Employee’s training and development for optimum productivity

Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012

Employee’s Training and Development for Optimum
Productivity: The Role of Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Nigeria
Aroge, Stephen Talabi Ph.D.
Department of Arts Education, Faculty of Education,
Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko,
Ondo State, Nigeria
draroge@yahoo.com
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine the contributions of Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to employee’s
training and development in Nigeria. Survey research was used in order to carry out the study. Three hundred
and sixty (360) respondents from university and polytechnic students, Nigeria Labour Congress and Nigeria
National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) were sampled. Three research questions were generated from the
literature review, questionnaire on the contributions of ITF to manpower development in Nigeria, and the
responses elicited from respondents were numerically quantified, tabulated and analyzed using the Likert Scale.
The analysis shows that Industrial Training Fund (ITF), since its inception has been contributing immensely to
manpower development in Nigeria through its various programmes which include direct training targeted at
employees both in public and private sector, reimbursement and grant scheme, student industrial work
experience scheme (SIWES), research and consultancy services, among others. Based on the findings, it is
recommended, among other things, that more funds should be made available to the organization so it can also
take care of students studying education in institutions of higher learning through its reimbursement and grant
scheme, and that special training programmes should be organized under the auspices of Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) to cater for those who are unemployed for the purpose of raising small business entrepreneurs.
Key Words: Training, Development, Employee, ITF, Organization.

Introduction
Employee’s training and development is seen as the most important formation of any competent management.
The reason is not far-fetched, the ever increasing technological sophistication especially in this age of computer
technology has really make it compulsory for organizations to meet changing situations. Training for capacity
building is central to sustain economic growth and development because human capital is the greatest asset of
any organization. Capacity building entails investment in human capital, institutions and practices necessary to
enhance human skills, overhaul institutions and improve procedures and systems (Sanusi, 2002). Capacity
building could also be defined as the internalization of the knowledge, skills and processes that enable the
formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of set goals in an efficient manner. Yet, it could be
viewed as a series of activities, which an organization, enterprise or even a nation needs to undertake to provide
for itself, on a continuous basis, as well as the regular supply of skilled manpower to meet its present and future
needs (Anyanwu, 2002). Moreover, one of the major principles needed by industries to succeed in this current
situation is quality training that will equip the employees with new skills, competencies and techniques. Hence, it
is good policy to invest in the development of workers’ skills, so as to increase their productivity.
In the recent years, Federal Government of Nigeria have concerned with the development of all workers to
improve performance in their present job and to provide a solid basis for those who are growing up. Perhaps, this
influenced her decision in establishing Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to cater for the training needs of
employees in public and private sectors. Since four decades of its formation, Industrial Training Fund (ITF) has
been organizing and sponsoring training programmes and also encouraging greater involvement of employers,
particularly small employers, in the organization and development of training exercises that would lead to the
production of highly-skilled manpower to man various economy affairs of the country. In view of the above,
attempts is made in this paper to discuss the roles of Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in Employee’s training and
development and capacity building for economic management in Nigeria.
The objectives of the study therefore, include:

(a) To find out the role being played by ITF in employee’s training and development
(b) To determine the types of programmes available in ITF for employees development

