Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network Using Modified Bi-Directional A*

International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 7–Issue 08, 301-305, 2018, ISSN:-2319–8656
www.ijcat.com 301
Energy-Aware Routing in Wireless Sensor Network
Using Modified Bi-Directional A*
Nurlaily Vendyansyah
Departement of Electrical
Engineering
University of Brawijaya
Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Sholeh Hadi Pramono
Engineering
University of Brawijaya
Muladi
Engineering
State University of Malang
Abstract: Energy is a key component in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)[1]. The system will not be able to run according to its
function without the availability of adequate power units. One of the characteristics of wireless sensor network is Limitation energy[2].
A lot of research has been done to develop strategies to overcome this problem. One of them is clustering technique. The popular
clustering technique is Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)[3]. In LEACH, clustering techniques are used to
determine Cluster Head (CH), which will then be assigned to forward packets to Base Station (BS). In this research, we propose other
clustering techniques, which utilize the Social Network Analysis approach theory of Betweeness Centrality (BC) which will then be
implemented in the Setup phase. While in the Steady-State phase, one of the heuristic searching algorithms, Modified Bi-Directional
A* (MBDA *) is implemented. The experiment was performed deploy 100 nodes statically in the 100x100 area, with one Base Station
at coordinates (50,50). To find out the reliability of the system, the experiment to do in 5000 rounds. The performance of the designed
routing protocol strategy will be tested based on network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The results show that BC-MBDA *
is better than LEACH. This is influenced by the ways of working LEACH in determining the CH that is dynamic, which is always
changing in every data transmission process. This will result in the use of energy, because they always doing any computation to
determine CH in every transmission process. In contrast to BC-MBDA *, CH is statically determined, so it can decrease energy usage.
Kata Kunci: Energy; Routing; Wirelss; Sensor, Network; Betweenness Centrality; Searching; Modified Bi-directional A*.
1. INTRODUCTION
Internet of Thing (IoT) is a concept whereby an object
has the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless
technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and
the Internet[4]. Based on a survey of IoT analysis, 10 popular
IoT applications are Smart Home (100%), Wearable (63%),
Smart City (34%), Smart Grid (28%), Industrial Internet
(25%), Connected Car 19%), Connected Health (6%), Smart
Retail (2%), Smart Supply Chain (2%), and Smart Farming
(1%). This application works automatically by utilizing
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology.
Although there are many WSN applications, this network
has some limitations that should be considered when deciding
what protocol to use. Some of these limitations are first, WSN
is limited energy supply, WSN has limited energy supply,
thus required energy-saving communication protocol. Second,
Limited Computation, node sensors have limited computing
capabilities so that WSN can not run sophisticated network
protocols. Third Communication, limited bandwidth, so that
often inhibit intersensor communication[4].
In contrast to traditional wireless networks such as
cellular networks, prioritizing quality of service and
bandwidth efficiency, energy consumption and network
lifetime are important in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In
this research, we apply clustering based routing protocol for
WSN. Various protocol clustering has been widely
developed[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16], such as
LEACH[5] and its various modifications, PEGASIS, TEEN
and so on. The clustering process will generate nodes
designated as cluster head (CH). CH is tasked to forward
packet data to Base Station. This method will make CH
overloaded, affecting energy usage. If one node or CH die, it
will disrupt the work function of the network.
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is
one of the most popular WSN routing protocols. CH is
selected periodically each time it sends data (per round), while
the energy supply consumed by each large node is fixed[5].
2. THEORY
This chapter describes the supporting theories of this
research, which will be described in detail in subsequent
chapters.
2.1 Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of
hundreds or thousands of wirelessly connected sensors. The
sensor device contains a complex set of electronics capable of
performing sensing functions, performing simple computing
processes and having the ability to communicate with other
peers (other sensor nodes) or directly communicate with the
base station (BS). Deployment of sensor node can be either
randomly or manually planted (static). Components of sensor
node are generally shown Figure 1, and Figure 2 show the
wireless sensor network architecture.

