![bad, as that Women should form Cabals to propagate Atheism and
Irreligion[1]
. A Man then cannot hope to find a Woman whose Wit is
of a Size with his, but when he doats on Wit, it is to be imagin’d he
makes Choice of that which comes the nearest to his own.
1. This was wrote in the Beginning of the present Century.
Thus, whether it be Wit or Beauty that a Man’s in Love with, there
are no great Hopes of a lasting Happiness; Beauty, with all the Helps
of Art, is of no long Date; the more it is help’d, the sooner it decays;
and he, who only or chiefly chose for Beauty, will in a little Time find
the same Reason for another Choice. Nor is that sort of Wit which he
prefers, of a more sure Tenure; or allowing it to last, it will not
always please. For that which has not a real Excellency and Value in
it self, entertains no longer than that giddy Humour which
recommended it to us holds; and when we can like on no just, or on
very little Ground, ’tis certain a Dislike will arise, as lightly and as
unaccountably. And it is not improbable that such a Husband may in
a little Time, by ill Usage, provoke such a Wife to exercise her Wit,
that is, her Spleen on him, and then it is not hard to guess how very
agreeable it will be to him.
In a word, when we have reckon’d up how many look no further
than the making of their Fortune, as they call it; who don’t so much
as propose to themselves any Satisfaction in the Woman to whom
they plight their Faith, seeking only to be Masters of her Estate, that
so they may have Money enough to indulge all their irregular
Appetites; who think they are as good as can be expected, if they are
but, according to the fashionable Term, Civil Husbands; when we
have taken the Number of your giddy Lovers, who are not more
violent in their Passion than they are certain to repent of it; when to
these you have added such as marry without any Thought at all,
further than that it is the Custom of the World, what others have
done before them, that the Family must be kept up, the antient Race
preserv’d, and therefore their kind Parents and Guardians choose as
they think convenient, without ever consulting the Young one’s
Inclinations, who must be satisfied, or pretend so at least, upon Pain
of their Displeasure, and that heavy Consequence of it, Forfeiture of
their Estate: These set aside, I fear there will be but a small
Remainder to marry out of better Considerations; and even amongst](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/41022-250325190143-a3895971/85/Electric-Machines-5th-Edition-eBook-PDF-24-320.jpg)
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- 6. D P Kothari obtained his BE (Electrical) in 1967, ME (Power Systems) in 1969 and PhD in 1975 from BITS, Pilani, Rajasthan. He was involved in teaching and development of several courses at BITS Pilani, from 1969 to 1977. Currently, he is the Dean (R&D) at J D College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur. Earlier, he served as Vice Chancellor at VIT, Vellore. He was also the Director in-charge and Deputy Director (Administration) as well as Head at the Centre of Energy Studies at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He also served as Principal atVRCE, Nagpur. During 1982–83 and 1989, he was a visiting professor at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia. He taught at Melbourne University for one semester in 1989. He was also NSF Fellow at Perdue University, USA, in 1992. Dr Kothari, who is a recipient of the mostActive ResearcherAward, has published and presented 812 research papers in various national and international journals, conferences, guided 50 PhD scholars and 68 M.Tech. students, and authored 50 books in various allied areas. He has delivered several keynote addresses and invited lectures in both national and international conferences. He has also delivered 42 video lectures on YouTube with maximum of 40,000 hits! Dr Kothari is a Fellow of the National Academy of Engineering (FNAE), Fellow of Indian National Academy of Science (FNASc), Fellow of Institution of Engineers (FIE), Fellow IEEE, Hon. Fellow ISTE and Fellow IETE. His many awards include the National Khosla Award for Lifetime Achievements in Engineering from IIT, Roorkee, in 2005. The University Grants Commission (UGC), Government of India, has bestowed the UGC National Swami Pranavandana Saraswati Award for his outstanding scholarly contributions in the field of education, in 2005. He is also a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award conferred by the World Management Congress, New Delhi, for his contribution in the areas of educational planning and administration, in 2009. Recently, he received Excellent Academic Award at IIT Guwahati by NPSC, 2014. In 2016, he received six Life Time Achievement awards by various agencies and Living Legend Award at Chennai Conference. I J Nagrath was an Adjunct Professor at BITS Pilani, from where he retired in July 1999 as Professor of Electrical Engineering and Deputy Director. He was actively engaged in writing books related to his long teaching and research experience. Prof. Nagrath obtained his BE with Honours in Electrical Engineering from Birla Engineering College in 1951, and MS from the University of Wisconsin, USA, in 1956. He had co-authored several successful books, which include Electric Machines, 4/e, Modern Power System Analysis, 4/e, Power System Engineering, 2/e, Electrical Machines, 2/e (Sigma Series) and Basic Electrical Engineering, 3/e (all published by MHEI); and also co-authored Control System Engineering and authored Electronics: Analog and Digital. He had also published several research papers in prestigious national and international journals. About the Authors
- 7. D P Kothari Dean (R&D), J D College of Engineering & Management, Nagpur Fellow-INAE, Fellow-INASc, Fellow-IEEE, Hon. Fellow-ISTE, FIE (India), Fellow-IETE, MCSI Former Director Research, MVSR Engineering College, Hyderabad Former Director General, J B Group of Educational Institutions, Hyderabad Director General, Raisoni Group of Institutions, Nagpur Former Director General, Vindhya Institute of Technology and Science, Indore Former Vice Chancellor, VIT University, Vellore Former Director-Incharge, IIT Delhi Former Principal, VRCE, Nagpur Visiting Fellow, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia I J Nagrath Adjunct Professor and Former Deputy Director Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited CHENNAI McGraw Hill Education Offices Chennai New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
- 8. McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited 444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai 600 116 Electric Machines, 5/e Copyright © 2018, 2010, 2004, 1997, 1985 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited. MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited. Print Edition ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-640-5 ISBN (10): 93-5260-640-X e-Book Edition ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-641-2 ISBN (10): 93-5260-641-8 Managing Director: Kaushik Bellani Director—Science & Engineering Portfolio: Vibha Mahajan Senior Manager Portfolio—Science & Engineering: Hemant Jha Senior Manager—Content Development: Shalini Jha Content Developer: Sachin Kumar Production Head: Satinder S Baveja Copy Editor: Taranpreet Kaur Assistant Manager—Production: Suhaib Ali General Manager—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Manager—Production: Reji Kumar Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Typeset at Text-o-Graphics, B-1/56, Aravali Apartment, Sector-34, Noida 201 301, and printed at Cover Printer: Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in
- 9. Dedicated to Shobha —D P Kothari and Pushpa —I J Nagrath
- 11. Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition xv Preface to the Third Edition xxi 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 1 1.1 Introduction 1 Industry Relevance 2 1.2 Electric Machines 2 Concept Check 4 1.3 Basic Principle, Types and Constructional Features of Electric Machines 4 Concept Check 8 1.4 Recent Trends in Research and Developments in Electric Machines 8 Concept Check 13 Summary 14 Multiple Choice Questions 14 2. Magnetic Circuits and Induction 15 Learning Objectives 15 2.1 Introduction 15 Industry Relevance 16 2.2 Magnetic Circuits 16 Concept Check 29 2.3 Magnetic Materials and Their Properties 29 Concept Check 32 2.4 Magnetically Induced EMF and Force 33 2.5 ac Operation of Magnetic Circuits 36 Concept Check 38 2.6 Hysteresis and Eddy-Current Losses 38 Concept Check 41 2.7 Permanent Magnets 41
- 12. viii Contents 2.8 Application of Permanent Magnet Materials 45 Concept Check 48 Summary 48 Practice Problems 49 Multiple Choice Questions 54 3. Transformers 56 Learning Objectives 56 3.1 Introduction 56 Industry Relevance 58 3.2 Transformer Construction and Practical Considerations 58 Concept Check 64 3.3 Transformer on No-Load 64 3.4 Ideal Transformer 69 3.5 Real Transformer and Equivalent Circuit 72 Concept Check 82 3.6 Transformer Losses 83 3.7 Transformer Testing 83 Concept Check 92 3.8 The Per Unit System 92 Concept Check 95 3.9 Efficiency and Voltage Regulation 95 Concept Check 104 3.10 Excitation Phenomenon in Transformers 104 Concept Check 108 3.11 Autotransformers 108 3.12 Variable Frequency Transformer 112 3.13 Three-Phase Transformers 115 Concept Check 131 3.14 Parallel Operation of Transformers 131 Concept Check 136 3.15 Three-Winding Transformers 136 3.16 Phase Conversion 140 3.17 Tap Changing Transformers 143 Concept Check 147 3.18 Voltage and Current Transformers 147 3.19 Audio-Frequency Transformer 151 3.20 Grounding Transformer 152 3.21 Welding Transformer 153 3.22 Transformer as a Magnetically Coupled Circuit 153 MATLAB Program 160 Concept Check 162 Summary 162 Practice Problems 164 Multiple Choice Questions 174 Sample Examples Solved Using MATLAB 176