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(c) To establish the impact of ITF programmes on capacity building and human resources development
in Nigeria.
The Concept of Training & Development
Training is a form of specialized education aimed at giving the trainee a particular or specialized knowledge,
skill and attitude which he must possess to effectively perform in a given position. Development is concerned
with specific programmes designed to prepare and groom a worker with particular education and training for
higher responsibilities (Onasanya, 2006).
Beardwell and Helen (2001) also view development as the process of becoming increasingly complex, more
elaborate and differentiated by virtue of learning and maturation. Training is also seen as a planned process to
modify attitude, knowledge or skill behaviour through learning experience to achieve effective performance in
an activity or range of activities (Osborne, 1996). Rouda & Kusy (1995) views Training and Development as the
‘acquisition of knowledge, competencies and skills, and adopting behaviors that improve performance in current
jobs, including: adult learning theory and applications, instructional systems design, train-the-trainer programs,
and instructional strategies and methods.
Management development and training has been seen as a process by which employee are recruited selected
trained motivated and required within an economic system. According to Alao (2010), formal management
development programme began to appear in large cooperation in 1940 and early 1950s. Since then there has
been growing sophistication in the organization and contest of such endeavours. In the past few decades, there
has been an increasing amount of research and general knowledge of the principle and techniques of
administration. The rapid rate of technological and social changes has made it imperative to have managers and
workers who are trained to cope with these changes.
The ever increasing technological sophistication especially in this age of computer technology has really
paved way for management training to meet changing situation. In the recent years, industries have concerned
with the development of all workers and these in management position both to improve performance in their
present job and to provide a solid basis for those who are growing up. Those developments have been given
impetus with the research of Taylor, which emphasized continued necessity of scientific discoveries of human
potentials through training. It was in this climate of technological and social changes taking place in the 19th
century that manager started to seek better ways of coping with increasing complexities taking place in their
enterprises.
Taylor was one of the pioneers who recognized that worker are important and efficient as machine (Alao,
2010). Taylor asserted that it is the workers and management that set the pace for production hence, the need for
manpower training and development in order to enhance the organizational predetermined goal. He emphasized
that “scientific management is not a collection of technique only to increase efficiency, but rather a philosophy
of being accomplished by workers training and development”.
In Nigeria, the genesis for manpower training and development can be traced to the Ashby commission set
up in 1959 to conduct an investigation into Nigeria’s need in the field of past secondary certificate and higher
education over the next twenty years (Alao, 2010).
Following his development, the federal government has since established a number of training institutions
such as the industrial training find (ITF) in 1971, the Nigerian Council for Management Education and training
the association institution known as center for management development (CMD) in 1972. the Administration
Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON), the Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institution (ARMTI) as
well as the Nigeria institute for policy and strategy (NIPSS) and institute for labour studies.
Apart from the aforementioned, there are various federal; and state training centers all over the country.
In the private sectors, we also see a lot of organization that have established their own training centers and
schools while many others depend on university sponsored programmes and seminar as well as executive
development and general management courses run by the Nigeria Institutes of Management (NIM) and that of
Institute of Personnel Management (IPM).
Hence, for an organization to achieve its objectives there must be a continuous review of manpower training
to ensure their effectiveness throughout the organization. It is also believed that a vast majority of new
employees have not been prepared to perform the job they may encounter in their organisation in respective of
the technical or professional education received. There is therefore need for training and retraining of the
workers to perform new jobs and adapt to changing technology.
Training needs arise mainly from the problems that lack of training may have created. Rapidly changing
technology in both factories and offices has also created shortage of skilled labour.

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Also, the growing awareness of many organization responsibility in our society has accelerated the entrance
of less qualified groups in the workforce management has realize that for well qualified workers to man all the
different tasks, it is necessary to train their staff.
Training is therefore needed because of transfer, promotion and changes in work schedules. Training is
needed when job delegation takes places. Training is required when job are enlarge and employees rotates from
job to job. Training becomes imperative when scientist discoveries result in innovation in product and
equipment.

Human Resource Development
Human Resource Development is an organized learning activities arranged within an organization in order to
improve performance and/or personal growth for the purpose of improving the job, the individual, and/or the
organization (Rouda & Kusy 1995). This includes the areas of training and development, career development,
and organizational development.
Employee need to learn new skills and develop new abilities, to respond to these changes in workplace. The
process of enhancing and enriching the skills and knowledge of employees through training and refreshing
courses is called human resource development. The goal of Human Resource Development is to improve the
performance of organizations by maximizing the efficiency and performance of our people. This is going to
develop our knowledge and skills, our actions and standards, our motivation, incentives, attitudes and work
environment.

Historical Background of Industrial Training Fund (ITF)
The Industrial Training Fund was established by Decree No. 47 of 8th October, 1971, with the aim of
“promoting and encouraging the acquisition of skills in industry and commerce with a view to generating a pool
of indigenous manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the economy”. It was the first of the three Manpower
Training and Development Agencies created by the Federal Military Government during the Second National
Development Plan period (1970 – 1974). The other two include the Nigerian Council for Management
Development (NCMD) and the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON). The vision of ITF is to be
the foremost skills training and development organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the world while the
mission is to set and regulate training standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and
commercial skills training and development using a corps of highly competent professional staff, modern
techniques and technology. The objective for which the Fund was established has been pursued vigorously and
efficaciously. In the four decades of its existence, the ITF has not only raised training consciousness in the
economy, but has also helped in generating a crops of skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning
and managing various sectors of the national economy.
Over the years, pursuant to its statutory responsibility, the ITF has expanded its structures, developed
training programmes, reviewed its strategies, operations and services in order to meet the expanding, and
changing demands for skilled manpower in the economy. Beginning as a Parastatal “B” in 1971, headed by a
Director, the ITF became a Parastatal “A” in 1981, with a Director-General as the Chief Executive under the
aegis of the Ministry of Industry. The Fund has a 13 member Governing Council and operates with 6
Departments and 3 Units at the Headquarters, 27 Area Offices, 2 Skills Training Centres, and a Centre for
Industrial Training Excellence.
As part of its responsibilities, the ITF provides Direct Training, Vocational and Apprentice Training,
Research and Consultancy Services, Reimbursement of up to 60% Levy paid by employers of labour registered
with it, and administers the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). It also provides human
resource development information and training technology service to industry and commerce to enhance their
manpower capacity and in-house training delivery effort. The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to
stimulate human performance, improve productivity, and induce value-added production in industry and
commerce. Through its SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training Programmes, the Fund also builds
capacity for graduates and youth self-employment, in the context of Small Scale Industrialization, in the
economy. The ITF Reimbursement Scheme was established to motivate and encourage contributing employers
to train and re-train their employees. The Scheme provides that a maximum of 60% of levy be paid to up-to-date
levy contributors who satisfy laid down conditions for claiming Reimbursement.
The aims and objectives of the Reimbursement Scheme are to ensure that:
training activities are spread to all levels of workers in organizations;
Employers training programmes are relevant and effective;
training programmes are properly implemented and evaluated;

