Energy resources
- 3. INTRODUCTION •Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work. •Energy is present in number of form like mechanical , thermal , chemical , biological. •It is an important factor in the development of an economy. •The demand for energy has increased with economic development of the world. •In India , the per capita energy consumption is only 221 KG. of oil equivalent/year. • It is very low rate compared with other countries.
- 4. WORLD WIDE ENERGY USE (2014)
- 5. HISTORY AND PROJCTION OF WORLD’S ENERY SOURCES(1990-2040)
- 6. Indian Scenario on Energy Resources India ranks sixth in the world in total energy consumption. India has increased installed power capacity from 1,362MW to over 1,62,366MW since independence . India has electrified more than 50,000 villages. India is the Eleventh largest economy in the world , in terms of purchasing power .
- 7. • The demand for energy has grown at an average of 3.6 % per annum over the past few years. • This rapid increase in use of energy has created problems of demand & supply. •More than 80,000 villages are yet to be electrified. •Around 44 % of households do not have access to the electricity.
- 8. It indicates that India has had a Negative Energy Balance for decades. Because of which, the future of Non renewable energies is becoming uncertain.
- 9. Wind Energy
- 10. he development of wind power in India began in the 1986 with first wind farms being set up in coastal areas of Maharasahtra (Ratnagiri), Gujarat (Okha) and Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin) with 55 kW Vestas wind turbines. These demonstration projects were supported by the Minstry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). The capacity has significantly increased in the last few years and as of 31 Aug 2016 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 27,676.55 MW, mainly spread across the South, West and North regions.Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry, compared with countries such as Denmark or the United States, by year end 2015 India had the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.(behind 1. China, 2. USA and 3. Germany), having overtaken 5. Spain in 2015 and ahead of 6. UK.
- 11. Installed wind capacity by state as of 19 October 2016 State Total Capacity (MW) Tamil Nadu 7,684.31 Maharashtra 4,664.08 Gujarat 4,227.31 Rajasthan 4,123.35 Karnataka 3,082.45 Madhya Pradesh 2,288.60 Andhra Pradesh 1,866.35 Telangana 98.70 Kerala 43.50 Others 4.30 Total 28,082.95
- 14. Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.
- 15. Uses of Geothermal Energy Direct use and district heating systems Electricity generation power plants Geothermal heat pumps
- 16. Direct use and district heating systems Direct use and district heating systems use hot water from springs or reservoirs located near the surface of the earth. Ancient Roman, Chinese, and Native American cultures used hot mineral springs for bathing, cooking, and heating. Today, many hot springs are still used for bathing, and many people believe the hot, mineral-rich waters have natural healing powers. Geothermal energy is also used to heat buildings through district heating systems. Hot water near the earth's surface is piped directly into buildings and industries for heat. A district heating system provides heat for most of the buildings in Reykjavik, Iceland. Industrial applications of geothermal energy include food dehydration, gold mining, and milk pasteurizing. Dehydration, or the drying of vegetable and fruit products, is the most common industrial use of geothermal energy.
- 17. Geothermal heat pumps Geothermal heat pumps use the constant temperatures near the surface of the earth to heat and cool buildings. Geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings during the winter and reverse the process in the summer.
- 20. Geothermal Energy Advantages Environmentally friendly – There are a few polluting aspects to harnessing geothermal energy, and the carbon footprint of a geothermal power plant is seen as minimal. An average geothermal power plant releases the equivalent of 122 kg CO2 for every megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity it generates – one-eighth of the CO2 emissions associated with typical coal power plants. A stable resource – The power output of a geothermal plant can be accurately predicted. Not subject to the same low-energy fluctuations as with solar or wind
- 21. Significant Savings for Home Owners – There has been a tremendous increase in the number of homeowners who want to utilize geothermal energy for heating and cooling purposes. The result is that less energy is used for heating homes and offices which results in significant savings for home owners. After the initial expense, a 30- 60% savings on heating and 25-50% savings on cooling can cover that cost within few years Economic factors – Cost-competitive in some areas.
- 22. Geothermal Energy Disadvantages Overall efficiency for power production is quite law , compared to fossil fuels. Air pollution to release a gases are present in stream. Drilling operation at sites causes noice pollution.
- 24. Tidal Energy
- 25. Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.
- 26. Uses of tidal energy- Tidal stream generators are very similar to wind turbines except their below the water surface instead of above or on land. The turbine and generator converts the movement of water coming from change in tide, the kinetic energy, into electricity.
- 27. Biomass Energy One common example is wood. Biomass contains stored energy. That's because plants absorb energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis. When biomass is burned, this stored energy is released as heat. Burning biomass releases carbon dioxide
- 30. Biomass resources fall into three categories- Traditional solid mass Non traditional forms Ferment the biomass to obtain a gaseous fuel called biogas. biogas – 55 to 65 % CH4 30 to 40 % CO2 Rest - inpurities i.e. H2, H2S
- 31. Advantages and Disadvantages 1) Biomass used as a fuel reduces need for fossil fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for residential, industrial and agricultural use. 2)Biomass is always available and can be produced as a renewable resource. Except biogas production , the other biomass energy sources have to establish a significant role.
- 33. Hydrogen energy and Fuel cells Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom of hydrogen consists of only one proton and one electron. It's also the most plentiful element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth - it's always combined with other elements. Water, for example, is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). A fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water. Fuel cells are often compared to batteries. Both convert the energy produced by a chemical reaction into usable electric power. However, the fuel cell will produce electricity as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never losing its charge.
- 34. Advantages-: Less pollution, high efficiency as it does not involve a thermal process, unit is lighter , needs less maintenance. Disadvantages-: low voltage, high initial cost ,low service life.
- 35. Problems due to over use of energy resources Extinction of resource: It has been predicted that many of the non renewable sources like crude oil, will completely deplete in the 35 to 40 years as they are limited and get centuries to replenish. Pollution: Overuse of energy sources results in emission of Co 2, So 2, No x, particulate matter which causes air pollution, and related problems like, acid rains, global warming.
- 36. Economic effects: As these resources will be depleted, cost will increase, which will seriously effect economy and the development of the nation. Need for the development of new technology: The technology used for conventional resources will become obsolete so new technology has to be develop using alternate fuels. Mining and processing of minerals have considerable impact on land, water, air, and biological resources. Deforestation and degradation of Land: The top soil and vegetation are cleared from mining area to get access to the deposit. Such large scale deforestation and degradation leads to ecological imbalance. Mining activity can cause a considerable loss of land due to Chemical contamination, destruction of protective layer of soil. There may be considerable loss of wild life habitat. Huge quantity of debris may spoil the aesthetic value of the region oped using alternate fuels.
- 38. BY Mohil Vadia Samarth Patel Rahul Kantariya Ajay Umat Pratik Chaudhary (Sources: www.wikipedia.com, www.google.com, )