- 13. Contents ix 4. Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion 180 Learning Objectives 180 4.1 Introduction 180 Industry Relevance 181 4.2 Energy In Magnetic System 181 Concept Check 185 4.3 Field Energy And Mechanical Force 185 Concept Check 200 4.4 Multiple-Excited Magnetic Field Systems 200 4.5 Forces/Torques In Systems With Permanent Magnets 210 Concept Check 212 4.6 Energy Conversion Via Electric Field 213 4.7 Dynamical Equations of Electromechanical Systems 216 Concept Check 219 Summary 219 Practice Problems 219 Multiple Choice Questions 223 5. Basic Concepts in Rotating Machines 224 Learning Objectives 224 5.1 Introduction 224 Industry Relevance 226 5.2 Elementary Machines 226 5.3 Generated EMF 233 5.4 MMF of Distributed ac Windings 245 5.5 Rotating Magnetic Field 253 5.6 Torque in Round Rotor Machine 260 Concept Check 264 5.7 Operation of Basic Machine Types 265 5.8 Linear Machines 276 5.9 Magnetic Leakage in Rotating Machines 279 Concept Check 281 5.10 Losses and Efficiency 282 5.11 Rating and Loss Dissipation 288 Concept Check 293 5.12 Matching Characteristics of Electric Machine and Load 293 Concept Check 296 5.13 Resume 296 Summary 297 Practice Problems 299 Multiple Choice Questions 304 Sample Examples Solved using MATLAB 305
- 14. x Contents 6. ac Armature Windings 308 Learning Objectives 308 6.1 Introduction 308 6.2 Armature Windings 309 Concept Check 311 6.3 ac Windings 311 6.4 Types of Armature Windings 313 Concept Check 318 6.5 Tooth Ripple 318 Concept Check 320 Summary 320 Practice Problems 320 Multiple Choice Questions 321 7. dc Machines 322 Learning Objectives 322 7.1 Introduction 322 Industry Relevance 322 7.2 Armature Winding and Commutator 324 7.3 Certain Observations 339 Concept Check 340 7.4 EMF and Torque 340 7.5 Circuit Model 344 Concept Check 349 7.6 Armature Reaction 350 7.7 Compensating Winding 356 7.8 Commutation 358 Concept Check 361 7.9 Methods of Excitation 362 Concept Check 366 7.10 Operating Characteristics of dc Generator 366 7.11 Self-Excitation 372 7.12 Characteristics of dc Generators 375 7.13 Shunt Generator–Predetermination of External Characteristic 380 Concept Check 399 7.14 Parallel Operation of dc Generators 399 Concept Check 403 7.15 Characteristics of dc Motors 403 Concept Check 425 7.16 Starting of dc Motors 425 7.17 Speed Control of dc Motors 434 Concept Check 453
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- 16. Contents xi 7.18 Braking of dc Motors 453 Concept Check 455 7.19 Efficiency and Testing 455 7.20 Testing of dc Machines 457 Concept Check 469 7.21 dc Machine Dynamics 469 7.22 Permanent Magnet dc (PMDC) Motors 473 7.23 dc Machine Applications 476 Concept Check 477 Summary 477 Practice Problems 479 Multiple Choice Questions 487 MATLAB Program for No-Load Saturation Curves for a dc Generator at Different RPMS 490 Sample Examples Solved Using MATLAB 491 8. Synchronous Machines 492 Learning Objectives 492 8.1 Introduction 492 Industry Relevance 493 8.2 Basic Synchronous Machine Model 494 8.3 Circuit Model of Synchronous Machine 500 Concept Check 503 8.4 Determination of the Synchronous Reactance 503 8.5 MMF Method 511 8.6 Determination of Armature Reaction Ampere-Turns and Leakage Reactance of a Synchronous Machine—Potier Method 514 8.7 ASA (American Standards Association) Method (Latest) 523 8.8 Efficiency of Synchronous Machines 525 Concept Check 529 8.9 Nature of Armature Reaction 529 8.10 Synchronizing to Infinite Bus-Bars 530 8.11 Operating Characteristics 532 8.12 Hunting in Synchronous Machines 547 Concept Check 553 8.13 Power Flow (Transfer) Equations 554 8.14 Salient-Pole Synchronous Machine Two-Reaction Model 575 8.15 Staying in Synchronizm – The Synchronizing Power (Torque) 591 8.16 Determination of Xd and Xq—Slip Test 598 Concept Check 600 8.17 Capability Curve of Synchronous Generator 600 8.18 Starting of Synchronous Motors 603 Concept Check 604 8.19 Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators 604
- 17. xii Contents 8.20 Short-Circuit Transient in Synchronous Machine 608 8.21 Single-Phase Synchronous Generators 616 8.22 Brushless dc Motors 629 Summary 636 Practice Problems 638 Multiple Choice Questions 644 Sample Examples Solved Using MATLAB 645 9. Induction Machine 647 Learning Objectives 647 9.1 Introduction 647 Industry Relevance 648 9.2 Construction 648 9.3 Flux and MMF Waves in Induction Motor—Principle of Operation 651 9.4 Development of Circuit Model (Equivalent Circuit) 655 Concept Check 659 9.5 Power Across Air-Gap, Torque and Power Output 660 9.6 Tests to Determine Circuit-Model Parameters 670 9.7 The Circle Diagram (Approximate) 685 Concept Check 693 9.8 Starting 694 9.9 Cogging and Crawling 701 9.10 Speed Control 703 Concept Check 720 9.11 Deep-Bar/Double-Cage Rotor 720 9.12 Classes of Squirrel-Cage Motors 724 9.13 Induction Machine Dynamics: Acceleration Time 725 9.14 Induction Generator 740 9.15 Inverted Induction Machine 743 9.16 High Efficiency Induction Motors 745 9.17 Linear Induction Motor (LIM) 746 Concept Check 749 Summary 749 Practice Problems 751 Multiple Choice Questions 758 Sample Examples Solved Using MATLAB 759 10. Fractional Kilowatt Motors 766 Learning Objectives 766 10.1 Introduction 766 Industry Relevance 767 10.2 Single-Phase Induction Motors 767 10.3 Circuit Model of Single-Phase Induction Motor 787 Concept Check 796
- 18. Contents xiii 10.4 Single-Phase Synchronous Motors 796 10.5 Balanced Two-Phase Motor FED From Unbalanced Supply 799 Concept Check 801 10.6 Two-phase Servomotor 802 Concept Check 805 10.7 Stepper Motors 805 10.8 Series Motor—Universal Motor 812 Concept Check 817 Summary 817 Practice Problems 817 Multiple Choice Questions 818 11. Generalized Theory of Electrical Machines 820 Learning Objectives 820 11.1 Introduction 820 Industry Relevance 820 11.2 Convention 821 11.3 Basic Two-Pole Machine 821 Concept Check 822 11.4 Transformer with a Movable Secondary Winding 823 11.5 Kron’s Primitive Machine 824 Concept Check 826 11.6 Linear Transformations in Machine 826 11.7 Three-Phase to Two-Phase Transformation 829 11.8 Rotating Axis ( , , 0) to Stationary Axis (d, q, 0) Transformation 831 Concept Check 833 11.9 Physical Concepts of Park’s Transformation 833 Multiple Choice Questions 834 12. Motor Control by Static Power Converters 836 Learning Objectives 836 12.1 Introduction 836 Industry Relevance 838 12.2 Solid State Devices 839 Concept Check 854 12.3 Electrical Drives 855 12.4 Power Converters 856 12.5 Thyristor Motor Control 858 Concept Check 859 12.6 dc Motor Control through Converters 859 12.7 dc Motor Control through Choppers 874 12.8 Converter Topologies for dc Motor Drives 886 Concept Check 888 12.9 ac Motor Control 889
- 19. xiv Contents 12.10 Inverters 895 12.11 Forced Commutation 905 Concept Check 909 12.12 Vector Control of an Induction Motor 909 Concept Check 915 Summary 915 Practice Problems 917 Multiple Choice Questions 919 Appendix I ac Steady-State Circuit Analysis 923 Appendix II Three-Phase Systems 932 Appendix III Special Topics in Transformers 943 Appendix IV Cross-Field Machines 945 Appendix V ac Commutator Machines 948 Appendix VI Resistance 953 Appendix VII Table of Constants and Unit Conversion 955 Appendix VIII Electric Drives 956 References 965 Index 969
- 20. Preface to the Fifth Edition This revised edition is intended for third and fourth year undergraduate students and first year postgraduate students of electrical engineering programs. It emphasizes on the fundamental principles and their applications in day to day life. The mathematical complexity of the book is kept at a level that is well within the grasp of engineering students. The book can be used by IAS, IES, GATE aspirants and practicing engineers. It caters to a one-semester course, which is common for all engineering disciplines and a one-semester topping off course for those majoring in electrical engineering. Highlights Content presentation supports outcomes based learning approach Coverage on technological trends like losses in dc machines, use of electric machines in electric drives, etc. In-depth coverage of important topics—Rotating Electric Machines, Armature Reaction of ac and dc Machines, Speed Control of dc and ac Motors, Performance Characteristics of dc and ac Machines and Special Motors MATLAB examples within the chapters facilitates problem solving skills What is New in the Fifth Edition? The fifth edition is student-centric, and follows the ‘Outcomes based Learning’ approach. This is an educational process that emphasizes on developing engineering skills in student and testing the outcomes of the study of a course, as opposed to rote learning. It contains 12 chapters each containing a set of learning objectives.