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training activities, according to the needs of the employers and the economy as a whole, are encouraged (Source:
ITF Brochure, 2010).

Functions of the ITF include:
• Encouraging greater involvement of employers, particularly small employers, in the organization and
development of training programmes and facilities including the establishment of Group Training
Schemes and Centres in certain areas of economic activity;
• Building of training facilities of its own, in identified areas of national need;
• Organizing research and studies into training as a support to other activities of the Fund;
• Establishing uniform National Vocational Apprenticeship Training Scheme in the country;
• Seeking to harmonize ITF’s non-formal training programmes with the curricula of formal educational
institutions;
• Bearing a proportion of the direct cost of on-the-job and off-the-job training of Nigerian employees.

Sources of Revenue
The Decree establishing the ITF stipulates that employers should contribute 3% of their turnover, whichever was
greater to the ITF as mandatory training levy. It also provides for subvention from the Federal Government. The
Amendment Decree No. 37 issued on 10th September, 1973 reduced employers’ rate of levy to 2%. This was
further reduced to 1% of annual payroll, since 1975 (calendar year). The penalty for non-payment of levy within
the time prescribed (not later than 1st April of the following year) is equal to 5% of the amount unpaid each
month or part of the month after 1st April each year in addition to full payment of the outstanding levy.

Reimbursement and Grants Schemes
The Reimbursement and Grants Scheme of the ITF was incepted in July, 1973. Under the Scheme, the Fund
bears part of the cost of workers/employees training and further education by providing grants for courses
undertaken. The Decree which established the Fund, gave its Governing Council the power to allow a maximum
reimbursement of sixty percent (60%) of an employers’ contribution for each year. The scheme has been revised
from time-to-time. The fifth Grants scheme is now in operation. Once the conditions for paying reimbursement
are fulfilled, prompt payments are always effected. The aim of the Grants and Reimbursement Scheme is to
encourage employers to train their staff in accordance with the needs of the various industries or group of
industries. Employers are therefore, urged to intensify efforts to improve the quality of their manpower through
appropriate and approved training programmes.
There is no gainsaying that ITF has contributed and still contributing immensely to Employee training and
development in Nigerian Industries. Appraising the institution, therefore, will not be out of place in view of its
prominent contributions to human resource/organizational development in the most populous black nation called
Nigeria.

Methodology
The survey research design was utilized for this study.

Population
The population of this study consists of students from Institutions of higher learning, specifically from Adekunle
Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko and Rufus Giwa Polytechnic (RUGIPO), Owo, both in Ondo State Nigeria,
Employees of Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Ibadan Depot as well as Members of Nigerian
Labour Congress in Ondo State Nigeria.

Sample
Random sampling technique where all subjects had equal probability of being selected was used in the study.
This is presented in table 1. The population of two hundred and eleven (211) subjects was from AAUA Students.
Out of this number, eighty four (84) which represented 39.8% was chosen. There were two hundred and twenty
five (225) students of RUGIPO. Sixty three (63) or 28.0 percent were sampled out of the subjects. Ninety one
(91) or 47.9 percent were chosen from one hundred and ninety (190) respondents from the Nigeria National
Petroleum Corporation. Three hundred and thirty five (335) members of NLC- Nigerian Labour Congress in
Ondo State of Nigeria constitute the population for this study: one hundred and twenty two (122) members of the
union were later randomly selected. This represented 36.4 percent of the respondents.

