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Elevator
The document discusses elevators and their control systems. Elevators use either hydraulic or cable systems to move between floors of buildings. Hydraulic elevators use a hydraulic ram and piston to lift an elevator car, while cable systems use steel ropes connected to a sheave and counterweight. Elevator control systems are real-time, distributed, and embedded to safely move passengers based on button inputs and current floor. Safety systems like brakes and shock absorbers prevent elevator accidents in case of cable or power failures.
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Elevator
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- 3. Introduction In recent yearsthe world has witnessed great development in the field of industry, especially computer and software industry, which contributed to a clear and significant progress that has happened in all the other sectors. And also appeared giant buildings and skyscrapers that need to become style makes navigating between floors easy, flexible and fast. Here appears the role of computer and software to solve this problem and in cooperation with the sector to another in solving this problem, where he discovered the elevator. In this presentation, we will find out how these ubiquitous machines move you from floor to floor. We'll also look at the control systems that decide where the elevator goes and the safety systems that prevent catastrophes.
- 4. The elevator: isa type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building or other structures. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston. Elevator control system uses Systems that are Real-time, Distributed, and Embedded. real time computer system is a computer system in which the correctness of the system behavior depends not only on the logical results of the computations, but also on the physical instant at which these results are produced. embedded computer system is a system that uses a computer as a component, but whose prime function is not that of a computer(use software in hardware).
- 5. The Elevator Type: Hydraulic Elevators Cable System Elevators
- 6. Hydraulic Elevators The conceptof an elevator is incredibly simple -- it's just a compartment attached to a lifting system. Tie a piece of rope to a box, and you've got a basic elevator. Of course, modern passenger and freight elevators are a lot more elaborate than this. They need advanced mechanical systems to handle the substantial weight of the elevator car and its cargo. Additionally, they need control mechanisms so passengers can operate the elevator, and they need safety devices to keep everything running smoothly. Hydraulic elevator systems lift a person or other using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder. You can see how this system works in the diagram below.
- 8. Hydraulic Elevators How ElevatorsWork : The cylinder is connected to a fluid-pumping system (typically, hydraulic systems like this use oil, but other incompressible fluids would also work). The hydraulic system has three parts: A tank (the fluid reservoir) A pump, powered by an electric motor A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
- 9. How Elevators Work: To Up: The pump forces fluid from the tank into a pipe leading to the cylinder. When the valve is opened, the pressurized fluid will take the path of least resistance and return to the fluid reservoir. But when the valve is closed, the pressurized fluid has nowhere to go except into the cylinder. As the fluid collects in the cylinder, it pushes the piston up, lifting the elevator. When the person approaches the correct floor, the control system sends a signal to the electric motor to gradually shut off the pump. With the pump off, there is no more fluid flowing into the cylinder, but the fluid that is already in the cylinder cannot escape (it can't flow backward through the pump, and the valve is still closed). The piston rests on the fluid, and the person stays where it is.
- 10. How Elevators Work: To Down: To lower the person, the elevator control system sends a signal to the valve. The valve is operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch (check out How Electromagnets Work for information on solenoids). When the solenoid opens the valve, the fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into the reservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop the person at a lower floor, the control system closes the valve again.
- 11. The Cable SystemElevators How Elevators Work: The most popular elevator design is the roped elevator. In roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around a sheave. A sheave is just a pulley with a grooves around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes move too. The sheave is connected to an electric motor . When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly. In geared elevators, the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave. Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control system are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft.
- 12. How Elevators Work: The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight , which hangs on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to 40-percent capacity. In other words, when the car is 40 percent full (an average amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Basically, the motor only has to overcome friction -- the weight on the other side does most of the work. To put it another way, the balance maintains a near constant potential energy level in the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in the elevator car (letting it descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy in the weight (the weight rises to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens in reverse when the elevator goes up. The system is just like a see-saw that has an equally heavy kid on each end.
- 14. Safety Systems In actuality,there is very little chance of this happening. Elevators are built with several redundant safety systems that keep them in position. The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator rope is made from several lengths of steel material wound around one another. With this sturdy structure, one rope can support the weight of the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But elevators are built with multiple ropes (between four and eight, typically). In the unlikely event that one of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the elevator up Even if all of the ropes were to break, or the sheave system were to release them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom of the shaft. Roped elevator cars have built-in braking systems, or safeties, that grab onto the rail when the car moves too fast.
- 15. More Safety Systems 1.Elevatorsalso have electromagnetic brakes that engage when the car comes to a stop. The electromagnets actually keep the brakes in the open position, instead of closing them. With this design, the brakes will automatically clamp shut if the elevator loses power. 2.Elevators also have automatic braking systems near the top and the bottom of the elevator shaft. If the elevator car moves too far in either direction, the brake brings it to a stop. 3.If all else fails, and the elevator does fall down the shaft, there is one final safety measure that will probably save the passengers. The bottom of the shaft has a heavy-duty shock absorber system -- typically a piston mounted in an oil-filled cylinder. The shock absorber works like a giant cushion to soften the elevator car's landing.
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- 19. 0110 010X XXXX 1X10 1100 001X XXXX 0X11 S1’= U S0+S0 S1+ S1 D’ S0’= D S0’+U S0’+ U’ D’ S0’ The simplification of the truth table:
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