Effect of Yoga on Selected Physical and Physiological Variables of Physical Education Students

IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE)
e-ISSN: 2347-6737, p-ISSN: 2347-6745, Volume 2, Issue 4 (Jul – Aug. 2015), PP 18-24
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/6737-0241824 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Effect of Yoga on Selected Physical and Physiological Variables of
Physical Education Students
Sunil Rayat
Assistant Professor,Post- Graduate Department of Physical Education.SGGS Khalsa College Mahilpur, India
Abstract: According to medical scientists, yoga therapy is successful because of the balance created in the
nervous and endocrine systems which directly influences all the other systems and organs of the body. Yoga acts
both as a “Curative therapy”. The very essence of yoga lies in attaining mental peace, improved concentration
powers, a relaxed state of living and harmony in relationship.Regular practice of asana, pranayama and
meditation can help such diverse, ailments such as diabetes, blood pressure, digestive disorders, arthritis,
arteriosclerosis, chronic fatigue, asthma, varicose veins and heart conditions. Laboratory tests have proved the
yogi’s increased abilities of consciously controlling autonomic or involuntary functions, such as temperature,
heartbeat and blood pressure.The study was undertaken with the aim to observe the effect of yoga(asana
&pranayama) onselected physical & physiological variables of physical education B.P.ED (Bachelor of
Physical Education) and M.P.ED (Master of Physical Education) students.For this study total 40 male students
were selected as subject from SGGS Khalsa College Mahilpur, Punjab, India. Their age ranged between 18-24
years. Students were given the treatment of selected yogicasana &pranayama for 12 weeks Result shows that the
regular practice of yoga improvedphysical variables (Muscular strength & endurance of trunk; and flexibility)
& physiologicalvariables (Pulse Rate, Vital Capacity & Peak Flow Rate) significantly.
I. Introductions
The most important benefit of yoga is physical and mental therapy.Indians have given great importance
to „yoga‟ and „physical exercises‟ not only to prevent or cure the physical ailments/diseases but to keep fit also.
The great ancient Rishis, Vedas and Purans also have given much importance to physical fitness
(Uppal&Gautam, 2006). Traditionally lord Shiva is regarded as the Original founder of yoga. It is believed that
this secret divine Science of life, revealed to enlightened sages in meditation, was firstly narrated by lord Shiva
to his wife Parvati for “Upliftment of humanity”. Hiranyagarbha has been proclaimed as the veryfirst teacher of
yoga. Yoga is an ancient science of physical, mental and spiritual development. Yoga has become increasingly
popular in Western cultures as a means of exercise and fitness training. Yoga is ultimate for developing
harmony among body, mind and spirit. Yoga asana are ways of moving and/or holding the body in different
position. Yoga asana has several exercises or postures that work wonders on fitness and health. Varying widely
in application and style, these exercises (postures) gently stretch and explore all parts of body. Yoga asana boost
physical strength, stamina and flexibility, improve blood circulation, enhance posture and muscle tone and
bestow greater powers of concentration and self-control.Through the practice of yoga, we become aware of the
connection between our emotional, mental and physical levels On the other hand pranayama is one of the five
principles of Yoga or breathing and exercise which promote proper breathing.The ultimate goal of yoga is to
make it possible for you to be able to fuse together the gross material (annamaya), physical (pranamaya), mental
(manomaya), intellectual (vijnanamaya) and spiritual (anandamaya) levels within your being. In a Yogic point
of view, proper breathing is to bring more oxygen to the blood and to the brain, and to the control Prana or the
vital life energy. The union of these two Yogic Principles is considered as the highest form of purification and
self-discipline, covering both mind and body.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of yoga on selected physical & physiological
variables of physical education B.P.ED (Bachelor of Physical Education) and M.P.ED (Master of Physical
Education) students.
II. Methodology
Subjects
Total 40 male subjects were selected for this study. 25B.P.ED (Bachelor of Physical Education) and 15
M.P.ED (Master of Physical Education) students from SGGS Khalsa College Mahilpur, Indiawere taken as
sample. Their age ranged between 18-24 years.