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Instrument
The study aimed at finding out the contributions of Industrial training Fund in Employee’s training and
development in Nigeria. Thus, structured questionnaire was constructed to provide answers to three (3) research
questions raised in the study. The data was analyzed by using rating scale and especially Likert type as follows:
SA- Strongly Agreed (4 Points)
A – Agreed (3 Points)
D – Disagreed (2 Points)
SD – Strongly Disagreed (1 Points)
U – Undecided (0 Points)
The scores obtained by the respondents on questionnaire items were weighted in order to get their mean.
Weighted scores refer to the respondent’s scores against each questionnaire item multiplied by the scores under
each Likert scale point. The products were added together on each column in order to find out the average
(mean) using the number of respondents involved. The mean (average) obtained is interpreted as follows:

Interpretation Scale
0.0-0.9 =U
1.0-1.44 = SD
1.50-2.49 = D
2.50-3.49 =A
3.50-4.00 = SA
This is further used to interpret the respondents’ view on each questionnaire item and the findings of the
study.
Table 1: List of Respondents

Types of Organization Population Sample % Sample
AAUA Students 211 84 39.8
RUGIPO Students 225 63 28.0
NNPC Employee 190 91 47.8
Members, NLC 335 122 36.4
TOTAL 961 360 152.1

Source: Research Data, January, 2011

Research Question 1: What was the level of accessibility of ITF Training Programmes to the employees?
Answer to this question is contained in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2: Respondents’ View on the Level of accessibility of ITF programmes to the employees?
S/N Respondents Often Occasionally Rarely Not at Not sure Total
all
1. AAUA Students 37 23 11 09 04 84
2. RUGIPO Students 34 20 06 02 01 63
3. NNPC Employee 40 31 09 06 05 91
4. Nigeria Labour 51 33 20 16 02 122
Congress (NLC)


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Table 3: Analysis of Respondents’ View on the Level of accessibility of ITF programmes to the employees?

Respondents 4 3 2 1 0

Often Occasionally Rarely Not Not N Total Mean Interpretation
at sure
all
1. AAUA 148 69 22 09 0 84 248 2.9 A
Students
2. RUGIPO 136 60 12 02 0 63 210 3.3 A
Students
3. NNPC 160 93 18 06 0 91 277 3.0 A
Employees
4. Nigeria Labour 204 99 40 16 0 122 359 2.94 A
Congress (NLC)


The analysis of respondents’ view on the level of accessibility of ITF programmes in table 3 shows a very
high level of accessibility of by employees of various organizations. This really shows that ITF programmes is
perceived to be open to all employees who wish to access it and this is in line with the submission of Alao
(2010) that training is germane to employees growth and development in any industry because they are the ones
who set the pace for production.

Research Question 2: What are the types of programmes being provided by ITF for Human Resource
Development?

Table 4 and 5 provide answer to this question

Table 4: Respondents’ View on thy types of programme available in ITF for employees development.

S/N Items 4 3 2 1 0

SA A D SD U Total
1. Direct Training 118 111 65 60 06 360
2. Research and Consultancy Services 95 94 88 75 08 360
3. Reimbursement and Grant Scheme 102 95 79 75 09 360
4. Students’ Industrial Work Experience 109 108 75 61 07 360
Scheme (SIWES)


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Table 5: Analysis of Respondents’ View on the Impact of IDC Services on the Development of SMEs using
Weighted Scores

Items 4 3 2 1 0

SA A D SD U N Total Mean Interpretation
1. Direct Training 472 333 130 60 0 360 9395 2.7 A
2. Research and Consultancy 380 282 176 75 0 360 913 2.5 A
Services
3. Reimbursement and Grant 408 285 158 75 0 360 926 2.57 A
Schemes
4. Students Industrial Work 436 324 150 61 0 360 971 2.69 A
Experience Scheme (SIWES)


Analysis in table 4 and 5 shows that majority of respondents agreed that training programme, Grant
schemes and Student Industrial Work Experience Sceme (SIWES) are the most prominent programmes being
offered by ITF for capacity building and human resource development. Taylor (2008) corroborated this by
emphasizing the need for manpower training and development in order to enhance the organizational
predetermined goal. He further stated that “scientific management is not a collection of technique only to
increase efficiency, but rather a philosophy of being accomplished by workers’ training and development.
However, the researcher noted the agitation of respondents for ITF grant scheme to also cover the students in
higher institutions of learning who studies educational courses so they can also be encouraged during their
Teaching Practice exercise.
Question 3: What was the impact of ITF programmes on human resource development in Nigeria?

Table 6 and 7 provide answer to this question

Table 6: Respondents’ View on the Impact of ITF Programmes on Capacity Building and Human Resource
Development in Nigeria.