- 21. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 22. But a little Time wears off all the Uneasiness, and puts her in possession of Pleasures, which till now she has unkindly been kept a Stranger to. Affliction, the sincerest Friend, the frankest Monitor, the best Instructor, and indeed, the only useful School that Women are ever put to, rouzes her Understanding, opens her Eyes, fixes her Attention, and diffuses such a Light, such a Joy into her Mind, as not only Informs her better, but Entertains her more than ever her Ruel did, though crouded by the Men of Wit. She now distinguishes between Truth and Appearances, between solid and apparent Good; has found out the Instability of all earthly Things, and won’t any more be deceived by relying on them; can discern who are the Flatterers of her Fortune, and who the Admirers and Encouragers of her Vertue; accounting it no little Blessing to be rid of those Leeches, who hung upon her only for their own Advantage. Now sober Thoughts succeed to Hurry and Impertinence, to Forms and Ceremony; she can secure her Time, and knows how to improve it; never truly a happy Woman till she came, in the Eye of the World, to be reckon’d Miserable. Thus the Husband’s Vices may become an Occasion of the Wife’s Vertues, and his Neglect do her a more real Good than his Kindness could. But all injur’d Wives don’t behave themselves after this Fashion, nor can their Husbands justly expect it. With what Face can he blame her for following his Example, and being as extravagant on the one Hand, as he is on the other? Though she cannot justify her Excesses to G o d, to the World, nor to her Self, yet surely in respect of him they may admit of an Excuse. For to all the rest of his Absurdities, (for Vice is always unreasonable) he adds one more, who expects that Vertue from another which he won’t practise himself. But suppose a Man does not marry for Money, though for one that does not, perhaps there are thousands that do; suppose he marries for Love, an Heroick Action, which makes a mighty Noise in the World, partly because of its Rarity, and partly in regard of its Extravagancy, what does his marrying for Love amount to? There’s no great Odds between his marrying for the Love of Money, or for the Love of Beauty; the Man does not act according to Reason in either Case, but is govern’d by irregular Appetites. But he loves her Wit perhaps, and this, you’ll say, is more Spiritual, more Refin’d: Not at all, if you examine it to the Bottom. For what is that which now a-
- 23. days passes under the Name of Wit? A bitter and ill-natur’d Raillery, a pert Repartee, or a confident talking at all; and in such a multitude of Words, it’s Odds if something or other does not pass that is surprizing, though every Thing that surprizes does not please; some Things being wonder’d at for their Ugliness, as well as others for their Beauty. True Wit, durst one venture to describe it, is quite another Thing; it consists in such a Sprightliness of Imagination, such a Reach and Turn of Thought, so properly express’d, as strikes and pleases a judicious Taste. For though, as one says of Beauty, ’tis in no Face, but in the Lover’s Mind, so it may be said of some sorts of Wit, it is not in him that speaks, but in the Imagination of his Hearer; yet doubtless there is a true Standard-Wit, which must be allow’d for such by every one who understands the Terms. I don’t say that they shall all equally like it; and it is this Standard-wit that always pleases, the Spurious does so only for a Season. Now what is it that strikes a judicious Taste? Not that, to be sure, which injures the Absent, or provokes the Company, which poisons the Mind under Pretence of entertaining it, proceeding from, or giving Countenance to false Notions, to dangerous and immoral Principles. Wit indeed is distinct from Judgment, but it is not contrary to it; ’tis rather its Handmaid, serving to awaken and fix the Attention, that so we may judge rightly. Whatever charms, does so because of its Regularity and Proportion; otherwise, though it is Extraordinary and out of the Way, it will only be star’d on like a Monster, but can never be lik’d. And tho’ a Thought is ever so fine and new, ever so well express’d, if it suits not with Decorum and good Manners, it is not just and fit, and therefore offends our Reason, and consequently has no real Charms, nor would afford us any Entertainment, if our Taste were not deprav’d. But it must not be suppos’d that Womens Wit approaches those Heights which Men arrive at, or that they indulge those Liberties the other take. Decency lays greater Restraints on them, their Timorousness does them this one, and perhaps this only Piece of Service, it keeps them from breaking through these Restraints, and following their Masters and Guides in many of their daring and masculine Crimes. As the World goes, your Witty Men are usually distinguish’d by the Liberty they take with Religion, good Manners, or their Neighbours Reputation: But, G o d be thank’d, it is not yet so
- 24. bad, as that Women should form Cabals to propagate Atheism and Irreligion[1] . A Man then cannot hope to find a Woman whose Wit is of a Size with his, but when he doats on Wit, it is to be imagin’d he makes Choice of that which comes the nearest to his own. 1. This was wrote in the Beginning of the present Century. Thus, whether it be Wit or Beauty that a Man’s in Love with, there are no great Hopes of a lasting Happiness; Beauty, with all the Helps of Art, is of no long Date; the more it is help’d, the sooner it decays; and he, who only or chiefly chose for Beauty, will in a little Time find the same Reason for another Choice. Nor is that sort of Wit which he prefers, of a more sure Tenure; or allowing it to last, it will not always please. For that which has not a real Excellency and Value in it self, entertains no longer than that giddy Humour which recommended it to us holds; and when we can like on no just, or on very little Ground, ’tis certain a Dislike will arise, as lightly and as unaccountably. And it is not improbable that such a Husband may in a little Time, by ill Usage, provoke such a Wife to exercise her Wit, that is, her Spleen on him, and then it is not hard to guess how very agreeable it will be to him. In a word, when we have reckon’d up how many look no further than the making of their Fortune, as they call it; who don’t so much as propose to themselves any Satisfaction in the Woman to whom they plight their Faith, seeking only to be Masters of her Estate, that so they may have Money enough to indulge all their irregular Appetites; who think they are as good as can be expected, if they are but, according to the fashionable Term, Civil Husbands; when we have taken the Number of your giddy Lovers, who are not more violent in their Passion than they are certain to repent of it; when to these you have added such as marry without any Thought at all, further than that it is the Custom of the World, what others have done before them, that the Family must be kept up, the antient Race preserv’d, and therefore their kind Parents and Guardians choose as they think convenient, without ever consulting the Young one’s Inclinations, who must be satisfied, or pretend so at least, upon Pain of their Displeasure, and that heavy Consequence of it, Forfeiture of their Estate: These set aside, I fear there will be but a small Remainder to marry out of better Considerations; and even amongst
- 25. the Few that do, not one in a Hundred takes Care to deserve his Choice. But do the Women never choose amiss? Are the Men only in Fault? That is not pretended; for he who will be just, must be forced to acknowledge, that neither Sex are always in the right. A Woman, indeed, can’t properly be said to Choose; all that is allow’d her, is to Refuse or Accept what is offer’d. And when we have made such reasonable Allowances as are due to the Sex, perhaps they may not appear so much in Fault as one would at first imagine, and a generous Spirit will find more Occasion to Pity, than to Reprove. But sure I transgress——it must not be suppos’d that the Ladies can do amiss! He is but an ill-bred Fellow who pretends that they need Amendment! They are, no doubt on’t, always in the right, and most of all when they take Pity on distressed Lovers! Whatever they say carries an Authority that no Reason can resist, and all that they do must needs be Exemplary! This is the Modish Language, nor is there a Man of Honour amongst the whole Tribe, that would not venture his Life, nay, and his Salvation too, in their Defence, if any but himself attempts to injure them. But I must ask Pardon if I can’t come up to these Heights, nor flatter them with the having no Faults, which is only a malicious Way of continuing and increasing their Mistakes. Women, it’s true, ought to be treated with Civility; for since a little Ceremony and out-side Respect is all their Guard, all the Privilege that’s allow’d them, it were barbarous to deprive them of it; and because I would treat them civilly, I would not express my Civility at the usual rate. I would not, under Pretence of Honouring and paying a mighty Deference to the Ladies, call them Fools, or what’s worse, to their Faces; For what are all the fine Speeches and Submissions that are made, but an abusing them in a well-bred Way? She must be a Fool with a Witness, who can believe a Man, Proud and Vain as he is, will lay his boasted Authority, the Dignity and Prerogative of his Sex, one Moment at her Feet, but in Prospect of taking it up again to more Advantage; he may call himself her Slave a few Days, but it is only in order to make her his all the rest of his Life. Indeed that mistaken Self-Love that reigns in the most of us, both Men and Women, that over-good Opinion we have of ourselves, and Desire that others should have of us, makes us swallow every Thing