Effect Of Yoga On Selected Physical And Physiologicalvariables Of Physical Education Students
Variable
Physical Measures
 Muscular strength (dynamic) & muscular endurance of arm & shoulders.
 Muscular strength & endurance (trunk).
 Speed and agility.
 Explosive strength of legs.
 Speed of lower extremities & explosive strength.
 Cardio-vascular endurance.
 Flexibility.
Physiological Measures
 Resting Pulse Rate
 Vital Capacity
 Peak Flow Rate
Tests: Following tests were utilized for the present study:-
Tests used for Physiological variables
Muscular strength (dynamic) & endurance of arm & shoulders : Pulls-ups
Muscular strength & endurance (trunk) : Bent-knee sit ups
Speed and agility : Shuttle-run
Explosive strength of legs : Standing board jump
Speed of lower extremities & explosive strength : 50 yards dash
Cardio-vascular endurance : 12 min. run & walk
Flexibility : Sit & Reach test
Tests conducted for Physiological variables
Resting Pulse Rate : Stop Watch
Vital Capacity : Spiro meter
Peak Flow Rate : Peak Flow Rate
Data Collection
All data were collected, in the month of August and October 2013 when they were attending their
regular classes. The researcher him-self specialize in yoga and administered the yoga programme. The subjects
were participated in yoga programme five days in a week at indoor hall, only for a period of 12 weeks.
Necessary instruction wasgiven by yoga instructor, to the subject before the administration of programme.
Confidentiality of response was guaranteed. The required data in different components was collected from the
students during first for morning classes.
Aahperyouth physical fitness test; and sit & reach test for measuring physical fitness variables organized at 1st
,
2nd
and 3rd
day while physiological measurement were taken 4th
day. After collection of pre-test scores on all the
selected variables, subjects participated in yoga programme. After collection of 12 weeks yoga programme,
post- test was conducted and all data were collected (as pre-test was collected) on all health variables.
Statistical Procedure
For analysis of the data collected from B.P.ED (Bachelor of Physical Education) and M.P.ED (Master
of Physical Education) students, Mean and SD was computed. To find out the effect of yoga on selected
physical & physiological variables of students, „t‟ test was applied. For testing the hypothesis the level of
significance was set at .05 levels.
III. Discussion And Findings
Table 1 shows the comparison of means of selected physical variables of pre test scores. In pull-ups
mean value of pre- test in 12.2 and post- test is 13.38. In bent-knee sit ups mean value of pre- test is 38.42 and
post- test is 43.31. inshuttle-run mean value of pre- test is 10.46 and post- test is 10.32. In standing broad jump
mean value of pre -test is 224.36 and post- test is 229.7. In 50 yards dash mean value of pre- test is 7.19 and
post- test is 7.01. In 12 min. run & walk mean value of pre- test is 2578.4 and post- test is 2648.2. in flexibility
value of pre- test is 17.23 and post- test is 24.54.

