Emergency congestion management of power systems by static synchronous series compensator

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 25, No. 3, March 2022, pp. 1258~1265
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1258-1265  1258
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
Emergency congestion management of power systems by static
synchronous series compensator
Majeed Rashid Zaidan1
, Saber Izadpanah Toos2
1
Department of Electrical Technical, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Sadjad University of Technology, Mashhad, Iran
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 30, 2021
Revised Dec 24, 2021
Accepted Jan 11, 2022
From a transmission system point of view, any overload on the grid lines
during operation in situations such as peak load or emergency conditions
include line outage or generator outage, is refers to congestion. Generally,
the congestion can be managed by controlling power flow. On the other
hand, series compensation has a significant role in control power flow;
therefore, series compensation equipment like fixed series capacitor (FSC),
thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), and static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC) can be used for congestion management. In this paper,
an SSSC is used in a transmission line to manage congestion in emergency
conditions, line outage and generator outage. The congestion rent
contribution method has been used to determine the location of the SSSC in
the IEEE 14-bus test system. This technique finds the transmission line 1-2
(from bus 1 to bus 2) is the best location of the SSSC to reduce congestion.
After installing an SSSC in the specified line, simulation results show that
the power flow has been controlled, leading to reducing the congestion. In
other words, the effectiveness of the SSSC can be seen in reducing the total
congestion rent, the total generation cost, and network losses.
Keywords:
Congestion management
Congestion rent
Locational marginal price
Power flow
Static synchronous series
compensator
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Majeed Rashid Zaidan
Department of Electrical Technical, Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University
Al Zafranyia district, 7F7P+JG Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Email: majeedrzn@mtu.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most critical issues related to restructured power systems is congestion in transmission
networks. Some transmission lines can be overloaded for various reasons, such as line outage, generator
outage, and power exchange contract changes. Another major factor in the occurrence of congestion is the
transmission, formation, and creation of contracts between market components. Because in a competitive
market, consumers are always willing to buy the necessary power from cheaper production units,
concentrating high-efficiency and cheaper units in a specific area of the network lead to increased power flow
in the lines and transmission equipment of the related area; as a result, the transmission congestion
intensifies. The significant effects of congestion are: i) preventing the creation of new contracts, ii) inability
to perform existing contracts, iii) monopoly price in some areas, iv) damage to electrical equipment in the
system, and v) increasing the price of electricity in some areas. Various methods have been proposed by
researchers and those involved in the electricity industry to reduce and manage congestion, such as
developing new transmission lines, operation of conventional compensation devices, flexible ac transmission
systems (FACTS) devices, nodal pricing, zonal pricing, and redispatching [1]–[3].
FACTS devices can enhance the control of the system by power electronic components. The major
applications of FACTS devices include power flow control, increasing transmission line capacity, voltage

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752 
Emergency congestion management of power systems by static synchronous … (Majeed Rashid Zaidan)
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control, reactive power compensation, improve stability, enhance power quality, and flicker reduction [4] that
numerous researches have been arranged on surveys of them [5]–[13].
The limitation of power transmission can be eliminated or reduced by controlling the power flow.
Hence, the use of series-connected FACTS devices like thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) for congestion management is beneficial. SSSC and TCSC are a type
of variable series compensation. However, SSSC has more advantages than a TCSC, such as higher speed, more
comprehensive control range, and no use of bulky capacitors and reactors [14], [15]. As a result, this article
investigates the role of the SSSC on congestion management of transmission systems. The application of the
FACTS devices on control power flow and congestion management has been studied in various papers [15]–
[20]. Notably, the focus of the articles [21]–[24] is on congestion management using the SSSC. This paper
presents the role of SSSC on congestion management in an emergency condition. The rest of this paper is
organized as shown in; The SSSC is introduced in section 2. Section 3 describes the congestion rent
contribution method. Line outage and generator outage as emergency conditions are reviewed in section 4. The
Simulation results are given in section 5. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion in section 6.
2. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR
An SSSC is included of voltage source converter (VSC), diodes, direct current (DC) link capacitor
and connected in series with the transmission line by a coupling transformer as shown in Figure 1. This
device can provide the series compensation by injecting the controllable voltage into the line and thus
changing the transmission line impedance. The SSSC can exchange active and reactive power with the power
system, and as a result, active and reactive power flow is controllable [14], [25].
Figure 1. Diagram of the SSSC connected to a transmission line [25]
An equivalent circuit of the SSSC is shown in Figure 2. In the equivalent circuit, the SSSC is
depicted by a voltage source (𝑉
𝑠
̅) in series with a transformer impedance (𝑍𝑠). The power flow of line i–j can
be controlled by adjusting 𝑉
𝑠
̅ [25].
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of the SSSC (bus k is an auxiliary bus) [25]

 ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 25, No. 3, March 2022: 1258-1265
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Based on the SSSC equivalent circuit and considering the complex voltage of buses, 𝑉
̅𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∠𝜑𝑖,
𝑉
̅𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘∠𝜑𝑘 and 𝑉
̅𝑠 = 𝑉
𝑠∠𝛿𝑠, the power flow equations between buses i and k can be obtained in (1)-(4) [25]:
𝑃𝑖𝑘 = 𝑉𝑖
2
𝐺𝑠 − 𝑉𝑖𝑉𝑘[𝐺𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑖 − 𝜑𝑘) + 𝐵𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑖 − 𝜑𝑘)]
−𝑉𝑖𝑉
𝑠[𝐺𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑖 − 𝛿𝑠) + 𝐵𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑖 − 𝛿𝑠)] (1)
𝑃𝑘𝑖 = 𝑉𝑘
2
𝐺𝑠 − 𝑉𝑘𝑉𝑖[𝐺𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑘 − 𝜑𝑖) + 𝐵𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑘 − 𝜑𝑖)]
+𝑉𝑘𝑉
𝑠[𝐺𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑘 − 𝛿𝑠) + 𝐵𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑘 − 𝛿𝑠)] (2)
𝑄𝑖𝑘 = −𝑉𝑖
2
𝐵𝑠 − 𝑉𝑖𝑉𝑘[𝐺𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑖 − 𝜑𝑘) − 𝐵𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑖 − 𝜑𝑘)]
−𝑉𝑖𝑉
𝑠[𝐺𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑖 − 𝛿𝑠) − 𝐵𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑖 − 𝛿𝑠)] (3)
𝑄𝑘𝑖 = −𝑉𝑘
2
𝐵𝑠 − 𝑉𝑘𝑉𝑖[𝐺𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑘 − 𝜑𝑖) − 𝐵𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑘 − 𝜑𝑖)]
+𝑉𝑘𝑉
𝑠[𝐺𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑘 − 𝛿𝑠) − 𝐵𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑘 − 𝛿𝑠)] (4)
where 𝐺𝑠 and 𝐵𝑠 are the conductance and susceptance of a transformer impedance, respectively. The active
power exchanged through the DC link can be determined as (5)-(6) [25]:
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑅𝑒{𝑉
̅𝑠 𝐼̅𝑖𝑘
∗
} = 0 (5)
𝑅𝑒{𝑉
̅𝑠 𝐼̅𝑖𝑘
∗
} = 𝑉𝑖𝑉
𝑠[𝐺𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑖 − 𝛿𝑠) − 𝐵𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑖 − 𝛿𝑠)]
+𝑉𝑘𝑉
𝑠[𝐺𝑠 sin(𝜑𝑘 − 𝛿𝑠) − 𝐵𝑠 cos(𝜑𝑘 − 𝛿𝑠)] (6)
where 𝐼̅𝑖𝑘 is the complex current of the line.
3. CONGESTION RENT CONTRIBUTION METHOD
Initially, the congestion rent contribution method has been proposed in [26]. This method is based
on locational marginal price (LMP) differences and congestion rent, respectively. The congestion rent
contribution method has been used in several papers for locating series FACTS devices (or series part of
shunt-series FACTS devices) [15], [26]–[28].
3.1. Definition of LMP
Locational marginal pricing (also termed the spot price) is a market-pricing strategy employed to
manage the efficient use of the transmission system when congestion happens on the power system. When a
system becomes congested, the impacts appear in the prices and LMP increases. These LMPs are time-
varying and directly relate to the actual operating cost of the system [26], [29], [30]. LMPs are obtained by
optimal power flow (OPF), and congestion rent is a function of LMP difference and power flow [26].
