![Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.6, Issue 11 (December 2016), PP -01-04
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
1
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier
Mobility in n-InSe
A.Sh.Abdinov1
, R.F.Babayeva2
, N.A.Ragimova1
, E.A.Rasulov1
, S.I.Amirova1
1
Baku State University , Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, Аz1145, Baku city, Z. Khalilov street, 23,
2
Azerbaijan State Economic University, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, Аz1001, Baku city, Istiglaliyyat street, 6
Abstract: The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial
resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been
investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed.
Keywords: charge carriers, electrophysical parameters, electronic properties, impurity, mobility, Hall
coefficient, drift barrier.
I. Introduction
In the course of the experimental study of physical properties of complex on chemical composition as
well as on energy and (or) crystalline structure semiconductors often theoretically unpredictable physical effects
are revealed, which in turn stimulates the development of new theories and practical applications.
One of such semiconductors also is indium monoselenide (n-InSe) related to the class of semiconductor
compounds AIII
BVI
of layered structure [1]. The specific crystalline structure of this semiconductor gives it
unique electronic (electric, photoelectric, luminescent, optical, etc.) features.
To date many works [2-6] are dedicated to experimental study of physical properties of n-InSe. At that
a number of features of these properties have been found those are not explained only in the framework of the
relevant theoretical concepts of the physics of quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors [7].
In this paper we report on some kind features of the mobility of the charge carriers obtained by us in
this semiconductor. Naturally, the presented experimental results and offered proposals for their scientific
explanation, in addition to revealing new features of n-InSe crystals may also be useful in elucidating the
mechanisms of different electrophysical phenomena in other spatially inhomogeneous crystalline
semiconductors.
II. Experimental Procedure and Samples
The studied samples (clean and lightly doped with some rare-earth elements) were cleaved from
different parts of the large single-crystalline ingots, grown by the method described elsewhere [8]. Experimental
measurements were carried out at different temperatures (over a range of 77-450 K), intensity (E) of the electric
field (from weak to switch voltage [6]), the wavelength (over a range of 0,30-3,00 m) and the intensity of light
(from extremely weak up to 5102
lx). As introduced impurity dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho) and gadolinium
(Gd) were used.
III. Experimental Results
When studying the temperature dependence of the specific conductivity, the Hall coefficient and the
mobility of the charge carriers it found that the conductivity of different samples of the semiconductor at
temperatures below room temperature (T<300 K), depending on their technological origin differ significantly (for
different samples varies within 10-8
÷10-3
Sm/cm). Moreover, with decreasing the temperature (T) up to 77K, the
value of the Hall coefficient (RH) almost unchanged and is no different for various samples. In contrast, the
value of specific electrical conductivity (σ) and mobility (μ) of the charge carriers in high resistance crystals
(>10-4
Sm/cm at 77K) changes by law σ, )(~
kT
(Fig. 1). The latter allows to say that observed in the
low temperature region dependence σ(T) in these crystals is not due to the temperature dependence of
concentration (n), but is associated with carrier mobility dependence on temperature. However, the
experimentally observed dependence of μ(T) is not subject to the theory of the charge carrier mobility developed
for the quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors [6].
At low temperatures also found non-characteristic for quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductor
features for dependence of the carrier mobility value on specific conductivity (Fig. 2, curves 1 and 2) and on the
content of the introduced impurity (Fig.2, curves 3 and 4), as well as on electric field intensity (Fig. 3) and the
exposure to light (Fig. 4).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/a060110104-170214111446/85/Effect-of-Various-External-and-Internal-Factors-on-the-Carrier-Mobility-in-n-InSe-1-320.jpg)
![Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe
2
In contrast to low temperatures, in high-temperature region μ(T) dependence obeys the regularity which
is characteristic for quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors with the dominance of the scattering of the
charge carriers on acoustic lattice vibrations ( 2
3
~
T ). Under other equal conditions with reduction in the
initial (which takes place at 77 K) values of the specific conductivity (σ0), course of μ(Т) curves approached to
predicted by the theory of the mobility of charge carriers in quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors.
Effect of doping by rare-earth elements (REE) on μ appears only at low temperatures. At that only at low
contents of the impurity (for N<10-2
at.%) this influence is evident both in changes in the absolute value of μ, as
well as in the curves of its dependence on various external factors (Fig. 2, curves 3 and 4, and Fig. 3, curve 3). It
is found, that μ does not depend on the chemical nature of the impurity.
