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- 3. Underline the nounsin the following sentences. 1. Windzohr lives in Australia 2. The house is old and is missing one door. 3. When will the train arrive? 4. Love is in the air. 5. Liza, Aries and Rowena are my best friends.
- 4. NOUN A noun isa word that names a person, an animal, a place, an object, or idea.
- 5. KINDS OF NOUN Acommon noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea and is not capitalized. A proper noun is the specific name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea and is always capitalized. Billy and Betty are playing with their son, Virgel, at the park. EXAMPLE: Jennie dreams to visit Baguio. Lisa left her pencil in the bus.
- 6. The audience enjoysthe show. The crowd was very big. Our class consists of twenty pupils. A collective nouns are singular nouns that refer to a group of people or things. A group of players - TEAM A group of judges - JURY A group of battleship - FLEET A group of teachers - FACULTY A group of friends - GANG
- 7. Our friendship goesback many years. It was a pleasure to meet your family. I haven’t given up hope. An abstract nouns are words that cannot perceived through the five senses. Clever Courage Patience Generosity Elegance Wisdom
- 8. An concrete nounsare words that makes a sensible observance and operates as a particular object, person, thing, or anything. EXAMPLES: BOOK TABLE CELLPHONE CAR STONE COW
- 9. A countable nounsare things that can be counted. It can take singular or plural verb. One dog 3 dogs An apple An egg A school A lemon
- 10. A mass nounsare uncountable by a number. Mass nouns are quantified by a word that signifies amount. A cup of tea An ear of corn A sack of rice A glass of juice
- 11. Accommodation Baggage Behavior BreadFurniture Information Luggage Jewellery Traffic Homework Money Weather Work
- 13. Give the pluralforms of the following nouns. 1.Copy - ________________ 2.Centavo - ______________ 3.Child - __________________ 4.Salmon - ________________ 5.Goose - __________________
- 14. A singular nounnames one person, place, thing. Example: box hero visitor church child A plural noun names more than one person, place , or thing. Example: boxes heroes visitors churches children
- 15. RULES IN FORMINGTHE PLURAL NOUNS 1. The plural of most nouns is formed by adding –s to the singular. Examples: boy-boys room-rooms car- cars 2. Add –es to form the plural of nouns that end in –s, -x, -ch, -sh or –z Examples: match-matches tax-taxes brush-brushes
- 16. 3. Noun endingin –y preceded by a consonant, form the plural by changing –y to –i and add –es. Examples: city-cities cherry-cherries dormintory-dormintories Noun ending in –y preceded by a vowel, form the plural by merely adding –s. Examples: toy-toys bay-bays key-keys
- 17. 4. Add –sto form the plural of some nouns that end in –f. Examples: roof-roofs belief-belief However, some nouns that end in –f or –fe, form their plural by changing –f to –fe to –ves. Examples: wife-wives self-selves knife-knives
- 18. 5. Nouns endingin –o preceded by a vowel, form the plural by adding –s. Examples: bamboo-bamboos folio-folios radio-radios Nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant, form the plural by adding –es. Examples: volcano-volcanoes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes
- 19. Words pertaining tomusic that end in –o. form their plural by adding –s Examples: piano-pianos soprano-sopranos solo-solos 6. A few nouns have the same form in singular and plural. Examples: deer-deer chinese-chinese sheep-sheep
- 20. 7. A fewnouns from their plural by an internel vowel change. Examples: man-men child-children goose-geese 8. The plural of numbers and letters is formed by adding apostrophe s (‘s) Examples: A-A’s 2-2’s 10-10’s
- 21. 9. Nouns thatare plural in form (ending in –s) but singular in meaning. Examples: news acoustics mathematics 10.Compound nouns form their plural by adding –s to the important word. Examples: editor-in-chief – editors-in-chief father-in-law - fathers-in-law court-martial – courts-martial
- 22. 11. Singular Nounswith ‘um’ at their end need replacement of ‘um’ by ‘a’ in their plural noun forms. Example: datum-data curriculum-curricula; medium-media. 12. When the singular noun ends in ‘is’, the ‘is’ changes to ‘es’ in its plural noun form. Example: Ellipsis-ellipses Analysis-analyses.
- 23. 13. Few singularnouns that end with ‘a’, required changing of this ‘a’ by ‘ae’ for converting into the plural. Example: antenna-antennae alumna-antennae. 14. For some singular nouns ending with ‘ex’ or ‘ix’, replace it with ‘ices’ while converting into a plural noun. Examples: index-Indices appendix-appendices.