3.2. Formulation of method
The congestion rent of line i–j (𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗) is obtained as [15]:
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗 = |𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑖 − 𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑗| ∗ |𝑃𝑖𝑗| ($/ℎ𝑟) (7)
where 𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑖 and 𝐿𝑀𝑃𝑗 are the locational marginal price at buses i and j, respectively, and 𝑃𝑖𝑗 is the power
flow between buses i and j. The total congestion rent (TCC) is expressed as (8):
𝑇𝐶𝐶 = ∑ 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗
𝑁𝐿
𝑖𝑗=1 ($/ℎ𝑟) (8)
where 𝑁𝐿 is the total number of lines. The congestion rent contribution of line i–j (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗) is (9).
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗 =
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗
𝑇𝐶𝐶
(9)
3.3. Procedure of method
The procedure of the congestion rent contribution method is defined in the following steps [15],
[26]: i) Run the OPF in the base case to get the LMP at all buses and the power flow (𝑃𝑖𝑗) in all lines;

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ii) Calculate the congestion rent (𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗) based on (7) for all lines; iii) Calculate the total congestion rent (TCC)
based on (8); iv) Calculate the congestion rent contribution (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗) based on (9) for all lines; v) Rank lines
based on the highest value of (𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗) and establish a priority list to reduce the solution space; vi) For each
line in the priority list, run OPF with SSSC in that line and calculate the total congestion rent (TCC) based on
(8); and vii) The location of the SSSC is the line whereby installing the device obtains the minimum total
congestion rent (TCC).
4. EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
Congestion in a power system can occur due to several reasons such as transmission line outage,
generator outage, changes in energy demand, and uncoordinated transactions. The line outage and generator
outage caused by loss of excitation (LOE) are reviewed as the emergency conditions. In this section to
investigate the SSSC performance on congestion management in an emergency condition.
4.1. Transmission line outage
Transmission line outages can occur due to causes such as component deterioration or adverse
weather conditions. If not detected and corrected immediately, an outage could lead to critical disturbances
and possibly failure in the power system. In other words, cascading transmission line outages can be lead to
large blackouts. The outage of a transmission line makes overloading on some lines, and the limitation of
min. or max. voltage level at load buses may be violated, or congestion occurs [31]–[36].
4.2. Generator outage
When the generator unexpectedly outages, the transmission system also will appear congested. A
generator outage can happen due to the loss of excitation. The LOE is a frequent fault in synchronous
machine operating, and based on the statistic; it accounts for 69% of all generator failures. The excitation
source can be partially or entirely fail due to a short circuit in the field winding, accidental field breaker
opening, and a breakdown in the excitation system [31], [37]–[39].
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, the IEEE 14-bus system has been employed to investigate the application of an SSSC
on congestion management of transmission systems in emergency conditions. The network data for analysis
of the power flow and OPF are taken from MATPOWER 7.0, which is an open-source MATLAB-language
M-files for solving power system simulation [40]. Also, the SSSC has been implemented in MATPOWER
7.0.
5.1. Locating an SSSC
The result of performing power flow in the base case is presented in Table 1. These results just will
be used to compare the impact of the SSSC on the voltage profile and network losses. Table 2 shows the
results from the OPF (LMP, and 𝑃𝑖𝑗) and calculations performed to determine candidate transmission lines to
install an SSSC. According to results, lines 1-2, 1-5, and 2-3 are three candidates for installing an SSSC,
respectively.
An SSSC has been installed at the candidate lines individually, and the OPF is performed for
calculating the TCC. In Figures 3(a) and (b), shows comparison the values of TCC and total generation cost
without/with an SSSC. Based on the results, the transmission line 1-2 is the best location to install the SSSC,
because the minimum TCC is obtained. As can be seen, the TCC and the total generation cost decrease 4.6%
and 0.24%, respectively, compared with the base case. The voltage source of the SSSC has been considered
𝑉
̅𝑠 = 0.8 𝑝. 𝑢. ∠3.14° when is placed in line 1-2. Also, the power flow results in the presence of an SSSC in
transmission line 1-2 show the active power losses are 12.663 MW and the reactive power losses are
52.06 Mvar, respectively. That is means this controller can decrease network losses. In addition, the voltage
amplitude remains constant, and the voltage phase angle of buses is slightly improved.