Table 1: CompressionOf Means Of Selected Physical Variables Of Pre Test & Post Test Scores
Components Group Mean SD T
Muscular strength & endurance(Pulls-ups, in count)
Muscular strength & endurance(Bent-knee sit ups, in count)
Speed and agility(Shuttle-run, in seconds)
Explosive strength(Standing board jump, in cm)
Speed of lower extremities & explosive strength
(50yards dash, in seconds)
Cardio-vascular endurance(12 min. run & walk, in meter)
Flexibility(in cm)
Pre- test
Post- test
Pre- test
Post- test
Pre -test
Post- test
Pre -test
Post- test
Pre -test
Post- test
Pre- test
Post- test
Pre -test
Post- test
12.2
13.38
38.42
43.31
10.46
10.32
224.36
229.7
7.19
7.01
2578.4
2648.2
17.23
24.54
5.34
5.78
9.35
8.3
2.48
3.24
25.4
28.9
1.47
1.58
362
396.52
4.32
6.03
0.948
2.473*
0.217
0.877
0.527
0.822
6.217*
 Significant at .05 level
‘t’ value required to be significant at .05 level with 38 degree of freedom is 2.021
There is significant difference found between the means of selected physical variables ( Muscular
strength & endurance of trunk; and flexibility) of physical education students, as „t‟ value required to be
significant is 2.021 and calculated value is more compare to tabulated value. Raub (2002), reported after his
study that Yoga can improve strength and flexibility. Ray et al. (2001), also reported that shoulders, hip, trunk
and neck flexibility improved due to yogic exercises. Cowen & Adams (2005) also reported significant
improvements in upper body and trunk between the means of selected physical variables (Muscular
strength(dynamic) & muscular endurance of arm & shoulders; Speed and agility; Explosive strength of leg;
Speed of lower extremities & explosive strength; Cardio-vascular endurance) of physical education students,
as„t‟ value required to be significant is 1.98 and calculated value is less compare to tabulated value.
Fig 1.Comparison of Mean Difference in Pull-ups.
Fig. 2 - Comparison of Mean Difference in Sit-ups.

Fig. 3 - Comparison of Mean Difference in Shuttle Run
Fig. 4 - Comparison of Mean Difference in SBJ
Fig. 5 - Comparison of Mean Difference in 50 Yards dash (in seconds)

Fig. 6 - Comparison of Mean Difference in 12 min. run &walk (in meter)
Fig. 7 - Comparison of Mean Difference in Flexibility (in cm)
Table 2 shows the comparison of means of selected physical variable of pre- test & post test scores. In
pulse rate mean value of pre- test is 72.47 and post- test is 69.03.In vital capacity mean value of pre -test is
2998.56 and post- test is 3221.24. In pack flow rate mean value of pre- test is 462.84 and post- test is 496.03.
Table 2: Comparison Of Means of Selected Physiology Variables Of Pre Test & Post Testscores
Components Group Mean S.D. t
PulseRate
Vital Capacity
Peak Flow Rate
Pro- test
Post- test
Pro -test
Post -test
Pro -test
Post - test
72.47
69.03
2998.56
3221.24
462.84
496.03
5.39
6.42
346.73
408.56
69.49
70.05
2.595*
2.628*
2.127*
 Significant at .05 level
‘t’ value required to be significant at .05 level with 38 degree of freedom is 2.021
There is significant difference found between the means of all selected physiological variables (pulse
rate, vital capacity & peak flow rate) of physical education students. Raub, (2002) reported to that Yoga may
help control such physiological variables as blood pressure, respiration and heart rate, metabolic rate to improve
overall exercise capacity. Harinath, (2004)also reported that yogic practicesfor 3 months resulted in an
improvement in cardio-respiratory performance. Joshi (1992) also reported that six weeks courses in
„pranayama‟ improve ventilatory function in the form of lowered respiratory rate, and increases in the forced
vital capacity , forced expiratory volume , maximum voluntary ventilation , peak expiratory flow rate , and
prolongation of breath holding time. Yadav and Das (2001) also reported significant increase in forced vital
capacity, forced expiatory volume and peak expiratory flow rate and the end of 12 weeks yoga training.

Fig. 8 - Comparison of Mean Difference in Heart Rate
Fig. 9 - Comparison of Mean Difference in Vital Capacity
Fig. 10 - Comparison of Mean Difference in Peak Flow Rate

IV. Conclusions
 Twelve weeks Yoga training is beneficial for improvement in Muscular strength & endurance of trunk &
flexibility of physical education students.
 Twelve weeks Yoga training significantly improved pulse rate, vital capacity &peak flow rate of physical
education students.
 Twelve weeks Yoga training is not beneficial for improvement of Muscular strength(dynamic) & endurance
of arm & shoulder; Speed and agility; Explosive strength of legs; Speed of lower extremities & explosive
strength; Cardio-vascular endurance of physical education students.
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