- 26. that looks like Respect, without examining how wide it is from what it appears to be. For nothing is in Truth a greater Outrage than Flattery and feign’d Submissions; the plain English of which is this, “I have a very mean Opinion both of your Understanding and Vertue; you are Weak enough to be impos’d on, and Vain enough to snatch at the Bait I throw; there’s no Danger of your finding out my Meaning, or disappointing me of my Ends. I offer you Incense, ’tis true, but you are like to pay for’t, and to make me a Recompence for your Folly, in imagining I would give my self this Trouble, did I not hope, nay, were I not sure, to find my own Account in it. If for nothing else, you’ll serve at least as an Exercise of my Wit; and how much soever you swell with my Breath, ’tis I deserve the Praise for talking so well on so poor a Subject. We, who make the Idols, are the greater Deities; and as we set you up, so it is in our Power to reduce you to your first Obscurity, or to somewhat worse, to Contempt; you are therefore only on your good Behaviour, and are like to be no more than what we please to make you.” This is the Flatterer’s Language aside, this is the true Sense of his Heart, whatever his Grimace may be before the Company. And if this be the true Meaning of honourable Courtship, what is meant by that Jargon, that Profusion of Love and Admiration which passes for Gallantry, when either of the Parties are married? Is it not the utmost Scurrility, in that it supposes she is, or that he hopes to make her, what good Manners forbids to name? And since he makes so free with the Lady’s Honour, can she afford him a civiller Answer, than what her Footman may deliver with a Crab-tree? But I correct my self,——this might be the Air of a haughty Roman Prude; our British Beauties are far more Gentle and Well-bred. And he who has the same Designs upon other Mens Relations, is sometimes so civil as to bear with the Outrages offer’d to his own. Not but that ’tis possible, and sometimes Matter of Fact, to express our selves beyond the Truth in Praise of a Person, and yet not be guilty of Flattery; but then we must Think what we Say, and Mean what we Profess. We may be so blinded by some Passion or other, especially Love, which in Civil and Good-natur’d Persons is apt to exceed, as to believe some Persons more deserving than really they are, and to pay them greater Respect and Kindness than is in Strictness due to them. But this is not the present Case; for our fine
- 27. Speech-makers doat too much on themselves to have any great Passion for another. Their Eyes are commonly too much fix’d on their own Excellencies, to view another’s good Qualities through a Magnifying-Glass; at least if ever they turn that End of the Perspective towards their Neighbours, ’tis only in Respect and Reference to themselves. They are their own Centres, they find a Disproportion in every Line that does not tend thither, and in the next Visit they make, you shall hear all the fine Things they had said, repeated to the new Object, and nothing remembred of the former but her Vanity, or something else as ridiculous, which serves for a Foil, or a Whet to Discourse. For let there be ever so many Wits in the Company, Conversation would languish, and they would be at a Loss, did not a little Censoriousness come in at a Need to help them. Let us then treat the Ladies as civilly as may be, but let us not do it by Flattering them, but by endeavouring to make them such as may truly deserve our hearty Esteem and Kindness. Men ought really for their own Sakes, to do what in them lies to make Women Wise and Good, and then it might be hoped they themselves would effectually Study and Practice that Wisdom and Vertue they recommend to others. But so long as Men, even the best of them, who do not outrage the Women they pretend to adore, have base and unworthy Ends to serve, it is not to be expected that they should consent to such Methods as would certainly disappoint them. They would have their own Relations do well; it is their Interest: but it sometimes happens to be for their Turn that another Man’s should not, and then their Generosity fails them, and no Man is apter to find Fault with another’s dishonourable Actions, than he who is ready to do, or perhaps has done the same himself. And as Men have little Reason to expect Happiness when they marry only for the Love of Money, Wit, or Beauty, as has been already shewn, so much less can a Woman expect a tolerable Life, when she goes upon these Considerations. Let the Business be carried as prudently as it can be on the Woman’s Side, a reasonable Man can’t deny that she has by much the harder Bargain: because she puts her self intirely into her Husband’s Power, and if the Matrimonial Yoke be grievous, neither Law nor Custom afford her that Redress which a Man obtains. He who has Sovereign Power does not value the Provocations of a Rebellious Subject; he knows how to
- 28. subdue him with Ease, and will make himself obey’d: But Patience and Submission are the only Comforts that are left to a poor People, who groan under Tyranny, unless they are Strong enough to break the Yoke, to Depose and Abdicate, which, I doubt, would not be allow’d of here. For whatever may be said against Passive-Obedience in another Case, I suppose there’s no Man but likes it very well in this; how much soever Arbitrary Power may be dislik’d on a Throne, not Milton, nor B. H—, nor any of the Advocates of Resistance, would cry up Liberty to poor Female Slaves, or plead for the Lawfulness of Resisting a private Tyranny. If there be a Disagreeableness of Humours, this, in my Mind, is harder to be born than greater Faults, as being a continual Plague, and for the most Part incurable. Other Vices a Man may grow weary of, or may be convinced of the Evil of them, he may forsake them, or they him, but his Humour and Temper are seldom, if ever, put off. Ill-nature sticks to him from his Youth to his grey Hairs, and a Boy that’s Humorous and Proud, makes a Peevish, Positive, and Insolent Old Man. Now if this be the Case, and the Husband be full of Himself, obstinately bent on his own Way, with or without Reason, if he be one who must be always Admir’d, always Humour’d, and yet scarce knows what will please him; if he has Prosperity enough to keep him from considering, and to furnish him with a Train of Flatterers and obsequious Admirers; and Learning and Sense enough to make him a Fop in Perfection; for a Man can never be a compleat Coxcomb, unless he has a considerable Share of these to value himself upon; What can the poor Woman do? The Husband is too Wise to be Advis’d, too Good to be Reform’d, she must follow all his Paces, and tread in all his unreasonable Steps, or there is no Peace, no Quiet for her; she must Obey with the greatest Exactness, ’tis in vain to expect any manner of Compliance on his Side, and the more she complies the more she may; his fantastical Humours grow with her Desire to gratify them, for Age increases Opinionatry in some, as well as it does Experience in others. Of such sort of Folks as these it was that Soloman spake, when he said, Seest thou a Man wise in his own Conceit, there is more hope of a Fool than of him; That is, the profligate Sinner, such a one being always a Fool in Solomon’s Language, is in a fairer Way of being convinc’d of his Folly, and brought to Reason, than the Proud, Conceited Man. That Man, indeed, can never be good at Heart, who is full of Himself and his
- 29. own Endowments: Not that it is necessary, because it is not possible (humanly speaking) for one to be totally ignorant of his own good Qualities, I had almost said, he ought to have a modest Sense of ’em, otherwise he can’t be duly thankful, nor make the Use of them that is required, to the Glory of G o d, and the Good of Mankind; but he views them in a wrong Light, if he discerns any Thing that may exalt him above his Neighbours, make him over-look their Merit, or treat them with Neglect or Contempt. He ought to behold them with Fear and Trembling, as Talents which he has freely receiv’d, and for which he is highly Accountable, and therefore they should not excite his Pride, but his Care and Industry. And if Pride and Self-conceit keep a Man who has some good Qualities, and is not so bad as the most of his Neighbours, from growing better, it for certain confirms and hardens the Wicked in his Crimes, it sets him up for a Wit, that is, according to modern Acceptation, one who rallies all that is serious, a Contemner of the Priests first, and then of the Deity Himself. For Penitence and Self- condemnation are what his Haughtiness cannot bear, and since his Crimes have brought upon him the Reproaches of his own Mind, since he will not take the regular Way to be rid of them, which is, by Humbling himself, and making his Peace with Heaven, he bids Defiance to it, and wou’d, if he could, believe there is no future State, no After-retribution, because he has too just Reason to fear it. If therefore it be a Woman’s hard Fate to meet with a disagreeable Temper, and of all others, the Haughty, Imperious, and Self- conceited are the most so, she is as unhappy as any Thing in this World can make her. For when a Wife’s Temper does not please, if she makes her Husband uneasy, he can find Entertainments Abroad; he has a hundred Ways of relieving himself; but neither Prudence nor Duty will allow a Woman to fly out: her Business and Entertainment are at home; and tho’ he makes it ever so uneasy to her, she must be content, and make her best on’t. She who elects a Monarch for Life, who gives him an Authority, she cannot recall, however he misapply it, who puts her Fortune and Person entirely in his Power, nay, even the very Desires of her Heart, according to some learned Casuists, so as that it is not lawful to Will or Desire any Thing but what he approves and allows, had need be very sure that she does not make a Fool her Head, nor a Vicious Man her Guide and
