Effects of Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability to Disaster Risks and hazard and its types.pptx

EFFECTS OF HAZARD,
EXPOSURE AND
VULNERABILITY TO
DISASTER RISKS

AFTER GOING THROUGH THIS LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:
• 1. DEFINE HAZARDS, EXPOSURE, AND VULNERABILITIES;
• 2. EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE AMONG HAZARDS, EXPOSURE, AND
VULNERABILITIES;
• 3. APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS
ABOUT HAZARD, EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITIES SO THAT IT WILL BE
APPLIED IN EVERYDAY SITUATIONS.

HAZARDS, EXPOSURE, AND VULNERABILITIES FROM
ACTUAL SITUATIONS
SEVERAL COUNTRIES, INCLUDING THE PHILIPPINES, HAVE EXPERIENCED
DISASTERS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY, ASSETS AND LIVES OF THE FILIPINO
PEOPLE , ESPECIALLY THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC, WHICH KILLS MILLIONS
OF PEOPLE NOT ONLY IN THE PHILIPPINES BUT WORLDWIDE. TODAY, IT 'S
IMPORTANT TO BE EXTRA CAUTIOUS AND MINDFUL ALL THE TIME. THE
TOPIC WILL EVENTUALLY ADDRESS CONCEPTS OF HAZARD, EXPOSURE AND
VULNERABILITY AND HOW THEY VARY FROM EACH OTHER AND HOW
IMPORTANT THEY ARE.

HAZARD
• HAZARD IS A HARMFUL CONDITION,
SUBSTANCE, HUMAN BEHAVIOR OR CONDITION THAT CAN
CAUSE LOSS OF LIFE, INJURY OR OTHER HEALTH EFFECTS,
HARM TO PROPERTY, LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD AND SERVICES,
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DISRUPTION OR DAMAGE TO THE
ENVIRONMENT. ANY RISK WHICH IS IMMINENT IS THREAT.

EXPOSURE
• EXPOSURE IS THE PRESENCE OF ELEMENTS AT RISK OR CHANCE OF BEING
HARMED FROM A NATURAL OR MAN-MADE HAZARD EVENT. ELEMENTS INCLUDE
THE INDIVIDUALS, HOUSEHOLDS OR COMMUNITIES, PROPERTIES, BUILDINGS AND
STRUCTURES, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, LIVELIHOODS, AND PUBLIC
FACILITIES, INFRASTRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS PRESENT IN AN
AREA THAT ARE SUBJECT TO POTENTIAL DAMAGE OR EVEN LOSSES. THE MORE A
COMMUNITY IS EXPOSED TO HAZARD FACTORS, THE HIGHER IS THE DISASTER
RISK OR HIGHER CHANCE DISASTER OCCURRENCE.

VULNERABILITY
• VULNERABILITY MEANS THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CIRCUMSTANCES
OF A COMMUNITY, SYSTEM, OR ASSET, THAT MAKE IT SUSCEPTIBLE TO
THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF A HAZARD AND INABILITY OF A
COMMUNITY TO PREVENT, MITIGATE, PREPARE FOR AND RESPOND TO
HAZARDOUS EVENTS.

RISK
• RISK IMPLIES THE PROBABILITY OF POSSIBLE ADVERSE
EFFECTS. THIS RESULTS FROM THE INTERACTION OF
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, FROM THE
COMBINATION OF PHYSICAL DANGER, AND EXPOSED
ITEM VULNERABILITIES.

DISASTER
• DISASTER IS A SERIOUS DISRUPTION TO THE FUNCTIONING OF A
COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY WHICH CAUSES WIDESPREAD HUMAN, MATERIAL,
ECONOMIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES THAT EXCEED THE CAPACITY OF THE
COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY CONCERNED TO COPE WITH THE USE OF THEIR
OWN RESOURCES. IT RESULTS FROM THE MIX OF HAZARDS, RISK CONDITIONS
AND INADEQUATE CAPABILITY OR MEASURES.

EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
• EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY, ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE
DISTINCT. A CERTAIN COMMUNITY CAN BE EXPOSED BUT IT DOES
NOT MEAN THAT IT IS VULNERABLE. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
IN JAPAN ARE EXPOSED TO EARTHQUAKE, BUT THEY ARE NOT
VULNERABLE SINCE THEIR ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING
DESIGNS ARE EARTHQUAKE PROOF OR RESISTANT. HOWEVER, TO
BECOME VULNERABLE, IT MUST BE EXPOSED TO HAZARD FIRST.

EXPOSURE TO HAZARD
• EXPOSURE TO HAZARD CAN MAKE A COMMUNITY VULNERABLE. BUT
NOT ALL COMMUNITIES THAT ARE EXPOSED TO HAZARD CAN BE
CONSIDERED VULNERABLE. VULNERABILITY DEPENDS ON THE
PREPAREDNESS AND READINESS TO A HAZARD OF THE COMMUNITY. IT
DEPENDS MOSTLY ON HOW THEY MITIGATE, RESPOND, AND RECOVER. IF
A CERTAIN COMMUNITY HAS THE ABILITY TO REDUCE THE VULNERABILITY
BY REDUCING THE RISK, THE SAID COMMUNITY IS ALREADY CONSIDERED
AS LESS VULNERABLE OR RESILIENT.

DISASTER MITIGATION
• DISASTER MITIGATION MEASURES ARE THOSE THAT
ELIMINATE OR REDUCE THE IMPACTS AND RISKS OF
HAZARDS BY MEANS OF PROACTIVE MEASURES TAKEN
BEFORE AN EMERGENCY OR DISASTER TAKES PLACE.
MITIGATION IS THE ACTION OF REDUCING
SOMETHING'S SEVERITY, SERIOUSNESS, OR
PAINFULNESS.

PERFORMANCE TASK
• DIRECTION: CREATE AN INFORMATION BROCHURE
ABOUT THE ELEMENTS OF HAZARD EXPOSURE. VISIT
A COMMUNITY USING GOOGLE MAP (YOU CAN
CHOOSE YOUR OWN COMMUNITY OR BARANGAY.
DETERMINE ALL THE ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO
HAZARD IN THAT LOCALITY. USE YOUR RESOURCES
TO CREATE A CREATIVE BROCHURE. BE CREATIVE
AND INCLUDE EMERGENCY HOTLINES AS MUCH AS
POSSIBLE. YOU WILL BE GRADED BASED ON THE
RUBRICS GIVEN.

AFTER GOING THROUGH THIS LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:
• 1. DEFINE AND CITE EXAMPLES OF THE TYPES OF HAZARDS
• 2. OBSERVE PROPER PRECAUTIONS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS IN HAZARD
AREAS; AND
• 3. APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE OF OBSERVING PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES

HAZARDS CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN DIFFERENT
TYPES:
• 1. NATURAL HAZARDS - ARISE FROM NATURAL PROCESSES IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
• E.G. EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMI, LANDSLIDES, VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND FLOODS
• 2. QUASI-NATURAL HAZARDS- ARISE THROUGH THE INTERACTION OF NATURAL
PROCESSES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES E.G. POLLUTION OR DESERTIFICATION, SMOG
AND FOG
• 3. TECHNOLOGICAL (OR MAN-MADE) HAZARDS- THESE ARISE DIRECTLY AS A
RESULT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES. E.G. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF CHEMICALS, TOXIC
AND PESTICIDES TO FLORAL AND FAUNA

Hazards Signs and Symbols These signs and symbols with corresponding
meaning below help people to be extra cautious, aware and observant in
surroundings. Each picture is designed to become recognizable to anyone as a
signal word like “danger” or “warning”.
Technology or Man Made Hazards Signs and Symbols

QUASI-NATURAL SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

ACTIVITY 1.1 ARRANGE ME!
CHOOSE THE RIGHT EXAMPLE OF TYPES OF HAZARDS BELOW AND WRITE IT ON
THE CORRESPONDING TABLE.

HAZARD: ITS IMPACT,
IDENTIFICATION AND
RISK ASSESSMENT

UPON COMPLETION OF THIS LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:
• 1. EXPLAIN THE IMPACTS OF VARIOUS HAZARDS ON DIFFERENT
EXPOSED ELEMENTS;
• 2. CLASSIFY HAZARD IMPACTS;
• 3. PERFORM HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT; AND
• 4. RECOGNIZE THE VALUE OF BEING DISASTER-RESILIENT.

