to control. The results are in agreement with the
previous studies on micronutrient concentration in soybean
where significant increase in their concentrations with soil
fertilizer application have been reported (Jha and Chandel
1987, Rhoads 1984). Nutrients gets partitioned according
to their mobile ability. Optimum metal homeostasis is
achieved by the plant through precise regulation of
transport, distribution and remobilization of elements,
which is controlled by source and sink signals. Variations
in micronutrient concentration by sulphur application
might be due to changes in any of the processes involved
in the nutrient partitioning.
Fatty acid composition of seed lipid is an important
determinant of oil quality. Soybean oil is highly
demanding worldwide in terms of total fat supplies of
world (Soya and Oilseed Bluebook 2010), because of high
content of polyunsaturated fatty acids essential for human
nutrition (Emken 1995). They are precursors of
prostaglandins and hormones that play an important
activity in the regulation of physiological and biochemical
functions of human body. The relative content of fatty
acids influences the physical and chemical characteristics
of the oil, thus the suitability of the oil for a particular use.
Fatty acid composition of soybean seeds as affected by
sulphur supplementation is presented in Table 4. Different
treatments of sulphur supplementation exhibited non-
significant differences for palmitic acid during both the
years. Seeds treated with gypsum @ 30 kg S ha-1
and SSP
@ 10 kg S ha-1
registered maximum palmitic acid content
upto 14.54 and 14.04%, as compared to control (13.72%).
Similar results were found during second year of study.
Maximum palmitic acid content recorded was 13.90 and
14.33% with gypsum @ 30 kg S ha-1
and SSP @ 10 kg S
ha-1
respectively, which was statistically similar to palmitic
acid in control seeds. Stearic acid was found to be higher
(4.47%) in treatment with gypsum @ 10 kg S ha-1
, as
compared to control (3.57%) during first year of study.
Gypsum @ 10 and 20 kg S ha-1
and SSP @ 30 kg S ha-1
significantly increased stearic acid content in soybean
seeds, with maximum content of 4.34% obtained with
gypsum @ 10 kg S ha-1
.
In 2011, oleic acid was significantly reduced with sulphur
supply @ 30 kg S ha-1
with gypsum, upto 30.29%, as
compared to control (32.06%). Gypsum @ 10 and 20 kg S
ha-1
did not reveal any significant differences in oleic acid
content. With SSP, higher value of oleic acid was
registered upto 32.27% and 32.13% with 10 kg S ha-1
and
30 kg S ha-1
, respectively, although the results were found
to be non-significant. However, during second year of
study, oleic acid increased significantly with all the
treatments of sulphur supplementation except with SSP @
30 kg S ha-1
, where its content significantly decreased.
Maximum content of oleic acid (29.59%) was registered
with gypsum @ 20 kg S ha-1
, and the lowest content
(27.05%) was registered in control seeds, where no sulphur
was applied. With SSP, maximum oleic acid content
(28.95%) was recorded @ 20 kg S ha-1
.
Linoleic acid was found to be unaffected with sulphur
supplementation with all the treatments except SSP @ 20
kg S ha-1
, where its content significantly increased to 47.51
% as compared to control (46.70%) during first cropping
season. However, during second cropping year, linoleic
acid significantly decreased with gypsum and SSP @ 10
kg S ha-1
and 20 kg S ha-1
respectively.
Linolenic acid increased significantly with all the
treatments of sulphur supplementation as compared to
control during first cropping season. Although, during
second year, insignificant variations in linolenic acid
content was observed. In 2011, maximum linolenic acid
content registered was 4.79 and 4.78% with both the
fertilizers @ 10 kg S ha-1
. In year 2012, maximum
linolenic acid recorded was 5.33 and 5.21% with gypsum
@ 20 kg S ha-1
and SSP @ 30 kg S ha-1
respectively, but
found to be non-significantly affected as compared to

control (4.81%).
In present study, very narrow differences in fatty acids
content were observed under the influence of sulphur
fertilization.
Table.4: Effect of different treatments of sulphur on fatty acid composition (relative percentage) in soybean seeds.