- 30. Pattern; she had best stay till she can meet with one who has the Government of his own Passions, and has duly regulated his own Desires, since he is to have such an absolute Power over hers. But he who doats on a Face, he who makes Money his Idol, he who is charm’d with vain and empty Wit, gives no such Evidence, either of Wisdom or Goodness, that a Woman of any tolerable Sense shou’d care to venture her self to his Conduct. Indeed, your fine Gentleman’s Actions are now a-days such, that did not Custom and the Dignity of his Sex give Weight and Authority to them, a Woman that thinks twice might bless her self, and say, Is this the Lord and Master to whom I am to promise Love, Honour and Obedience? What can be the Object of Love but amiable Qualities, the Image of the Deity impress’d upon a generous and godlike Mind, a Mind that is above this World, to be sure above all the Vices, the Tricks and Baseness of it; a Mind that is not full of it self, nor contracted to little private Interests, but which, in Imitation of that glorious Pattern it endeavours to copy after, expands and diffuses it self to its utmost Capacity in doing Good. But this fine Gentleman is quite of another Strain, he is the Reverse of this in every Instance. He is, I confess, very fond of his own Dear Person, he sees very much in it to admire; his Air and Mien, his Words and Actions, every Motion he makes, declare it; but they must have a Judgment of his Size, every whit as shallow, and a Partiality as great as his own, who can be of his Mind. How then can I Love? And if not Love, much less Honour. Love may arise from Pity, or a generous Desire to make that Lovely which as yet is not so, when we see any hopes of Success in our Endeavours of improving it; but Honour supposes some excellent Qualities already, something worth our Esteem; but, alas! there is nothing more contemptible than this Trifle of a Man, this meer Out-side, whose Mind is as base and mean as his external Pomp is glittering. His Office or Title apart, to which some ceremonious Observance must be paid for Order’s sake, there’s nothing in him that can command our Respect. Strip him of Equipage and Fortune, and such Things as only dazle our Eyes and Imaginations, but don’t in any measure affect our Reason, or cause a Reverence in our Hearts, and the poor Creature sinks beneath our Notice, because not supported by real Worth. And if a Woman can neither Love nor Honour, she does ill in promising to Obey, since she is like to have a crooked Rule to regulate her Actions.
- 31. A Meer Obedience, such as is paid only to Authority, and not out of Love and a Sense of the Justice and Reasonableness of the Command, will be of an uncertain Tenure. As it can’t but be uneasy to the Person who pays it, so he who receives it will be sometimes disappointed when he expects to find it: For that Woman must be endow’d with a Wisdom and Goodness much above what we suppose the Sex capable of, I fear much greater than any Man can pretend to, who can so constantly conquer her Passions, and divert her self even of Innocent Self-love, as to give up the Cause when she is in the Right, and to submit her inlightned Reason, to the imperious Dictates of a blind Will, and wild Imagination, even when she clearly perceives the ill Consequences of it, the Imprudence, nay, Folly and Madness of such a Conduct. And if a Woman runs such a Risque when she marries prudently, according to the Opinion of the World, that is, when she permits her self to be dispos’d of to a Man equal to her in Birth, Education and Fortune, and as good as the most of his Neighbours, (for if none were to marry, but Men of strict Vertue and Honour, I doubt the World would be but thinly Peopled) if at the very best her Lot is hard, what can she expect who is Sold, or any otherwise betray’d into mercenary Hands, to one who is in all, or most respects, unequal to her? A Lover who comes upon what is call’d equal Terms, makes no very advantageous Proposal to the Lady he courts, and to whom he seems to be an humble Servant. For under many sounding Compliments, Words that have nothing in them, this is his true Meaning; He wants one to manage his Family, an House-keeper, one whose Interest it will be not to wrong him, and in whom therefore he can put greater Confidence than in any he can hire for Money. One who may breed his Children, taking all the Care and Trouble of their Education, to preserve his Name and Family. One whose Beauty, Wit, or good Humour and agreeable Conversation, will entertain him at Home when he has been contradicted and disappointed Abroad; who will do him that Justice the ill-natur’d World denies him; that is, in any one’s Language but his own, sooth his Pride and flatter his Vanity, by having always so much good Sense as to be on his Side, to conclude him in the Right, when others are so ignorant, or so rude, as to deny it. Who will not be blind to his Merit nor contradict his Will and Pleasure, but make it her Business, her very Ambition to content him; whose Softness and gentle Compliance will calm his Passions,
- 32. to whom he may safely disclose his troublesome Thoughts, and in her Breast discharge his Cares; whose Duty, Submission and Observance, will heal those Wounds other Peoples Opposition or Neglect have given him. In a word, one whom he can intirely Govern, and consequently may form her to his Will and Liking, who must be his for Life, and therefore cannot quit his Service, let him treat her how he will. And if this be what every Man expects, the Sum of his violent Love and Courtship, when it is put into Sense, and rendred Intelligible, to what a fine pass does she bring her self who purchases a Lord and Master, not only with her Money, but with what is of greater Value, at the Price of her Discretion! Who has not so much as that poor Excuse, Precedent and Example; or if she has, they are only such as all the World condemns? She will not find him less a Governor because she was once his Superior, on the contrary, the Scum of the People are most Tyrannical when they get the Power, and treat their Betters with the greatest Insolence. For, as the wise Man long since observ’d, A Servant when he Reigns, is one of those Things for which the Earth is disquieted, and which no body is able to bear. It is the hardest Thing in the World for a Woman to know that a Man is not Mercenary, that he does not act on base and ungenerous Principles, even when he is her Equal, because being absolute Master, she and all the Grants he makes her are in his Power, and there have been but too many Instances of Husbands, that by wheedling, or threatning their Wives, by seeming Kindness, or cruel Usage, have persuaded, or forc’d them out of what has been settled on them. So that the Woman has in Truth no Security but the Man’s Honour and Good-nature, a Security that in this present Age no wise Person would venture much upon. A Man enters into Articles very readily before Marriage, and so he may, for he performs no more of them afterwards than he thinks fit. A Wife must never dispute with her Husband; his Reasons are now, no doubt on’t, better than hers, whatever they were before; he is sure to persuade her out of her Agreement, and bring her, it must be suppos’d, Willingly, to give up what she did vainly hope to obtain, and what she thought had been made sure to her. And if she shews any Refractoriness, there are Ways enough to humble her; so that by Right or Wrong the Husband gains his Will. For Covenants between Husband and Wife, like Laws
