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![UNITED EGYPT’S
GOVERNMENT
A. Unlike Sumeria, no independent
city-states in Egypt
B. Menes, the king of Upper Egypt,
1.united the two regions – Upper
and Lower – in 3,100 B.C.E.
2. Capital: Memphis
3. Creates first Egyptian dynasty
C. The Pharaoh [means, royal
house] – the ruler of Egypt
1. were considered gods; served
both political and religious roles](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/egypt-230611172841-6a293775/75/egypt-pdf-8-2048.jpg)
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egypt.pdf
- 1. Ancient Egypt BY:- SAKSHIVASWANI
- 2. Ancient Egypt Egypt isa country in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea, and is among the oldest civilizations on earth. The name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek Aegyptos which was the Greek pronunciation of the Egyptian name 'Hwt-Ka-Ptah' (which means "House of the Spirit of Ptah", who was a very early God of the Ancient Egyptians). , the country was known simply as Misr which means 'country', a name still in use by Egyptians for their nation in the present day.
- 3. River Valley Civilizations •Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) • Egyptian Civilization - Nile River • Harappan Civilization - Indus River • Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River
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- 5. Ancient Egypt • SumerianCivilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) • Egyptian Civilization - Nile River
- 6. Egypt on theNile A. The Nile 1.Egypt’s settlements arose along narrow strip of land made fertile by the river 2. Yearly flooding, but predictable Regular cycle: flood, plant, harvest 3. Intricate network of irrigation ditches 4.Worshiped as a god – giver of life and benevolent B. Environment 1.Unlike Mesopotamia, the Nile was predictable 2. Deserts on both sides of Nile - provided natural protection against invaders - also reduced interaction with other people Egypt would develop mostly in isolation and therefore, a culture that was quite unique.
- 7. Ancient Egypt I. GEOGRAPHY B.Upper and Lower Egypt 1. Most of Egypt’s history focused around Lower Egypt, around the Nile delta which flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Upper Egypt developed later upstream Nile provided reliable transportation to go north, drift with the current toward the sea to go south, sail catching the Mediterranean breeze
- 8. UNITED EGYPT’S GOVERNMENT A. UnlikeSumeria, no independent city-states in Egypt B. Menes, the king of Upper Egypt, 1.united the two regions – Upper and Lower – in 3,100 B.C.E. 2. Capital: Memphis 3. Creates first Egyptian dynasty C. The Pharaoh [means, royal house] – the ruler of Egypt 1. were considered gods; served both political and religious roles
- 9. • EARLY DYNASTICPERIOD 2920-2575 BCE Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes. Foundation of the capital Memphis. Early Step Pyramid is built at Saqqara. OLD KINGDOM - 2660-2180 BCE The Great Pyramids of Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), Menkaure (Mycerinus) are built at Giza. Pyramids of Sahure, Neferirkare, Raneferef, Neuserre are built at Abusir. MIDDLE KINGDOM 2180-1550 BCE Fragmentation of centralized power. Kings in Thebes establish control over all Egypt. Chaos leads central administration in Lower Egypt to disappear following infiltration by Hyksos, an Asiatic people in the Nile Delta. Upper Egypt dominated by kings in Thebes. NEW KINGDOM 1550-1070 BCE Theban king Ahmose expels the Hyksos and reunites Egypt. Reigns of such kings as Amenhotep and Thutmose (Thutmosis). Memphis now main residential city. Ramses II (1290- 1224 BC) divides power in Middle East with the Hittites; Qantir capital of Egypt. Invasions of mysterious sea peoples wreck havoc throughout Mediterranean region. • Future history…. Alexander the Great of Macedonia / Greece conquers and the Ptolemy dynasty governs; 332 – 30 BC After the defeat of Cleopatra, the last Ptolemy ruler, the Roman emperors exploit Egypt as the main production center of wheat, papyrus and textiles for the vast Roman Empire; 30 BC – 394 AD
- 10. Ancient Egypt Old Kingdom •Pyramids The Old Kingdom period is most famous for building pyramids. This includes the first pyramid, the Pyramid of Djoser, and the largest pyramid, the Great Pyramid at Giza. The peak of the Old Period was during the Fourth Dynasty when pharaohs such as Sneferu and Khufu ruled. The Fourth Dynasty built the Giza complex including several large pyramids and the Great Sphinx. • Interesting Facts About the Old Kingdom of Egypt • Pharaoh Pepi II, who ruled near the end of the Old Kingdom, was pharaoh for around 90 years. The capital city of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was Memphis. • Art flourished during the Old Period. Many of the styles and images created during the Old Kingdom were imitated for the next 3000 years. • The Old Kingdom is sometimes referred to as the "Age of Pyramids." Egypt established trade with many foreign civilizations during this period. • They built trade ships to travel the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Much of what we know about the Old Kingdom comes from tombs, pyramids, and temples. • The cities where people lived were largely made from mud and have long since been destroyed. Some historians say the Old Kingdom continued until the end of the Eighth Dynasty when the capital city moved away from Memphis. The "Old Kingdom" is a period of time during the history of Ancient Egypt. It lasted from 2575 BC to 2150 BC. Over these 400 years, Egypt had a strong central government and a prosperous economy. The Old Kingdom is most famous as a time when many pyramids were built. Egypt became wealthy enough to build the first Egyptian pyramid, the Pyramid of Djoser.