Table 1. Power flow results in the base case
Bus number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Voltage amplitude (p.u.) 1.06 1.045 1.01 1.018 1.02 1.07 1.062 1.09 1.056 1.051 1.057 1.055 1.05 1.036
Voltage phase angle (Deg.) 0 -4.98 -12.72 -10.31 -8.77 -14.22 -13.36 -13.36 -14.94 -15.1 -14.79 -15.08 -15.16 -16.03
Network Losses Active= 13.39 MW Reactive= 54.54 Mvar

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Table 2. OPF results in the base case and determines candidate transmission lines to install an SSSC
Bus Number
LMP
($/MWh)
Transmission Line
(From Bus-To Bus)
|LMP Difference|
($/MWh)
|𝑃𝑖𝑗|
(MW)
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗
($/h)
𝑇𝐶𝐶
($/h)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗
Priority
List
1 36.724 1-2 1.636 129.67 212.14 731.068 0.243 1
2 38.36 1-5 2.937 64.66 189.906 0.2178 2
3 40.575 2-3 2.215 55.59 123.132 0.1412 3
4 40.19 2-4 1.83 48.92 89.524 0.1027
5 39.661 2-5 1.301 37.28 48.501 0.0556
6 39.734 3-4 0.385 11.31 4.354 0.005
7 40.172 4-5 0.529 49.5 26.186 0.03
8 40.17 6-11 0.421 6.09 2.564 0.0029
9 40.166 6-12 0.645 7.65 4.934 0.0057
10 40.318 6-13 0.841 17.12 14.398 0.0165
11 40.155 7-9 0.006 31.34 0.188 0.0002
12 40.379 9-10 0.152 6.49 0.986 0.0011
13 40.575 9-14 1.031 10.2 10.516 0.0121
14 41.197 10-11 0.163 2.54 0.414 0.0005
12-13 0.196 1.48 0.29 0.0003
13-14 0.622 4.88 3.035 0.0035
Total generation cost= 8081.53 $/hr
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Comparison without/with an SSSC with (a) TCC ($/hr) and (b) Total generation cost ($/hr)
5.2. Transmission line outage
The outage of transmission line 1-5 is considered as an emergency condition to investigate the role
of an SSSC on congestion management. The results of the optimal power flow and related calculations to
total congestion rent after line outage are shown in Table 3. The results show the line outage causes the
congestion increase so that the total congestion rent has been growth by 30.8% compared to the base case.
Table 3. OPF results and TCC after the outage of line 1-5
Bus Number
LMP
($/MWh)
Transmission Line
(From Bus-To Bus)
|LMP Difference|
($/MWh)
|𝑃𝑖𝑗|
(MW)
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗
($/h)
𝑇𝐶𝐶
($/h)
1 35.394 1-2 2.392 178.88 427.881 955.969
2 37.786 1-5 4.837 0 0
3 40.486 2-3 2.7 64.79 174.933
4 40.418 2-4 2.632 63.26 166.5
5 40.231 2-5 2.445 59.18 144.695
6 40.214 3-4 0.068 7.01 0.477
7 40.437 4-5 0.187 19.16 3.583
8 40.433 6-11 0.346 5.58 1.931
9 40.455 6-12 0.655 7.59 4.971
10 40.645 6-13 0.839 16.86 14.146
11 40.56 7-9 0.018 35.07 0.631
12 40.869 9-10 0.19 6.99 1.328
13 41.053 9-14 1.139 10.53 11.994
14 41.594 10-11 0.085 2.04 0.173
12-13 0.184 1.41 0.259
13-14 0.541 4.56 2.467
731,068
697,485
711,299
717,302
Base Case SSSC
Line 1-2
SSSC
Line 1-5
SSSC
Line 2-3
8081,53
8061,96
8070,28
8072,3
Base Case SSSC
Line 1-2
SSSC
Line 1-5
SSSC
Line 2-3

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An SSSC has been placed in transmission line 1-2 to reduce congestion, and 𝑉
̅𝑠 has been set at
0.8 𝑝. 𝑢. ∠0°. Table 4 shows the results of the OPF and the value of total congestion rent after the SSSC
placement. Observations show that the SSSC can reduce the TCC by 5.8%, in other words, lead to a
reduction in network congestion. Also, the total generation cost has been reduced by 37.86 $/hr.