- 33. in an Arbitrary Government, are of little Force, the Will of the Sovereign is All in All. Thus it is in Matter of Fact, I will not answer for the Right of it; for if the Woman’s Reasons, upon which those Agreements are grounded, are not just and good, why did he consent to them? Was it because there was no other Way to obtain his Suit, and with an Intention to annul them when it shall be in his Power? Where then is his Sincerity? But if her Reasons are good, where is his Justice in obliging her to quit them? He neither way acts like an equitable or honest Man. But when a Woman marries unequally and beneath her self, there is almost Demonstration that the Man is sordid and unfair; that instead of loving her he only loves himself, trapans and ruins her to serve his own Ends. For if he had not a mighty Opinion of himself, (which Temper is like to make an admirable Husband) he would never imagine that his Person and good Qualities could make Compensation for all the Advantages she quits on his Account. If he had a real Esteem for her, or valued her Reputation, he would not expose it, nor have her Discretion call’d in Question for his sake; and if he truly lov’d her, he would not reduce her to Straits and a narrow Fortune, nor so much as lessen her way of Living to better his own. For since God has placed different Ranks in the World, put some in a higher, and some in a lower Station, for Order and Beauty’s sake, and for many good Reasons; though it is both our Wisdom and Duty not only to submit with Patience, but to be thankful and well-satisfied, when by his Providence we are brought low, yet there is no manner of Reason for us to degrade our selves; on the contrary, much why we ought not. The better our Lot is in this World, and the more we have of it, the greater is our Leisure to prepare for the next; we have the more Opportunity to exercise that God-like Quality, to taste that Divine Pleasure, doing Good to the Bodies and Souls of those beneath us. Is it not then ill Manners to Heaven, and an irreligious Contempt of its Favours, for a Woman to slight that nobler Employment, to which it has assign’d her, and thrust her self down to a meaner Drudgery, to what is in the very literal Sense a caring for the Things of the World, a caring not only to Please, but to Maintain a Husband? And a Husband so chosen will not at all abate of his Authority and Right to Govern, whatever fair Promises he might make before. She
- 34. has made him her Head, and he thinks himself as well qualified as the Best to act accordingly, nor has she given him any such Evidence of her Prudence as may dispose him to make an Act of Grace in her Favour. Besides, great Obligations are what Superiors cannot bear, they are more than can be return’d; to acknowledge were only to reproach themselves with Ingratitude, and therefore the readiest Way is, not to own, but over-look them, or rather, as too many do, to repay them with Affronts and Injuries. What then is to be done? How must a Man choose, and what Qualities must incline a Woman to accept, that so our married Couple may be as happy as that State can make them? This is no hard Question; let the Soul be principally consider’d, and Regard had in the first place to a good Understanding, a vertuous Mind; and in all other respects let there be as much Equality as may be. If they are good Christians and of suitable Tempers all will be well; but I should be shrewdly tempted to suspect their Christianity who marry after any of those Ways we have been speaking of. I dare venture to say, that they don’t act according to the Precepts of the Gospel, they neither shew the Wisdom of the Serpent, nor the Innocency of the Dove; they have neither so much Government of themselves, nor so much Charity for their Neighbours; they neither take such Care not to scandalize others, nor to avoid Temptations themselves, are neither so much above this World, nor so affected with the next, as they would certainly be, did the Christian Religion operate in their Hearts, did they rightly understand, and sincerely practise it, or acted indeed according to the Spirit of the Gospel. But it is not enough to enter wisely into this State, Care must be taken of our Conduct afterwards. A Woman will not want being admonish’d of her Duty; the Custom of the World, Oeconomy, every Thing almost reminds her of it. Governors do not often suffer their Subjects to forget Obedience through their want of demanding it; perhaps Husbands are but too forward on this Occasion, and claim their Right oftner and more imperiously than either Discretion or good Manners will justify, and might have both a more chearful and constant Obedience paid them if they were not so rigorous in exacting it. For there is a mutual Stipulation, and Love, Honour, and Worship, by which certainly Civility and Respect at least are meant, are as much the Woman’s Due, as Love, Honour and Obedience are
- 35. the Man’s. And being the Woman is said to be the weaker Vessel, the Man should be more careful not to grieve or offend her. Since her Reason is suppos’d to be less, and her Passions stronger than his, he should not give Occasion to call that Supposition in Question by his pettish Carriage and needless Provocations. Since he is the Man, by which very word Custom would have us understand not only greatest Strength of Body, but even greatest Firmness and Force of Mind, he should not play the little Master so much as to expect to be cocker’d, nor run over to that Side which the Woman us’d to be rank’d in; for, according to the Wisdom of the Italians, Will you? Is spoken to sick Folks. Indeed Subjection, according to the common Notion of it, is not over easy; none of us, whether Men or Women, but have so good an Opinion of our own Conduct, as to believe we are fit, if not to direct others, at least to govern our selves. Nothing but a sound Understanding, and Grace, the best Improver of Natural Reason, can correct this Opinion, truly humble us, and heartily reconcile us to Obedience. This bitter Cup therefore ought to be sweetned as much as may be; for Authority may be preserv’d and Government kept inviolable, without that nauseous Ostentation of Power, which serves to no End or Purpose, but to blow up the Pride and Vanity of those who have it, and to exasperate the Spirits of such as must truckle under it. Insolence is never the Effect of Power but in weak and cowardly Spirits, who wanting true Merit and Judgment to support themselves in that Advantageous Ground on which they stand, are ever appealing to their Authority, and making a Shew of it to maintain their Vanity and Pride. A truly great Mind, and such as is fit to Govern, tho’ it may stand on its Right with its Equals, and modestly expect what is due to it even from its Superiors, yet it never contends with its Inferiors, nor makes use of its Superiority but to do them Good. So that considering the just Dignity of Man, his great Wisdom so conspicuous on all Occasions! the Goodness of his Temper, and Reasonableness of all his Commands, which make it a Woman’s Interest as well as Duty to be observant and obedient in all Things; that his Prerogative is settled by an undoubted Right and the Prescription of many Ages; it cannot be suppos’d, that he should make frequent and insolent Claims of an Authority so well
- 36. establish’d and us’d with such Moderation, nor give an impartial By- stander (could such an one be found) any Occasion from thence to suspect that he is inwardly conscious of the Badness of his Title; Usurpers being always most desirous of Recognitions, and busy in imposing Oaths, whereas a Lawful Prince contents himself with the usual Methods and Securities. And since Power does naturally puff up, and he who finds himself exalted, seldom fails to think he ought to be so, it is more suitable to a Man’s Wisdom and Generosity, to be mindful of his great Obligations, than to insist on his Rights and Prerogatives. Sweetness of Temper and an obliging Carriage are so justly due to a Wife, that a Husband who must not be thought to want either Understanding to know what is fit, nor Goodness to perform it, can’t be suppos’d not to shew them. For setting aside the Hazard of her Person to keep up his Name and Family, with all the Pains and Trouble that attend it, which may well be thought great enough to deserve all the Respect and Kindness that may be; setting this aside, though ’tis very considerable, a Woman has so much the Disadvantage in most, I was about to say, in all Things, that she makes a Man the greatest Compliment in the World when she condescends to take him for Better for Worse. She puts her self intirely in his Power, leaves all that is dear to her, her Friends and Family, to espouse his Interests and follow his Fortune, and makes it her Business and Duty to please him! What Acknowledgments, what Returns can he make? What Gratitude can be sufficient for such Obligations? She shews her good Opinion of him by the great Trust she reposes in him, and what a Brute must he be who betrays that Trust, or acts any way unworthy of it? Ingratitude is one of the basest Vices, and if a Man’s Soul is sunk so low as to be guilty of it towards her who has so generously oblig’d him, and who so intirely depends on him, if he can treat her disrespectfully, who has so fully testified her Esteem of him, she must have a Stock of Vertue which he should blush to discern, if she can pay him that Obedience of which he is so unworthy. Superiors indeed are too apt to forget the common Privileges of Mankind; that their Inferiors share with them the greatest Benefits, and are as capable as themselves of enjoying the supreme Good; that though the Order of the World requires an Outward Respect and Obedience from some to others, yet the Mind is free, nothing but