HAZARD: ITS IMPACT, IDENTIFICATION AND RISK
ASSESSMENT
• A HAZARD IS DEFINED IS SIMPLY A CONDITION OR A SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES THAT PRESENT A
POTENTIAL FOR HARM. SO FAR, YOU ALSO HAVE LEARNED THAT HAZARDS ARE DIVIDED INTO
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES: HEALTH HAZARD (CAN CAUSE OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES) AND
SAFETY HAZARD (CAN CAUSE PHYSICAL HARM OR INJURIES). A HAZARD CAN ALSO BE
CLASSIFIED INTO SIX TYPES WHICH ARE BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, SAFETY, ERGONOMIC
AND PSYCHOSOCIAL. ON THE OTHER HAND, RISK REFERS TO THE POTENTIAL FOR LOSS, DAMAGE
OR DESTRUCTION A HAZARD CAN CAUSE WHILE VULNERABILITY REFERS TO THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY OR SYSTEM THAT MAKE IT SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE POSSIBLE
DAMAGING EFFECTS OF A HAZARD. FOR EXAMPLE, A DOCTOR WHO IS HANDLING A PATIENT
INFECTED WITH A VIRUS (HAZARD) HAS A HIGH CHANCE OF GETTING INFECTED (RISK) IF SHE
HAS POOR IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DOES NOT WEAR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(VULNERABILITY).

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT IMPACTS OF HAZARDS?
• A HAZARD CAN BRING ABOUT MANY IMPACTS WHICH CAN COME IN DIFFERENT TYPES.
FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURES ARE COMMONLY THE TARGET OF NATURAL HAZARDS.
SPECIFICALLY, THESE IMPACTS CAN TRIGGER ACCIDENTS AND THE RELEASE OF TOXIC
SUBSTANCES, FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS, POTENTIALLY RESULTING IN HEALTH EFFECTS,
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ECONOMIC LOSSES.
• ONE WAY TO CLASSIFY HAZARD IMPACTS IS BY MEANS OF GENERAL IMPACT THEMES NAMELY:
• • DANGER TO LIFE WHICH INCLUDES PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM AND DISEASES
• • DENIAL OF ACCESS LIKE ENERGY, WATER, COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORT ACCESS
• • DAMAGE TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT LIKE BUILDINGS AND LAND

1. PHYSICAL IMPACT
• PHYSICAL INJURIES (BONE FRACTURE, WOUNDS, BRUISES)
• DESTRUCTION AND LOSS OF VITAL INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, ROADS, BRIDGES, POWER LINES AND
COMMUNICATION LINES.
• WIDE SPREAD DESTRUCTION OF HOUSING AND BUILDINGS

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
• GRIEF AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ILLNESS
• MARITAL CONFLICT
• DEPRESSION DUE TO LOSS OF LOVED ONES AND
PROPERTIES
• CHRONIC ANXIETY

3. SOCIO- CULTURAL IMPACT
• DISPLACEMENT OF POPULATION
• LOSS OF CULTURAL IDENTITY
• FORCED OF ADOPTION OF NEW SETS OF CULTURE
• ETHNIC CONFLICTS

4. ECONOMIC IMPACT
• LOSS OF JOB DUE TO DISPLACEMENT
• LOSS OF HARVEST AND LIVESTOCK
• LOSS OF FARMS, FISH CAGES AND OTHER SOURCE OF
FOOD
• LOSS OF MONEY AND OTHER VALUABLES

5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
• LOSS OF FOREST DUE TO FOREST FIRES
• LOSS OF FRESH WATER DUE TO SALINATION
• DISTURBANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
• LOSS OF NATURAL RIVERS

6. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT
• EPIDEMIC TO PEOPLE, FLORA AND FAUNA
• CHRONIC AND PERMANENT ILLNESS CAUSED BY
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
• PROLIFERATION OF DIFFERENT VIRAL DISEASES

IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS AND
RISK ASSESSMENT
• HAZARD IDENTIFICATION IS THE PROCESS OF DETERMINING ALL PHYSICAL
AND NONPHYSICAL AGENTS IN THE WORKPLACE OR SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT.
MOST OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROBLEMS ARE CAUSED BY
HAZARDS WHICH ARE NOT ELIMINATED OR MANAGED. IN ORDER TO
PREVENT UNTOWARD INCIDENTS IN A WORKPLACE OR COMMUNITY,
ELIMINATION OR CONTROLLING OF HAZARDS IS CRUCIAL. IN SOME
WORKPLACES WHERE HAZARDS CANNOT BE ELIMINATED, THEY MUST BE
MONITORED AND PROPERLY MANAGED AT THE LEAST.

RISK ASSESSMENT IS A WAY TO DETERMINE WHICH HAZARDS AND RISKS
SHOULD PRIORITIZED BY TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE
PROBABILITY AND SEVERITY OF IMPACT.
Below are the steps in hazard identification and risk assessment.
1. Identify the hazards. Use the following methods:
a. Observation - use your senses of sight, hearing, smell and touch - combined with
knowledge and experience.
b. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) - obtain them from manufacturers and suppliers.
It gives information on possible harm from hazardous substances and precautions that
need to be taken.
c. Hazard and risk surveys - interview other people about their safety concerns as far as
the workplace is concerned. Utmost consideration should be given to children or
visitors who could be at risk.
d. Discussion groups - are useful for identifying hazards and recommending solutions. e.
Safety audits – a committee must be assigned to periodically check safety in the area.

2. Assess the Risk.
Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury or harm
will need to be assessed before determining how best to minimize the risk. High-risk hazards
need to be addressed more urgently than low- risk ones.

3. Make the changes.
Once risks are assessed, the next step is to make decision for some necessary
changes. These changes include removing the hazard and replacing it with
something less hazardous, engineering modifications like installation of exhausts,
safety barriers and safety exits, modification of procedures, etc. Combination of
the risk control measures mentioned above to effectively reduce exposure to
hazards can also be done.

4. Checking the changes made. To make sure risk has been
minimized, and a further hazard has not been created, the new
safety measures may need to be carefully tested before work begins
again. Risk assessment doesn’t end with making changes. It is
essential that these changes made are monitored and checked. It
must be monitored if the changes done are being followed
consistently and if these changes contribute to the improvement of
safety management in the workplace. This last step has to be done
periodically to accurately assess the effectiveness of the entire
process.

ACTIVITY 2
Read the lyrics of the song “Hazard” written and sung by Richard Marx. You may also listen to it on
Youtube, if possible. It was released in 1991, and when he performed the song live in 2011, he admitted
that a “fictional murder suspect” was the dumbest story to write about. That same year, it hit number 1 in
thirteen countries. The song tells of a story which will leave you puzzled as to who/what killed Mary.
Hazard
My mother came to Hazard when I was just seven Even
then the folks in town said with prejudiced eyes That boy’s
not right
Three years ago when I came in on Mary
First time someone looked beyond the rumors and the lies
Saw the man inside
[Chorus 1]
We used to walk down by the river
She loved to watch the sun go down
We used to walked along the river
And dream our way out of this town

[Verse 2]
No one understood what I felt for Mary
No one cared until the night she went out walking all alone And
never came home
Man with a badge came knocking next morning
Here I was surrounded by a thousand fingers suddenly Pointed
right at me
[Chorus 2]
I swear I left by the river
I swear I left her safe and sound
I need to make it to the river
And leave this old Nebraska town
[Bridge]
I think about my life gone by How it’s done me wrong
There’s no escape for me this time All of my recues are gone, long
gone
[Chorus 2]
I swear I left her by the river I swear I left her safe and sound I
need to make it to the river And leave this old Nebraska town

Guide Questions:
1. Who/What do you think are the possible suspects/cause for Mary’s
death? __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Among your list of suspects/causes for Mary’s death, who/which do you
think is really the true culprit? Why do you say so?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How will you relate the essence of the song to your learnings from this
lesson? __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Effects of Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability to Disaster Risks and hazard and its types.pptx

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