S/N Items 4 3 2 1 0

SA A D SD U Total
1. ITF training programmes enhances job’s efficiency and 110 119 65 60 06 360
effectiveness
2. ITF’s training programmes have led to the emergence of 125 94 68 65 08 360
skilled manpower in Nigerian industries
3. SIWES exercise of ITF have really exposed beneficiaries to 102 95 79 75 09 360
the ethics in the world of work
4. Through ITF’s training programmes, industrial hazards/risks 99 108 85 61 07 360
have reduced drastically in Nigerian industries
5. ITF training programmes has led to the emergence of small 66 69 117 101 07 360
scale industrialists in the Country


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Vol 2, No.4, 2012

Table 7: Analysis of Respondents’ View on the Impact of IDC Services on the Development of SMEs using
Weighted Scores

Items 4 3 2 1 0

SA A D SD U N Total Mean Interpretation
1. ITF training programmes enhances 440 357 130 60 0 360 987 2.74 A
job’s efficiency and effectiveness
2. ITF’s training programmes have led 500 282 136 65 0 360 983 2.7 A
to the emergence of skilled manpower
in Nigerian industries
3. SIWES exercise of ITF have really 402 285 158 75 0 340 920 2.70 A
exposed beneficiaries to the ethics in
the world of work
4. Through ITF’s training programmes, 396 324 170 61 0 360 951 2.64 A
industrial hazards/risks have reduced
drastically in Nigerian industries
5. ITF training programmes has led to 264 203 234 101 0 360 802 2.22 D
the emergence of small scale
industrialists in the Country


The analysis of respondents’ view on the impact of ITF programmes on human resource development
shows that ITF programme, in all its ramifications have led to the emergence of skilled manpower in Nigerian
industries through various training programmes. Moreover, ITF, through its training programme, SIWES, and
consultancy services, have been empowering employees with the aim of preparing them ready to face any
challenge of the workplace. This is in conformity with the submission of Rouda & Kusy (1995) on training as
“the acquisition of knowledge, competence and skills, and adopting behavior that improve performance in
current jobs. However, respondents expressed contrary view in respect of the emergence of small scale
industrialists through ITF training programmes as the training programmes being organized at ITF are mostly
targeted at those who are already in employment with one organization or the other alone. This means that ITF
have not been doing well in its Vocational and Apprenticeship Training Programmes which was organized
purposely to arouse the spirit of entrepreneurship on unemployed youths in Nigeria.

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Recommendation

The following recommendations are made based on the findings of the study:

(1.) Efforts should be made by government to increase the allocation being given to Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) to further improve on its various training programmes

(2.) Industrial Training Fund (ITF) should further improve on its Grant Scheme to Students studying
Education in Institutions of Higher Learning who are also engaging in Teaching Practice Exercise
instead of concentrating on those studying Sciences alone.

(3.) It is suggested that special training programmes should be organized under the auspices of
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to cater for those who are unemployed for the purpose of raising
small business entrepreneurs.
Conclusion

The Study has revealed that there is a significant relationship between employee’s training and industrial growth
and development. Staff training must not be neglected by any organization that values growth and enhanced
productivity. The reason is not far-fetched, Training and development helps to ensure that organisational
members possess the knowledge and skills they need to perform their jobs effectively, take on new
responsibilities, and adapt to changing conditions. Federal government of Nigeria realized this need by
establishing Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to cater for the training needs of employee both in public and private
sector which has really helped building skilled manpower to man various sector of Nigerian economy.

References

ALAO, B.S. (2010) The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance: A Case study of
Nigerian Bottling Company. A B.Sc. Research Project: Faculty of Business and Social Sciences,
University of Ilorin.
BEARDWELL & HELEN (2001) Human resource management : Macmillan Indian 2001 274. Torrington.
ANYANWU, U. (2002) “Productivity and Capacity Building”: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference
of the Zonal Research Units – Gateway Hotel, Abeokuta 12 – 16 June.
ONASANYA CMD (2005). Effective Personnel Management and Industrial Relations. (CMD 2005) 206.

OSBORNE, D (1996) Staff Training and Assessment : Cassel Publishers London.

ROUDA, R & KUSY, M (1995) Development of human resources: Beyond training - a perspective on
improving organizations and people in the paper industry. Tappi Journal, 78(4), 263-265.

SANUSI, J.O. (2002) Key Note Address at the PGDPA and CPA Graduation Ceremony of the Administrative
Staff College of Nigeria: 13th December.

TAYLOR, (2008 ) ‘Scientific Management’ in: The Social Organization of Work by Hodson, R. & Sullivan,
A.: www.engagebrain.com

58

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