- 37. Reason can oblige it, ’tis out of the Reach of the most absolute Tyrant. Nor will it ever be well either with those who Rule or those in Subjection, even from the Throne to every private Family, till those in Authority look on themselves as plac’d in that Station for the Good and Improvement of their Subjects, and not for their own Sakes; not as the Reward of their Merit, or that they may prosecute their own Desires and fulfil all their Pleasure, but as the Representatives of God, whom they ought to imitate in the Justice and Equity of their Laws, in doing Good and communicating Blessings to all beneath them: By which, and not by following the imperious Dictates of their own Will, they become truly Great and Illustrious, and worthily fill their Place. And the Governed for their Part, ceasing to envy the Pomp and Name of Authority, should respect their Governors as placed in G o d’s stead, and contribute what they can to ease them of their real Cares, by a chearful and ready Compliance, with their good Endeavours, and by affording them the Pleasure of Success in such noble and generous Designs. For, upon a due Estimate, Things are pretty equally divided; those in Subjection, as they have a less Glorious, so they have an easier Task and a less Account to give; Whereas he who Commands, has in a great measure the Faults of others to answer for as well as his own. ’Tis true, he has the Pleasure of doing more Good than a private Person can, and shall receive the Reward of it when Time shall be no more, in Compensation for the Hazards he runs, the Difficulties he at present encounters, and the large Account he is to make hereafter. Which Pleasure and Reward are highly desirable, and most worthy our Pursuit; but they are Motives which such as Usurp on their Governors, and make them uneasy in the due Discharge of their Duty, never propose. As for those other little Things that move their Envy and Ambition, they are of no Esteem with a just Considerer, nor will such as violently pursue, find their Account in them. But how can a Man respect his Wife when he has a contemptible Opinion of her and her Sex? When from his own Elevation he looks down on them as void of Understanding, full of Ignorance and Passion, so that Folly and a Woman are equivalent Terms with him? Can he think there is any Gratitude due to her whose utmost Services he exacts as strict Duty? Because she was made to be a Slave to his Will, and has no higher End than to Serve and Obey him? Perhaps
- 38. we arrogate too much to our selves, when we say this Material World was made for our Sakes: That its Glorious Maker has given us the Use of it is certain; but when we suppose any Thing to be made purely for our Sakes, because we have Dominion over it, we draw a false Conclusion. As he who should say the People were made for the Prince who is set over them, would be thought to be out of his Senses as well as his Politicks. Yet even allowing that G o d, who made every Thing in Number, Weight and Measure, who never acts but for some great and glorious End, an End agreeable to His Majesty; allowing that He created such a Number of Rational Spirits merely to serve their Fellow Creatures, yet how are these Lords and Masters help’d by the Contempt they shew of their poor humble Vassals? Is it not rather an Hindrance to that Service they expect, as being an undeniable and constant Proof how unworthy they are to receive it? None of G o d’s Creatures, absolutely consider’d, are in their own Nature contemptible; the meanest Fly, the poorest Insect has its Use and Vertue. Contempt is scarce a Human Passion, one may venture to say it was not in innocent Man, for till Sin came into the World, there was nothing in it to be contemn’d. But Pride, which makes every Thing serve its Purposes, wrested this Passion from its only Use, so that instead of being an Antidote against Sin, it is become a grand Promoter of it, nothing making us more worthy of that Contempt we shew, than when, poor, weak, dependent Creatures as we are! we look down with Scorn and Disdain on others. There is not a surer Sign of a noble Mind, a Mind very far advanc’d towards Perfection, than the being able to bear Contempt and an unjust Treatment from one’s Superiors evenly and patiently. For inward Worth and real Excellency are the true Ground of Superiority, and one Person is not in reality better than another, but as he is more Wise and Good. But this World being a Place of Trial, and govern’d by general Laws, just Retributions being reserv’d for hereafter, Respect and Obedience many times become due for Order’s sake, to those who don’t otherwise deserve them. Now tho’ Humility keeps us from over-valuing our selves or viewing our Merit through a false and magnifying Medium, yet it does not put out our Eyes, it does not, it ought not to deprive us of that pleasing Sentiment which attends our Acting as we ought to Act, which is, as it were, a Foretaste of Heaven, our present Reward for doing what is
- 39. just and fit. And when a Superior does a mean and unjust thing, as all Contempt of one’s Neighbour is, and yet this does not provoke his Inferiors to refuse that Observance which their Stations in the World require, they cannot but have an inward Sense of their own real Superiority, the other having no Pretence to it, at the same Time that they pay him an outward Respect and Deference, which is such a flagrant Testimony of the sincerest Love of Order, as proves their Souls to be of the highest and noblest Rank. A Man therefore for his own sake, and to give Evidence that he has a Right to those Prerogatives he assumes, should treat Women with a little more Humanity and Regard than is usually paid them. Your whifling Wits may scoff at them, and what then? It matters not, for they rally every Thing though ever so sacred, and rail at the Women commonly in very good Company. Religion, its Priests, and those its most constant and regular Professors, are the usual Subjects of their manly, mannerly and surprizing Jests. Surprizing indeed! not for the Newness of the Thought, the Brightness of the Fancy, or Nobleness of Expression, but for the good Assurance with which such Thread- bare Jests are again and again repeated. But that your grave Dons, your learned Men, and, which is more, your Men of Sense, as they would be thought, should stoop so low as to make Invectives against the Women, forget themselves so much as to jest with their Slaves, who have neither Liberty, nor Ingenuity to make Reprizals; that they should waste their Time, and debase their good Sense, which fits them for the most weighty Affairs, such as are suitable to their profound Wisdom and exalted Understandings! to render those poor Wretches more ridiculous and odious who are already in their Opinion sufficiently contemptible, and find no better Exercise of their Wit and Satire, than such as are not worth their Pains, though it were possible to Reform them, this, this indeed may justly be wonder’d at! I Know not whether or no Women are allow’d to have Souls; if they have, perhaps it is not prudent to provoke them too much, lest, silly as they are, they at last recriminate, and then what polite and well- bred Gentleman, though himself is concern’d, can forbear taking that lawful Pleasure, which all who understand Raillery must taste, when they find his Jests who insolently began to peck at his Neighbour, return’d with Interest upon his own Head? And indeed Men are too
- 40. Humane, too Wise, to venture at it, did they not hope for this Effect, and expect the Pleasure of finding their Wit turn to such Account: For if it be lawful to pry into a Secret, this is, without doubt, the whole Design of those fine Discourses which have been made against the Women from our great Fore-Fathers to this present Time! Generous Man has too much Bravery, he is too Just and too Good to assault a defenceless Enemy, and if he did inveigh against the Women, it was only to do them Service! For since neither his Care of their Education, his hearty Endeavours to improve their Minds, his wholesome Precepts, nor great Example could do them good, as his last and kindest Essay, he resolv’d to try what Contempt would do, and chose rather to expose himself by a seeming Want of Justice, Equity, Ingenuity and Good-nature, than suffer Women to remain such vain and insignificant Creatures as they have hitherto been reckon’d; and truly, Women are some Degrees beneath what I have thus far thought them, if they do not make the best Use of his Kindness, improve themselves, and, like Christians, return it. Let us see then what is their Part, what must they do to make the Matrimonial Yoke tolerable to themselves as well as pleasing to their Lords and Masters? That the World is an empty and deceitful Thing, that those Enjoyments which appear’d so desirable at a Distance, which rais’d our Hopes and Expectations to such a mighty Pitch, which we so passionately coveted, and so eagerly pursued, vanish at our first Approach, leaving nothing behind them but the Folly of Delusion, and the Pain of disappointed Hopes, is a common Outcry; and yet, as common as it is, though we complain of being deceiv’d this Instant, we do not fail of contributing to the Cheat the very next. Though in reality it is not the World that abuses us, ’tis we abuse our selves; it is not the Emptiness of That, but our own false Judgments, our unreasonable Desires and Expectations that torment us; for he who exerts his whole Strength to lift a Straw, ought not to complain of the Burden, but of his own disproportionate Endeavour which gives him the Pain he feels. The World affords us all the Pleasure a sound Judgment can expect from it, and answers all those Ends and Purposes for which it was design’d; let us expect no more than is reasonable, and then we shall not fail of our Expectations. It is even so in the Case before us; a Woman who has been taught to think Marriage her only Preferment, the Sum-Total of her