- 11. Giza Necropolis •Why was the Great Pyramid built? The Great Pyramid was built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu. The pyramid once held all the treasures that Khufu would take with him to the afterlife. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of all the Egyptian pyramids and is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is located around 5 miles to the west of the Nile River near the city of Cairo, Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Giza is part of a larger complex called the Giza Necropolis. There are two other major pyramids in the complex including the Pyramid of Khafre and the Pyramid of Menkaure. It also includes the Great Sphinx and several cemeteries.
- 12. The Great Pyramid ofGiza It took 20,000 workers around 20 years to build the Great Pyramid. Its construction began around 2580 BC, shortly after Khufu became pharaoh, and was completed around 2560 BC. No one is quite sure how the pyramids were built. There are a lot of different theories as to how the Egyptians were able to lift such large stone blocks all the way up to the top of the pyramids. It is likely that they used ramps to move the stones up the sides of the pyramid. They may have used wooden sleds or water to help the stones slide better and reduce friction.
- 13. The Great Pyramid ofGiza Interesting Facts about the Great Pyramid of Giza It is thought that the architect of the pyramid was Khufu's vizier (his second in command) named Hemiunu. There were three small pyramids next to the Great Pyramid built for Khufu's wives. It was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years until a spire was built on the Lincoln Cathedral in England in 1300. Recent evidence suggests that paid skilled workers built the Giza Pyramids, not slaves. Despite its name, archeologists do not think that the Queen's Chamber is where the queen was buried. No treasure was found inside the pyramid. It was likely looted by grave robbers over a thousand years ago. The pyramid was originally covered with flat polished white limestone. It would have had a smooth surface and shone brightly in the sun. These cover stones were removed to construct other buildings over the years.
- 14. The Stepped Pyramid of Djoserat Saqqara The Stepped Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara is an archaeological remain in the Saqqara necropolis, Egypt, northwest of the city of Memphis. It was built during the 27th century BC for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his vizier, Imhotep.
- 15. Middle Kingdom • The"Middle Kingdom" is a period of time during the history of Ancient Egypt. It lasted from 1975 BC to 1640 BC. The Middle Kingdom was the second peak period of the Ancient Egyptian civilization (the other two being the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom). During this time all of Egypt was united under a single government and Pharaoh. • The Middle Kingdom period was ruled by the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Dynasties. Historians sometimes include the Fourteenth Dynasty as well. • Around 2000 BC, a powerful leader named Mentuhotep II became king of southern Egypt. He launched an attack on the north and eventually reunited Egypt under one rule. This began the period of the Middle Kingdom. • Under the rule of Mentuhotep II, Thebes became the capital of Egypt • Mentuhotep II ruled for 51 years. During that time, he re-established the pharaoh as the god-king of Egypt. He rebuilt the central government and expanded the borders of Egypt.
- 16. Second Intermediate Period The SecondIntermediate Period The Second Intermediate Period is most famous for the rule of foreign invaders called the Hyksos. The Hyksos ruled northern Egypt from the capital city of Avaris until around 1550 BC. Interesting Facts About the Middle Kingdom of Egypt The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom often appointed their sons as coregents, which was kind of like a vice-pharaoh. The Pharaoh Senusret III was one of the most powerful leaders of the Middle Kingdom. He is sometimes called a "warrior-king" because he personally led his troops into battle. The Middle Kingdom is sometimes referred to as Egypt's "classical age" or "The Period of Reunification." During the Twelfth Dynasty, a new capital city was built called Itj Tawy. Mentuhotep II
- 17. Ancient Egypt New Kingdom •Interesting Facts About the New Kingdom of Egypt • There were eleven pharaohs who had the name Ramesses (or Ramses) during the the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties. • This period is sometimes called the Ramesside period. • Hatshepsut was one of the few women who became pharaoh. She ruled Egypt for around 20 years. • The Egyptian Empire was at its largest during the rule of Thutmose III. He is sometimes called the "Napoleon of Egypt. • " Pharaoh Akhenaten converted from the traditional religion of Egypt to the worship of one all-powerful god named Aten. He built a new capital city named Amarna in the honor of Aten. The "New Kingdom" is a period of time during the history of Ancient Egypt. It lasted from around 1520 BC to 1075 BC. The New Kingdom was the golden age of the civilization of Ancient Egypt. It was a time of wealth, prosperity, and power. The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Egyptian Dynasties ruled during the New Kingdom. They included some of the most famous and powerful of all the Egyptian pharaohs such as Ramses II, Thutmose III, Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun and Akhentaten.