After installing the SSSC, the network losses obtained from the power flow show the active and
reactive power losses have decreased by 6.33% and 5.34%, respectively. Examination of the data shows that
the SSSC has a proper performance during the line outage. It can lead to congestion management and reduce
the costs of congestion and generation.
Table 4. OPF results and TCC after installing an SSSC during the outage of line 1-5
Bus Number
LMP
($/MWh
Transmission Line
(From Bus-To Bus)
|LMP Difference|
($/MWh)
|𝑃𝑖𝑗|
(MW)
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑗
($/h)
𝑇𝐶𝐶
($/h)
1 35.559 1-2 2.223 165.96 368.929 900.615
2 37.782 1-5 4.655 0 0
3 40.466 2-3 2.684 65.74 176.446
4 40.399 2-4 2.617 64.12 167.802
5 40.214 2-5 2.432 60.04 146.017
6 40.201 3-4 0.067 7.08 0.474
7 40.418 4-5 0.185 19.24 3.559
8 40.414 6-11 0.341 5.64 1.923
9 40.438 6-12 0.644 7.60 4.894
10 40.625 6-13 0.825 16.89 13.934
11 40.542 7-9 0.02 34.74 0.695
12 40.845 9-10 0.187 6.93 1.296
13 41.026 9-14 1.122 10.47 11.747
14 41.56 10-11 0.083 2.09 0.173
12-13 0.181 1.43 0.259
13-14 0.534 4.62 2.467
5.3. Generator outage
In this case, the impact of a generator outage on the congestion and role of an SSSC is investigated.
It is assumed the outage occurs in the generator connected to bus #2 that can generate a maximum of 40 MW.
After the outage, an SSSC with 𝑉
̅𝑠 = 0.8 𝑝. 𝑢. ∠ − 5° has been located in line 1-2. The total congestion rent,
the total generation cost, and network losses have been analyzed in Figures 4(a)-(c), respectively. Based on
the results, the SSSC reduces congestion, and hence the congestion will be managed. Besides, it can reduce
the cost of generating power by generators as well as network losses.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4. Results comparison without/with an SSSC after generator outage, (a) total congestion rent ($/hr),
(b) total generation cost ($/hr), and (c) network losses
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the role of an SSSC on congestion reduction of power transmission systems in normal
or emergency conditions has been presented. The SSSC is a series compensating FACTS device that can
control the power flow and thus congestion management. Performed simulations on the IEEE 14-bus test
system show the best location of the SSSC using the congestion rent contribution method is transmission line
1-2 aimed at congestion management. After installing the SSSC in the selected transmission line, it can be
1017,339
956,246
Generator
outage
SSSC
Line 1-2
8587,18
8556,08
Generator
outage
SSSC
Line 1-2
15,877 14,963
62,6 59,64
Generator
outage
SSSC
Line 1-2
(MW) (Mvar)

 ISSN: 2502-4752
1264
seen that the total congestion rent, the total generation cost, and network losses have been decreased. In other
words, the role of the SSSC in managing the congestion by controlling the power flow is quite apparent.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Majeed Rashid Zaidan received a BSc and MSc degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1986, 2003, respectively. Now he is a
lecturer at Baqubah Technical Institute, Middle Technical University, has focused his research
on FACTS devices, power systems and electrical machines. He can be contacted at email:
majeedrzn@mtu.edu.iq.
Saber Izadpanah Toos received a BSc and MSc degree in electrical engineering
from the Sadjad Institute for Higher Education of Mashhad, Iran, in 2010, 2012, respectively.
His research interest is in FACTS devices and control. He can be contacted at email:
s.izadpanah220@sadjad.ac.ir.

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