The specificity of the dependence of μ on Е in the studied crystals (Fig. 3) lies in the fact that in this
case noticeable μ(E) dependence begins at significantly low values of the electric field intensity and
significantly different from the dependence μ(E), which takes place on heating of charge carriers in a
semiconductor by the electric field [9]. In addition, the dependence of the relative change of the carrier mobility
(
0
0
E
, where μ0 is the value of the carrier mobility in weak and μE in strong electric fields) on the
electric field intensity has only a growing character.
The dependence of μ in high-resistivity crystals on the exposure to light also has an interesting
character. In this case, firstly, the value of μ in illuminated sample (l) significantly differs from occurring in
non-illuminated one (μd); secondly, a sign of its change depends on the spectral composition of the light incident
on the sample (Fig. 4). In addition, after the cessation of exposure to light the initial value of μ recovers slowly.
IV. Discussion
Going to a discussion of the experimental results, first of all, it should be noted that this results can not
be explained from unified position only on the basis of theoretical ideas about the mobility of charge carriers in
quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductor with a different point scattering centers (lattice vibrations, ions or
neutral impurity atoms) [7]. Observed in the experiment activation dependence of μ(T), as well as the specific
features of the effect of light and the electric field on μ together suggests, that at that significant contribution to
the impact processes of various external and intracrystalline factors on the mobility of the charge carriers gives
some energy barrier. Based on the analysis of existing early works [1-6, 10, 11] on the electronic properties of
this semiconductor, we assume that all of these identified specific features of the charge carrier mobility in n-
InSe single crystals, primarily are associated with the existence of drift barriers in free energy bands of these
crystals, energy heights of those at 77K equal ~ (0.05 ÷ 0.20)eV for different samples. As the temperature
increases, and when exposed to the intrinsic absorption light and (or) an electric field of high intensity (when
there is a significant injection through current lead contacts in the sample [12]) corresponding smoothing
(temperature, light or electric, respectively) these barriers occurs and accordingly increases the value of the
charge carriers mobility. As to the nature of these potential barriers, in our opinion, above all, they can be
created as a result of spatial heterogeneity of investigated high-resistivity crystals (because of the presence in
them random macroscopic defects) caused in the investigated samples due to various reasons (due to
stratification, segregation of the composite component atoms during growth, due to the presence of various
modifications [1], etc.) which in turn determine the technological origin of the studied sample.
V. Conclusion
- Under otherwise identical conditions, the specific conductivity of the individual samples of single crystals
of layered n-InSe semiconductor at T<300 K depending on the technological origin of the different samples
varies in the range (10-8
÷10-3
) Sm/cm;
- In high-resistivity crystals (σ<10-4
Sm/cm at 77 K) the dependence of the carrier mobility on various factors
has specific features not explained in terms of the theory of the mobility of the charge carriers in quasi-
homogeneous crystalline semiconductors;
- These specific features of the carrier mobility in the studied semiconductor directly related to the presence
of drift barriers, which formed in free energy bands of the high-resistance crystals because of their spatial in
homogeneity.
VI. Figure Captions
Fig. 1. The temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient (RH) (curves 1-2), specific electrical conductivity (σ)
(curves 3-4) and the mobility of the charge carriers (μ) (curves 5-6) in n-InSe single crystals with different initial
(available at 77 K) specific electrical conductivity (σ0).
σ0, Sm/cm: 1, 3, 5 - 2·10-4
; 2, 4, 6 - 5·10-8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/a060110104-170214111446/85/Effect-of-Various-External-and-Internal-Factors-on-the-Carrier-Mobility-in-n-InSe-2-320.jpg)
![Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe
3
Fig. 2. The dependence of the mobility of the charge carriers (μ) on initial value of the specific electrical
conductivity (σ0) (curves 1 and 2) and introduced impurity content (N) of REE (curves 3 and 4) in n-InSe single
crystals at different temperatures.
T, K: 1 -77; 2 - 300.
Fig. 3. The dependence of the relative change of free charge carriers the mobility (γ) on the electric field intensity
(E) in pure (curves 1-4) and in doped with rare earth elements (curves 5 and 6) n-InSe crystals at different
temperatures.
Т, К: 1, 3, 5 - 77; 2, 4, 6 - 200.
Fig. 4. The dependence of the mobility of the charge carriers (μ) on the intensity (Ф/Фm) of light with different
wavelength (λ) in n-InSe single crystals.