- 18. Cemeteries As the pyramidswere constructed, the mastabas for lesser royals were constructed around them. Near the pyramid of Khufu, the main cemetery is G 7000 which lies in the East Field located to the east of the main pyramid and next to the Queen’s pyramids. These cemeteries around the pyramids were arranged along streets and avenues.
- 19. Ancient Egypt Cities CapitalCities The largest and most important cities in Ancient Egypt were the capital cities. • Memphis • Thebes • Alexandria • Amarna • Abydos • Hermopolis • Crocodilopolis • Elephantine • Kom Ombo
- 20. Mastaba is a typeof ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River) or stone. These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom.
- 21. Rock-cut tomb A rock-cuttomb is a burial chamber that is cut into an existing, naturally occurring rock formation, usually along the side of a hill. It was a common form of burial for the wealthy in ancient times in several parts of the world.
- 22. What is aSphinx? What is a Sphinx? A Sphinx is a mythological creature with the body of a lion and the head of a person. In Ancient Egypt a lot of times the head was that of a Pharaoh or a god. The Great Sphinx is huge! It is 241 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 66 feet high. The eyes on the face are 6 feet tall, the ears over three feet tall, and the nose would have been nearly 5 feet long before it was knocked off. It is carved out of the bedrock in a trench at the Giza site.
- 23. Ancient Egypt King Tut'sTomb The tomb is in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, Egypt. This was where the Pharaohs and powerful nobles were buried for around 500 years during the history of Ancient Egypt.
- 24. Pyramid of Khafre ThePyramid of Khafre or of Chephren is the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth- Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from c. 2558 to 2532 BC.
- 25. Cairo, Gizeh, Pyramid of Menkaure,Egypt The Pyramid of Menkaure, located on the Giza Plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, is the smallest of the three main Pyramids of Giza. It is thought to have been built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian PharaohMenkaure
- 26. Sneferu's Bent Pyramid inDahshur The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the royal necropolis of Dahshur, approximately 40 kilometres south of Cairo, built under the Old Kingdom Pharaoh Sneferu (c. 2600 BC). A unique example of early pyramid development in Egypt, this was the second pyramid built by Sneferu. The Bent Pyramid rises from the desert at a 54-degree inclination, but the top section is built at the shallower angle of 43 degrees, lending the pyramid its very obvious 'bent' appearance.
- 27. Abu Simbel temples Thecomplex was relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an artificial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir. The relocation of the temples was necessary to prevent their being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser, the massive artificial water reservoir formed after the building of the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River.
- 28. Luxor Temple Luxor Templeis a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as Luxor (ancient Thebes) and was constructed approximately 1400 BCE. In the Egyptian language it is known as ipet resyt, "the southern sanctuary". In Luxor there are several great temples on the east and west banks
- 29. Karnak Karnak, located onthe East Bank at Thebes, is one of Egypt’s largest surviving temple. Founded in the Middle Kingdom, it had become Egypt’s principal religious centre by the New Kingdom. The walls of the pylons, courts, and temples were extensively decorated; the reliefs here include depictions of cult activities, religious festivals, coronation ceremonies, and military campaigns
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- 31. Valley of theKings The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East Valley (where the majority of the royal tombs are situated) and West Valley.
- 32. Deir el-Bahari Deir el-Bahariis a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. This is a part of the Theban Necropolis. Mentuhotep II, Eleventh Dynasty king who reunited Egypt at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, built a very unusual funerary complex. His mortuary temple was built on several levels in the great bay at Deir el-Bahari.
- 34. Pyramid of Unas ThePyramid Complex of Unas is located in the pyramid field at Saqqara, near Cairo in Egypt. It was built for pharaoh Unas, the ninth and final king of the Fifth Dynasty in the mid 24th century BC. Its ancient name, Nefer Isut Unas, means "Beautiful are the places of Unas". Originally reaching 43 metres (141 ft) high with a square base of 58 by 58 metres (190 ft × 190 ft), the pyramid is now completely ruined.