2011
TREATMENT
Amount of S
added to soil
(kg ha-1
)
Palmitic
acid
(16:0)
Stearic
acid
(18:0)
Oleic
acid
(18:1)
Linoleic
acid
(18:2)
Linolenic
acid (18:3)
Unsaturation
(%)
Oleic:
Linoleic
Ratio
Control
13.72 ±
0.21
3.57 ±
0.21
32.06
± 1.01
46.70 ±
1.75
3.94 ± 0.45 82.40 0.68
Gypsum
10
13.78 ±
0.77
4.47 ±
0.07
31.05
± 1.59
46.43 ±
0.50
4.79 ± 0.24 82.75 0.67
20
13.98 ±
0.88
3.77 ±
0.35
31.26
± 1.42
46.55 ±
1.21
4.43 ± 0.31 82.24 0.66
30
14.54 ±
0.98
3.63 ±
0.18
30.29
± 1.10
46.88 ±
0.26
4.66 ± 0.02 81.83 0.64
SSP
10
14.04 ±
1.29
3.10 ±
0.44
32.27
± 1.02
45.79 ±
0.06
4.78 ± 0.11 82.85 0.70
20
13.12 ±
0.50
3.75 ±
0.36
30.96
± 1.20
47.51 ±
0.99
4.65 ± 0.66 83.12 0.72
30
13.02 ±
0.60
4.07 ±
0.21
32.13
± 1.23
46.29 ±
1.18
4.48 ± 0.33 82.91 0.69
Overall Mean 13.74 3.76 31.43 46.59 4.53 82.58 0.68
Critical
difference
(P<0.05)
NS 0.51 1.05 0.77 0.38
2012
Control
13.17 ±
0.62
3.63 ±
0.10
27.05
± 1.18
51.33 ±
1.55
4.81 ±
0.31
83.19 0.52
Gypsum
10
12.92 ±
0.06
4.34 ±
0.08
28.39
± 1.81
49.56 ±
1.14
4.78 ±
0.97
83.14 0.57
20
13.60 ±
0.64
4.08 ±
0.36
29.59
±0.41
47.38 ±
0.65
5.33 ±
0.40
82.31 0.62
30
13.90 ±
0.13
3.52 ±
0.02
28.38
± 1.59
49.88 ±
1.38
4.30 ±
0.58
82.56 0.56
SSP
10
14.33 ±
0.79
3.07 ±
0.41
29.17
± 0.57
48.81 ±
0.86
4.61 ±
0.08
82.59 0.59
20
13.31 ±
0.16
3.58 ±
0.24
28.95
± 0.28
49.22 ±
0.69
4.93 ±
0.59
83.10 0.58
30
13.89 ±
0.27
3.99 ±
0.60
28.04
± 1.35
48.85 ±
1.66
5.21 ±
0.72
82.11 0.57
Overall Mean 13.58 3.74 28.51 49.29 4.85 82.71 0.57
Critical
difference
(P<0.05)
NS 0.34 1.23 1.75 NS
In the earlier studies reported in literature, changes in
fatty acid profile of soybean seeds with sulphur
fertilization has been reported when applied in higher
doses i.e. more than 80 kg S ha-1
. Response of oleic acid
to sulphur supply during both the cropping seasons was
found to be inconsistent, and is supported by the findings
of Ahmed and Abdin (2000), who reported non-
significant differences among sulphur levels for oleic acid
content in rapessed. Differences in the composition of
fatty acid in seed oil can be due to environmental
conditions also (Boschin et al., 2007). Fatty acid
composition of soybean oil changes considerably with
maturity along with seed oil deposition (Graef et al.,
1985, Ishikawa et al 2001). Triacylglycerols, palmitic

acid, linolenic acid tend to decrease with maturity
whereas linoleic acid increases. Oleic acid tends to
increase to a maximum and then decline slightly.
Linolenic acid was significantly affected by sulphur
supplementation during first cropping season as compared
to the second season. Interaction of sulphur with climatic
conditions at the time of seed development might have
influenced the fatty acid composition and shown
variations in their relative proportions due to certain
environmental factors and nutrient availability. Cazzato et
al (2012) reported increase in monounsaturated and
polyunsaturated fatty acids in lupin seeds with 30 kg S ha-
1
and the improvement in lupin seed composition through
the increase in oleic and linolenic acids whereas Howell
and Collins (1957) observed very little effect of nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulphur on fatty acid profile of soybeans.
Correlation studies revealed significant inverse
relationship between oleic acid and linoleic acid of r = -
0.880 (2011) and r = -0.639 (2012) at p<0.05. Increase of
oleic acid coincided with the decrease of linoleic acid
during both the cropping seasons. This might be due to
the effect of sulphur nutrition on ω-6-destaurase activity
which converts oleic to linoleic acid. This supported the
hypothesis of sequential desaturation of formation of
unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil. Inverse relationship
of oleic and linoleic has also been reported by Flagella et
al (2002) in safflower.
IV. CONCLUSION
Sulphur application affected crop yield through the effect
on sulphur use efficiency, uptake efficiency and
utilization efficiency. Sulphur fertilization affected
nitrogen assimilation as indicated by decreased N:S ratio.
This ratio depicts the quality of legumes as decrease in
this ratio suggested more uptake of sulphur. Increased
sulphur uptake had increased nitrogen utilization.
Nutrients gets partitioned according to their mobile
ability. Optimum metal homeostasis is achieved by the
plant through precise regulation of transport, distribution
and remobilization of elements, which is controlled by
source and sink signals. Variations in micronutrient
concentration by sulphur application might be due to
changes in any of the processes involved in the nutrient
partitioning. Fatty acid composition of soybean oil
changes considerably with maturity along with seed oil
deposition. Interaction of sulphur with climatic conditions
at the time of seed development might have influenced
the fatty acid composition and shown variations in their
relative proportions due to certain environmental factors
and nutrient availability. Increase of oleic acid coincided
with the decrease of linoleic acid during both the cropping
seasons. This might be due to the effect of sulphur
nutrition on ω-6-destaurase activity which converts oleic
to linoleic acid. This supported the hypothesis of
sequential desturation of formation of unsaturated fatty
acids in soybean oil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was supported and funded by Punjab
Agricultural University and University Grants Commision
through Maulana Azad National Fellowship.
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