T=77 K; σ0 =4·10-8
Sm/cm; Ф/Фм= 0,9; λ, m: 1 - 0.95; 2 - 1.60
References
[1] Z.S.Medvedeva, Chalcogenides of III B subgroup elements of the periodic system (M. "Nauka" Publishers, 1968).
[2] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, S.I.Amirova, R.M.Rzayev, Effect of Temperature and Rare Earth Doping on Charge Carrier
Mobility in Indium Monoselenide Crystals, Semiconductors, 47(8), 2013, 1013–1017.
[3] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, A.T.Bagirova, R.M. Rzayev, Effect on the electrical properties of n-InSe single crystals by doping
with REE, Neorganicheskiye materiali, 42(9), 2006, 1035-1039.
[4] P.I.Savitsky, Z.D.Kovalyuk, I.V.Mityansky, Anisotropy of electric conductivity in indium monoselenide, Neorganicheskiye
materiali, 32(4), 1996, p. 405-409.
[5] S.I.Drapak, Z.D.Kovalyuk, Experimental study of the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on the resistivity of indium selenide,
Fizika i tekhnika poluprovodnikov, 41(10), 2007, 1214-1217.
[6] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, Switching effect in layered А3В6 monoselenides and heterostructures on their basis, Bulletin of the Baku
University, Series of Phys.-Mat. Sciences, 3, 2009, 139-147.
[7] R. Smith, Semiconductors (M., "Mir" Publishres, 1991).
[8] A.M.Huseynov, T.I.Sadikhov, Obtaining rare-earth doped single crystals of the indium selenide: In: Electrical properties of
semiconductors and gas-discharge plasma. Baku. Azerbaijan State University, 1989, 42-44.
[9] E.Conwell, Kinetic properties of semiconductors in strong electric fields (M., “Mir” Publishers, 1970).
[10] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, Memory accumulation of weak light signals and spectral memory in InSe<Dy> single crystals,
Neorganicheskiye materiali, 31(7), 1995, 896-898.
[11] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, Long-term isothermal relaxation of the dark resistivity of indium selenide single crystals doped with
dysprosium, Neorganicheskiye materiali, 31(8), 1995, 1020-1022.
[12] M.Lampert, P.Mark, Injection currents in solids (M: “Mir” Publishers, 1973).
Fig. 1.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/a060110104-170214111446/85/Effect-of-Various-External-and-Internal-Factors-on-the-Carrier-Mobility-in-n-InSe-3-320.jpg)
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe
- 1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science Vol.6, Issue 11 (December 2016), PP -01-04 Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com 1 Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe A.Sh.Abdinov1 , R.F.Babayeva2 , N.A.Ragimova1 , E.A.Rasulov1 , S.I.Amirova1 1 Baku State University , Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, Аz1145, Baku city, Z. Khalilov street, 23, 2 Azerbaijan State Economic University, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic, Аz1001, Baku city, Istiglaliyyat street, 6 Abstract: The effect of various external (temperature, electric field, light) and intracrystalline (doping, initial resistivity) factors on the mobility of carriers in layered n-InSe semiconductor experimentally have been investigated. Scientific explanations of the results are proposed. Keywords: charge carriers, electrophysical parameters, electronic properties, impurity, mobility, Hall coefficient, drift barrier. I. Introduction In the course of the experimental study of physical properties of complex on chemical composition as well as on energy and (or) crystalline structure semiconductors often theoretically unpredictable physical effects are revealed, which in turn stimulates the development of new theories and practical applications. One of such semiconductors also is indium monoselenide (n-InSe) related to the class of semiconductor compounds AIII BVI of layered structure [1]. The specific crystalline structure of this semiconductor gives it unique electronic (electric, photoelectric, luminescent, optical, etc.) features. To date many works [2-6] are dedicated to experimental study of physical properties of n-InSe. At that a number of features of these properties have been found those are not explained only in the framework of the relevant theoretical concepts of the physics of quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors [7]. In this paper we report on some kind features of the mobility of the charge carriers obtained by us in this semiconductor. Naturally, the presented experimental results and offered proposals for their scientific explanation, in addition to revealing new features of n-InSe crystals may also be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of different electrophysical phenomena in other spatially inhomogeneous crystalline semiconductors. II. Experimental Procedure and Samples The studied samples (clean and lightly doped with some rare-earth elements) were cleaved from different parts of the large single-crystalline ingots, grown by the method described elsewhere [8]. Experimental measurements were carried out at different temperatures (over