- 41. Endeavours, the Completion of all her Hopes, that which must settle and make her Happy in this World, and very few, in their Youth especially, carry a Thought steadily to a greater Distance; She who has seen a Lover dying at her Feet, and can’t therefore imagine that he who professes to receive all his Happiness from her, can have any other Design or Desire than to please her; whose Eyes have been dazled with all the Glitter and Pomp of a Wedding, and, who hears of nothing but Joy and Congratulation; who is transported with the Pleasure of being out of Pupillage, and Mistress not only of her self, but of a Family too: She who is either so simple or so vain, as to take her Lover at his Word, either as to the Praises he gave her, or the Promises he made for himself; in sum, she whose Expectation has been rais’d by Courtship, by all the fine Things that her Lover, her Governess and Domestick Flatterers say, will find a terrible Disappointment when the Hurry is over, and when she comes calmly to consider her Condition, and views it no more under a false Appearance, but as it truly is. I Doubt in such a View it will not appear over-desirable, if she regards only the present State of Things. Hereafter may make amends for what she must be prepar’d to suffer here, then will be her Reward, this is her Time of Trial, the Season of exercising and improving her Vertues. A Woman that is not Mistress of her Passions, that cannot patiently submit, even when Reason suffers with her, who does not practise Passive Obedience to the utmost, will never be acceptable to such an absolute Sovereign as a Husband. Wisdom ought to Govern without Contradiction, but Strength however will be obeyed. There are but few of those wise Persons who can be content to be made yet wiser by Contradiction; the most will have their Will, and it is right because it is theirs. Such is the Vanity of Human Nature, that nothing pleases like an intire Subjection; what Imperfections won’t a Man over-look where this is not wanting! Though we live like Brutes, we would have Incense offer’d us, that is only due to Heaven it self, would have an absolute and blind Obedience paid us by all over whom we pretend Authority. We were not made to Idolize one another, yet the whole Strain of Courtship is little less than rank Idolatry: But does a Man intend to give, and not to receive his Share in this Religious Worship? No such matter; Pride and Vanity, and Self-love have their Designs, and if the Lover is so condescending as to set a Pattern in the Time of his Addresses, he is
- 42. so just as to expect his Wife should strictly Copy after it all the rest of her Life. But how can a Woman scruple intire Subjection, how can she forbear to admire the Worth and Excellency of the Superior Sex, if she at all considers it! Have not all the great Actions that have been perform’d in the World been done by Men? Have not they founded Empires and overturn’d them? Do not they make Laws and continually repeal and amend them? Their vast Minds lay Kingdoms waste, no Bounds or Measures can be prescrib’d to their Desires. War and Peace depend on them; they form Cabals and have the Wisdom and Courage to get over all the Rubs, the petty Restraints which Honour and Conscience may lay in the Way of their desired Grandeur. What is it they cannot do? They make Worlds and ruin them, form Systems of universal Nature, and dispute eternally about them; their Pen gives Worth to the most trifling Controversy; nor can a Fray be inconsiderable if they have drawn their Swords in’t. All that the wise Man pronounces is an Oracle, and every Word the Witty speaks, a Jest. It is a Woman’s Happiness to hear, admire and praise them, especially if a little Ill-nature keeps them at any time from bellowing due Applauses on each other! And if she aspires no further, she is thought to be in her proper Sphere of Action; she is as wise and as good as can be expected from her! She then who Marries, ought to lay it down for an indisputable Maxim, that her Husband must govern absolutely and intirely, and that she has nothing else to do but to Please and Obey. She must not attempt to divide his Authority, or so much as dispute it; to struggle with her Yoke will only make it gall the more, but must believe him Wise and Good, and in all respects the best, at least he must be so to her. She who can’t do this is no way fit to be a Wife, she may set up for that peculiar Coronet the antient Fathers talk’d of, but is not qualified to receive that great Reward which attends the eminent Exercise of Humility and Self-denial, Patience and Resignation, the Duties that a Wife is call’d to. But some refractory Woman perhaps will say, how can this be? Is it possible for her to believe him Wise and Good, who by a thousand Demonstrations convinces her, and all the World, of the contrary? Did the bare Name of Husband confer Sense on a Man, and the meer being in Authority infallibly qualify him for Government, much
- 43. might be done. But since a wise Man and a Husband are not Terms convertible, and how loth soever one is to own it, Matter of Fact won’t allow us to deny, that the Head many times stands in need of the Inferior’s Brains to manage it, she must beg leave to be excus’d from such high Thoughts of her Sovereign, and if she submits to his Power, it is not so much Reason as Necessity that compels her. Now of how little Force soever this Objection may be in other respects, methinks it is strong enough to prove the Necessity of a good Education, and that Men never mistake their true Interest more than when they endeavour to keep Women in Ignorance. Could they indeed deprive them of their Natural good Sense at the same Time they deny them the true Improvement of it, they might compass their End; otherwise Natural Sense unassisted may run into a false Track, and serve only to punish him justly, who would not allow it to be useful to himself or others. If Man’s Authority be justly establish’d, the more Sense a Woman has, the more Reason she will find to submit to it; if according to the Tradition of our Fathers, (who having had Possession of the Pen, thought they had also the best Right to it) Womens Understanding is but small, and Man’s Partiality adds no Weight to the Observation, ought not the more Care to be taken to improve them? How it agrees with the Justice of Men we inquire not, but certainly Heaven is abundantly more Equitable than to injoin Women the hardest Task, and give them the least Strength to perform it. And if Men, learned, wise and discreet as they are, who have, as is said, all the Advantages of Nature, and without Controversy, have, or may have, all the Assistance of Art, are so far from acquitting themselves as they ought, from living according to that Reason and excellent Understanding they so much boast of, can it be expected that a Woman who is reckon’d silly enough in her self, at least comparatively, and whom Men take care to make yet more so; can it be expected that she should constantly perform so difficult a Duty as intire Subjection, to which corrupt Nature is so averse? If the great and wise Cato, a Man, a Man of no ordinary Firmness and Strength of Mind, a Man who was esteem’d as an Oracle, and by the Philosophers and great Men of his Nation equal’d even to the Gods themselves; If he, with all his Stoical Principles, was not able to bear the Sight of a triumphant Conqueror, (who perhaps would have insulted, and perhaps would not) but out of a Cowardly Fear of an
- 44. Insult, ran to Death, to secure him from it; can it be thought that an ignorant weak Woman should have Patience to bear a continual Outrage and Insolence all the Days of her Life? Unless you will suppose her a very Ass, but then remember what the Italians say, to quote them once more, since being very Husbands they may be presum’d to have some Authority in this Case, An Ass, though slow, if provok’d, will kick. We never observe, or perhaps make Sport, with the ill Effects of a bad Education, till it comes to touch us home in the ill Conduct of a Sister, a Daughter, or Wife. Then the Women must be blam’d, their Folly is exclaim’d against, when all this while it was the wise Man’s Fault, who did not set a better Guard on those, who, according to him, stand in so much need of one. A young Gentleman, as a celebrated Author tells us, ought above all Things to be acquainted with the State of the World, the Ways and Humours, the Follies, the Cheats, the Faults of the Age he is fallen into; he should by degrees be inform’d of the Vice in Fashion, and warn’d of the Application and Design of those who will make it their Business to corrupt him, should be told the Arts they use, and the Trains they lay, be prepar’d to be Shock’d by some, and Caress’d by others; warn’d who are like to oppose, who to mislead, who to undermine, and who to serve him. He should be instructed how to know and distinguish them, where he should let them see, and when dissemble the Knowledge of them and their Aims and Workings. Our Author is much in the right, and not to disparage any other Accomplishments which are useful in their Kind, this will turn to more Account than any Language or Philosophy, Art or Science, or any other Piece of Good-breeding and fine Education that can be taught him, which are no otherwise excellent than as they contribute to this, as this does above all Things to the making him a wise, a vertuous and useful Man. And it is not less necessary that a young Lady should receive the like Instructions, whether or no her Temptations be fewer, her Reputation and Honour however are to be more nicely preserv’d; they may be ruin’d by a little Ignorance or Indiscretion, and then though she has kept her Innocence, and so is secur’d as to the next World, yet she is in a great measure lost to this. A Woman cannot be too watchful, too apprehensive of her Danger, nor keep at too great a Distance from it, since Man, whose Wisdom and Ingenuity is so
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