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Figure 1. Components of sensor node
Figure 2. Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network[5]
In Figure 1 it can be explained that components of node
sensor generally consist of four main parts, namely sensing
unit, processing unit, communication unit, and power unit.
Sensing unit consists of sensor and ADC (Analog Digital
Converter). The function of the ADC is to change the data
output from the sensor that is analog data into digital data
which will be entered into a digital component that is
microcontroller. Sensor classification and sensor samples are
shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Classification and sample of sensors[1]
Type Example
Temperature Thermistors, thermocouples
Pressure Pressure gauges, barometers, ionization gauges
Optical Photodiodes, phototransistors, infrared sensors,
CCD sensors
Acoustic Piezoelectric resonators, microphones
Mechanical Strain gauges, tactile sensors, capacitive
diaphragms, piezoresistive cells
Motion, vibration Accelerometers, gyroscopes, photo sensors
Flow Anemometers, mass air flow sensors
Position GPS, ultrasound-based sensors, infrared-based
sensors, inclinometers
Electromagnetic Hall-effect sensors, magnetometers
Chemical pH sensors, electrochemical sensors, infrared gas
sensors
Humidity Capacitive and resistive sensors, hygrometers,
MEMS-based humidity sensors
Radiation Ionization detectors, Geiger–Mueller counters.
The Communication protocol for low power devices can be
shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Communication protocol for low power devices
GPRS/GSM
1xRTT/CDMA
IEEE
802.11b/g
IEEE
802.15.1
IEEE
802.15.4
Market name
for standard
2.5G/3G Wi-Fi Bluetooth ZigBee
Network
target
WAN/MAN
WLAN and
hotspot
PAN and
DAN (Desk
Area
Network)
WSN
Application Wide area Enterprice Cable Monitoring
focus voice and data applications
(data and
VoIP)
replacement and
control
Bandwidth
(Mbps)
0.0064 –
0.128+
11 – 54 0.7
0.020 –
0.25
Transmission
range (ft)
3000+ 1 – 300+ 1 – 30+ 1 – 300+
Design
factors
Reach and
Transmission
Quality
Enterprise
support,
scalability,
and cost
Cost, ease
of use
Reliability,
power, and
cost
2.2 Routing Protocol in WSN
In sensor networks, energy conservation, directly related
to network lifetime, is relatively more important than network
performance in terms of quality of data that can be transmitted
(QoS). As the energy will be exhausted, the network may be
needed to reduce the quality of the results in reducing
dissipation energy at the node and thus can extend the
network lifetime. Therefore, energy conservation is
considered more important than network performance. In
general, the division routing protocols in WSN can be shown
Figure 3.
Routing Protocols in WSN
Negotiation
Based
Routing
Flat
Network
Routing
Query
Based
Routing
Hierarchical
Network
Routing
Multipath
Based
Routing
Adaptive
Based
Routing
Sequential Assigment Routing (SAR)
Directed Diffusion
Minimum Cost Forwarding Algorithm (MCFA)
Coherent and Noncoherent Processing
Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)
Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS)
Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficinet Protocols (TEEN and APTEEN)
Small Minimum Energy Communication Network (SMECN)
Fixed Size Cluster Routing
Virtual Grid Architecture Routing
Hierarchical Power Aware Routing
Figure 3. Routing Protocols in WSN[4]
2.3 Modified Bi-Directional A*
The Modified Bi-Directional A * is algorithm uses
heuristic functions with slight modifications. The heuristic
function for n vertices in the forward search of Source (S) to
Destination (G) is shown in equation (1)[6].
(1)
While the heuristic function for n vertices in the search
return (from Destination (G) to Source (S)) is shown equation
(2)
(2)
S : origin node or initial state
G : destination node or goal state
g (S, n) : the actual cost of S to n
g (G, n) : the actual cost from G to n
h_s (n) : approximate cost from n to G
h_g (n) : approximate cost from n to S
2.4 Heuristic Search
In the methods included in the heuristic search, heuristic
functions play a decisive role. A function may be accepted as
a heuristic function if the estimated cost generated does not
exceed the actual cost. When a heuristic function gives an
estimated cost that exceeds the actual cost (overestimate), the
search process can get lost and make the heuristic search to be

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not optimal. The heuristic function is said to be good if it can
provide approximate costs that are close to the actual cost.
The closer the actual cost, the heuristic function more better.
The heuristic function that can be used for the problem of
finding the shortest route is a straight line distance on
Cartesian coordinates which can be calculated using equation
(3)[6].
(3)
With dab is the distance between node a and node b. xa
and ya are the coordinate values of node a on the x and y axes
respectively. xb and yb are the coordinate values of node b on
the x and y axes respectively.
2.5 Betweeness Centrality
In graph theory and network analysis, the centrality
indicator is used to identify the most important nodes in the
graph. Usually used to identify the most influential people in
social networks, the key key infrastructure on the Internet or
urban networks, and the major disease spreaders.
Betweeness Centrality is an indicator of the centrality of
the nodes on a computer network. BC or Betweeness
Centrality works by counting the number of paths that pass
through that node. Betweeness Centrality of the node (v) is
formulated by equation (4)[7].
(4)
3. Routing Protocol
In this chapter, we will explain in detail the designed
routing protocol, which can be described in the step of process
with a flowchart in Figure 4.
Start
var :
n, xm, ym, sink.x,
sink.y, ETX,
ERX,Eo,EDA,Efs,E
mp,rmax
Set random node :
S(i).xd=rand(1,1)*xm;
S(i).yd=rand(1,1)*ym;
Set Base Station :
sink.x=50;
sink.y=50;
Initial
Phase
:
Generate
Node
Deployment
A
Calculate Distance between nodes :
distance=sqrt((S(i).xd-(S(n+1).xd^2 –
((S(i).yd)-(S(i).yd)-(S(n+1).yd)^2))
Set Centrality of node :
Calculate Actual Cost :
Set Shortest Path :
End
Setup
Phase
:
Cluster
Head
Selection
Steady-State
Phase
:
Embedding
Routing
Protocol
A
Figure 4. Flowchart BC-MBDA*
The variables used in this research are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Identification of Operational Variables
No Name of
variable
Kind of
Variable
Function
1. n Input Number of node.
2. xm Input Coordinat max value x axis of field
dimension.
3. ym Input Coordinat max value y axis of field
dimension.
4. sink.x Input Coordinat value x axis of Base
Station.
5. sink.y Input Coordinat value y axis of Base
Station.
6. ETX Input Energi for Transmit packet data.
7. ERX Input Energy for Receive packet data.
8. Eelec Input Energy of sensor node for
computation process.
9. Eo Input Initial energi for each node.
10. EDA Input Data aggregation energy.
11. Efs Input Energy free space loss (direct).
12. Emp Input Energi multipath (deflective).
13. rmax Input Rounds max.
14. xd Output Coordinat value x axis of node.
15. yd Output Coordinat value y axis of node.
16. do Output Distance of Base Station to Cluster
Head.
17. C Output Node to become Cluster head.
18. E Output Energy of Cluster Head.
19. first_dead Output Number dead node.