a range of 77-450 K), intensity (E) of the electric field (from weak to switch voltage [6]), the wavelength (over a range of 0,30-3,00 m) and the intensity of light (from extremely weak up to 5102 lx). As introduced impurity dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho) and gadolinium (Gd) were used. III. Experimental Results When studying the temperature dependence of the specific conductivity, the Hall coefficient and the mobility of the charge carriers it found that the conductivity of different samples of the semiconductor at temperatures below room temperature (T<300 K), depending on their technological origin differ significantly (for different samples varies within 10-8 ÷10-3 Sm/cm). Moreover, with decreasing the temperature (T) up to 77K, the value of the Hall coefficient (RH) almost unchanged and is no different for various samples. In contrast, the value of specific electrical conductivity (σ) and mobility (μ) of the charge carriers in high resistance crystals (>10-4 Sm/cm at 77K) changes by law σ, )(~ kT (Fig. 1). The latter allows to say that observed in the low temperature region dependence σ(T) in these crystals is not due to the temperature dependence of concentration (n), but is associated with carrier mobility dependence on temperature. However, the experimentally observed dependence of μ(T) is not subject to the theory of the charge carrier mobility developed for the quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors [6]. At low temperatures also found non-characteristic for quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductor features for dependence of the carrier mobility value on specific conductivity (Fig. 2, curves 1 and 2) and on the content of the introduced impurity (Fig.2, curves 3 and 4), as well as on electric field intensity (Fig. 3) and the exposure to light (Fig. 4).
- 2. Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe 2 In contrast to low temperatures, in high-temperature region μ(T) dependence obeys the regularity which is characteristic for quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors with the dominance of the scattering of the charge carriers on acoustic lattice vibrations ( 2 3 ~ T ). Under other equal conditions with reduction in the initial (which takes place at 77 K) values of the specific conductivity (σ0), course of μ(Т) curves approached to predicted by the theory of the mobility of charge carriers in quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductors. Effect of doping by rare-earth elements (REE) on μ appears only at low temperatures. At that only at low contents of the impurity (for N<10-2 at.%) this influence is evident both in changes in the absolute value of μ, as well as in the curves of its dependence on various external factors (Fig. 2, curves 3 and 4, and Fig. 3, curve 3). It is found, that μ does not depend on the chemical nature of the impurity. The specificity of the dependence of μ on Е in the studied crystals (Fig. 3) lies in the fact that in this case noticeable μ(E) dependence begins at significantly low values of the electric field intensity and significantly different from the dependence μ(E), which takes place on heating of charge carriers in a semiconductor by the electric field [9]. In addition, the dependence of the relative change of the carrier mobility ( 0 0 E , where μ0 is the value of the carrier mobility in weak and μE in strong electric fields) on the electric field intensity has only a growing character. The dependence of μ in high-resistivity crystals on the exposure to light also has an interesting character. In this case, firstly, the value of μ in illuminated sample (l) significantly differs from occurring in non-illuminated one (μd); secondly, a sign of its change depends on the spectral composition of the light incident on the sample (Fig. 4). In addition, after the cessation of exposure to light the initial value of μ recovers slowly. IV. Discussion Going to a discussion of the experimental results, first of all, it should be noted that this results can not be explained from unified position only on the basis of theoretical ideas about the mobility of charge carriers in quasi-homogeneous crystalline semiconductor with a different point scattering centers (lattice vibrations, ions or neutral impurity atoms) [7]. Observed in the experiment activation dependence of μ(T), as well as the specific features of the effect of light and the electric field on μ together suggests, that at that significant contribution to the impact processes of various external and intracrystalline factors on the mobility of the charge carriers gives some energy barrier. Based on the analysis of existing early works [1-6, 10, 11] on the electronic properties of this semiconductor, we assume that all of these identified specific features of the charge carrier mobility in n- InSe single crystals, primarily are associated with the existence of drift barriers in free energy bands of these crystals, energy heights of those at 77K equal ~ (0.05 ÷ 0.20)eV for different samples. As the temperature increases, and when exposed to the intrinsic absorption light and (or) an electric field of high intensity (when there is a significant injection through current lead contacts in the sample [12]) corresponding smoothing (temperature, light or electric, respectively) these barriers occurs and accordingly increases the value of the charge carriers mobility. As to the nature of these potential barriers, in our opinion, above all, they can be created as a result of spatial heterogeneity of investigated high-resistivity crystals (because of the presence in them random macroscopic defects) caused in the investigated samples due to various reasons (due to stratification, segregation of the composite component atoms during growth, due to the presence of various modifications [1], etc.) which in turn determine the technological origin of the studied sample. V. Conclusion - Under otherwise identical conditions, the specific conductivity of the individual samples of single crystals of layered n-InSe semiconductor at T<300 K depending on the technological origin of the different samples varies in the range (10-8 ÷10-3 ) Sm/cm; - In high-resistivity crystals (σ<10-4 Sm/cm at 77 K) the dependence of the carrier mobility on various factors has specific features not explained in terms of the theory of the mobility of the charge carriers in quasi- homogeneous crystalline semiconductors; - These specific features of the carrier mobility in the studied semiconductor directly related to the presence of drift barriers, which formed in free energy bands of the high-resistance crystals because of their spatial in homogeneity. VI. Figure Captions Fig. 1. The temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient (RH) (curves 1-2), specific electrical conductivity (σ) (curves 3-4) and the mobility of the charge carriers (μ) (curves 5-6) in n-InSe single crystals with different initial (available at 77 K) specific electrical conductivity (σ0). σ0, Sm/cm: 1, 3, 5 - 2·10-4 ; 2, 4, 6 - 5·10-8
- 3. Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe 3 Fig. 2. The dependence of the mobility of the charge carriers (μ) on initial value of the specific electrical conductivity (σ0) (curves 1 and 2) and introduced impurity content (N) of REE (curves 3 and 4) in n-InSe single crystals at different temperatures. T, K: 1 -77; 2 - 300. Fig. 3. The dependence of the relative change of free charge carriers the mobility (γ) on the electric field intensity (E) in pure (curves 1-4) and in doped with rare earth elements (curves 5 and 6) n-InSe crystals at different temperatures. Т, К: 1, 3, 5 - 77; 2, 4, 6 - 200. Fig. 4. The dependence of the mobility of the charge carriers (μ) on the intensity (Ф/Фm) of light with different wavelength (λ) in n-InSe single crystals. T=77 K; σ0 =4·10-8 Sm/cm; Ф/Фм= 0,9; λ, m: 1 - 0.95; 2 - 1.60 References [1] Z.S.Medvedeva, Chalcogenides of III B subgroup elements of the periodic system (M. "Nauka" Publishers, 1968). [2] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, S.I.Amirova, R.M.Rzayev, Effect of Temperature and Rare Earth Doping on Charge Carrier Mobility in Indium Monoselenide Crystals, Semiconductors, 47(8), 2013, 1013–1017. [3] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, A.T.Bagirova, R.M. Rzayev, Effect on the electrical properties of n-InSe single crystals by doping with REE, Neorganicheskiye materiali, 42(9), 2006, 1035-1039. [4] P.I.Savitsky, Z.D.Kovalyuk, I.V.Mityansky, Anisotropy of electric conductivity in indium monoselenide, Neorganicheskiye materiali, 32(4), 1996, p. 405-409. [5] S.I.Drapak, Z.D.Kovalyuk, Experimental study of the influence of aromatic hydrocarbons on the resistivity of indium selenide, Fizika i tekhnika poluprovodnikov, 41(10), 2007, 1214-1217. [6] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, Switching effect in layered А3В6 monoselenides and heterostructures on their basis, Bulletin of the Baku University, Series of Phys.-Mat. Sciences, 3, 2009, 139-147. [7] R. Smith, Semiconductors (M., "Mir" Publishres, 1991). [8] A.M.Huseynov, T.I.Sadikhov, Obtaining rare-earth doped single crystals of the indium selenide: In: Electrical properties of semiconductors and gas-discharge plasma. Baku. Azerbaijan State University, 1989, 42-44. [9] E.Conwell, Kinetic properties of semiconductors in strong electric fields (M., “Mir” Publishers, 1970). [10] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, Memory accumulation of weak light signals and spectral memory in InSe<Dy> single crystals, Neorganicheskiye materiali, 31(7), 1995, 896-898. [11] A.Sh.Abdinov, R.F.Babayeva, Long-term isothermal relaxation of the dark resistivity of indium selenide single crystals doped with dysprosium, Neorganicheskiye materiali, 31(8), 1995, 1020-1022. [12] M.Lampert, P.Mark, Injection currents in solids (M: “Mir” Publishers, 1973). Fig. 1.
- 4. Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-InSe 4 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4