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20. distance Output Distance intersensor node.
21. X Output Coordinat value x axis of cluster
head.
22. Y Output Coordinat value y axis of cluster
head.
23. min_dis Output Distance intercluster head.
24. id Output Node id.
25. Message Input Message size.
3.1 Initial Phase
This phase is the stage process of the node deployment,
WSN is modeled in two-dimensional graphics by placing 100
nodes scattered randomly in a 100x100 (m) area. The base
station is located at the coordinates (50,50). The placement of
node and base station is static. The initial energy Eo = 0.5
Joule per node, we assuming all nodes are homogeneous and
4000bit message size.
3.2 Setup Phase
This phase is the stage process of the node deployment,
WSN is modeled in two-dimensional graphics by placing 100
nodes scattered randomly in a 100x100 (m) area. The base
station is located at the coordinates (50,50). The placement of
node and base station is static. The initial energy Eo = 0.5
Joule per node, assuming all nodes are homogeneous and
4000bit message size.
3.3 Steady-State Phase
In this process the system determines the centrality of the
node function as a cluster head in charge of forwarding the
ndata packet to the Base Station. In this process the author
uses Social Network Analysis (SNA) theory approach that is
Betweeness Centrality (BC), which is calculated by using
equation (4). The distance between nodes will be determined
using the heuristic function, according to equation (3). The
output of this process is the node designated as the cluster
head.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
In this chapter, we will discuss the results of the research
from the scheme designed in the previous chapter. Discussion
of test results includes the results of each process from the
process of generating node deployment, embedding routing
protocol, and routing protocol performance analysis.
Parameters used to determine the performance of routing
protocol in this research are network lifetime, throughput, and
residual energy. The experimental results will be compared
with LEACH.
4.1 Network Model
In Figure 5 it can be seen the network model of the
experiment. In this experiment obtained the results of 21
nodes designated as cluster head.
Figure 5. Node Deployment
4.2 Performance Analysis
4.2.1 Network Lifetime
Figure 6 shows a graph of the simulation results of
routing protocol performance for network lifetime. In this
experiment the node will die after consuming the energy of
0.5 Joule. BC-MBDA * ability to show Network lifetime
better 3.22473% than LEACH. This is influenced by the way
LEACH always uses dynamic clustering in every round,
which will certainly result in the use of energy in CH.
Different with LEACH, BC-MBDA * uses a semi dynamic
clustering strategy. CH is determined in the setup phase, and
is static after being determined as CH. This will reduce the
computation process, so energy usage can be saved.
Figure 6. Network Lifetime analysis result
4.2.2 Throughput
To evaluate throughput performance, the amount of
packet data received in BS is compared to the number of
packets sent by the nodes on each round. The BC-MBDA*
throughput performance can be shown with the graph in
Figure 7. The graph shows that BC-MBDA * throughput
performance is 1.692883% better than LEACH. This is
influenced by the ability of CH in delivering packets to BS.
When CH is overloaded, it causes CH to die because the
energy availability has been exhausted. When CH is off then
the node will not be able to forward packets to BS. This
resulted in disruption of the performance of the WSN system.

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Figure 7. Throughput analysis result
4.2.3 Residual Energy
Figure 8 shows the results of the analysis of the number
of dead nodes in the experiment. The experiment was carried
out as much as 5000 rounds, with an initial energy of 0.5
Joule / node. So the total energy of 100 nodes is 50 Joules.
The graph shows that BC-MBDA * is better 0.879459% than
LEACH.
Figure 8. Residual Energy analysis results
5. CONCLUSION
Performance metrics analyzed in this research are
network lifetime, throughput, and residual energy. The test
results show that the performance of the designed routing
protocol is better than LEACH. 1.692883% for Network
Lifetime, 1.692883% for Throughput and 0.879459% for
Residual Energy.
In the next study, we will develop a combination of K-
NN method with MBDA*. In setup phase we will use K-
Nearest Neighbors algorithm for cluster head selection, and
for Steady-State Phase used MBDA*.
6. REFERENCES
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