- 24. 15. When thesingular noun ends in ‘us’, the plural noun ends in ‘i’. Example: focus-foci cactus-cacti 16. There are few nouns that only have a plural noun form. Examples: binoculars, scissors, jeans, sunglasses, pants, headphones, pajamas
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- 26. Indicate the genderof the following. Write M for masculine; F for feminine; C for common and N for neuter. 1.Queen 2.Cook 3.Stallion 4.Computer 5.Pilot
- 27. Masculine refers tomale. Examples: The bull is running on the street. The king protect his country. Feminine refers to female. Examples: A girl is playing in the ground. Heroine of the movie is not a native of this country. GENDER OF NOUNS
- 28. Common refers toeither male or female . Examples: The student shows intelligence in answering quiz bowl competition. The doctor is out of town for a seminar. Neuter refers to inanimate things or lifeless objects. Examples: Computer has brought about drastic changes in our lives. My bag is a gift from Sheena.
- 29. NOTE: The armyis doing its task. The sun is scorching now that we cannot go out to face him without an umbrella. The moon is so bright at this time that she induces romantic mood in us. Where is the cat? She is in the garden. The titanic was a great ship, but she hit an iceberg and sank.
- 30. Converting Masculine Genderto Feminine Gender A number of nouns change from masculine gender to feminine gender by adding -ess to the masculine form. Sometimes the spellings may need to be altered slightly before adding -ess.
- 31. •Sometimes no rulesare followed to form the feminine gender from the masculine gender.
- 32. •A number ofnouns change from the masculine gender to the feminine gender by adding a masculine or feminine word to the common noun.
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- 34. CASES OF NOUN Nominativecases Objective case (Accusative Case) Dative Case Possessive case (Genitive
- 35. Nominative case –a noun is said to be in the nominative case if it is in the subject of the verb. Examples: Mr. Ram is an intelligent boy. The painter paints the portraits. I am buying vegetables for my family.
- 36. Objective case –Nouns (or pronouns) are said to be in objective case if they are the direct object of the verb or if they are the object of the preposition. Examples: I met your sister The vendor sell mangoes. The book is on the table
- 37. Dative case –Nouns (or pronouns) are said to be in dative case if they are the indirect object of the verb. Examples: The teacher gave the students few exercises. The postman bought me a letter.
- 38. ORAL EXPRESSION ABACK ABATEACCOLADE ACCOUTER ACCURATE ACQUIESCE ACRONYM AEROPHOBIAACROSTIC ACTUALIZE ACUITY ACUMEN BABOON BABUSHKA BACKBONE BACILLUS BACKGAMMON BACTERIA BACKLOG BACKLASH BACCALAUREATE
- 39. WRITTEN EXPRESSION Spelling. Fillthe blanks with ai or ia. 1. Brill__nt 11. frigid_re 2. carr__ge 12. rad__nt 3. ren__ssance 13. abbrev__tion 4. min__ture 14. appr__se 5. appopr__te 15. million__re 6. marr__ge 16. f__nce 7. rad__tor 17. apprec__te 8. l__bility 18. commerc__l 9. parl__ment 19.auxil__ry
Editor's Notes
- #2 Words which have called the building blocks of language are classified into eight different categories. I'm going to start off with the most basic part of parts of the speech which is noun.
- #3 If you want to speak English, you have to know the different kinds of noun.
- #4 Let us first have a short quiz to test if you have remembered noun. We will not check it right away! After our discussion, we will go back to your answer and hopefully, it is correct.
- #5 example for a PERSON- words like student, singer, name of student, BTS ANIMAL- elephant, crocodile, monkey, giraffe PLACE- gym, office, city, Canada, Davao, Cebu Object- book, computer, airplane, Acer, Iphone IDEA- Honesty, friendship, intelligence, loyalty, justice Those words that I mention are all noun.
- #6 I have here a sentence….
- #7 Collective nouns, like team, take a singular verb when the entity acts together and a plural verb when the individuals composing the entity act individually. The audience is happy. All the individuals consisting the audience are acting in unison. All the persons composing the audience are happy at the same time. The audience are from different countries. Audience refers to the individuals that make up a group. Each individual is from different country. You must therefore use the plural verb are. a noun, as herd, jury, or clergy, that appears singular in formal shape but denotes a group of persons or objects Most collective nouns are groups of people, but some refer to animals or objects There are lots of collective nouns. An army of ants A flock of birds A flock of sheep A herd of deer A hive of bees A litter of puppies A murder of crows A pack of hounds A pack of wolves A school of fish A swarm of locusts A team of horses A pride of lions
- #8 Abstract nouns are defined as a type of noun that you can’t see, touch or otherwise directly experience by any of the human senses. These nouns represent an aspect, concept, idea, experience, state of being, trait, quality, and feeling. Hope cannot be directly experienced by any of the five senses, though it is, in fact, a noun. Keep in mind that when a word represents an action, it is a verb. When a word represents a person, place, thing, concept or idea, it is a noun. If it can't be directly perceived, then it is an abstract noun. I love my husband Send them my love. A concrete noun refers to a physical object in the real world, such as a dog, a ball, or an ice cream cone.
- #9 NAMES A THING THAT IS TANGIBLE (CAN BE SEEN, TOUCHED, HEARD, SMELLED OR TASTED) Concrete are either common or proper. In other words, It is the physical object in the real world
- #10 Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are the things that we can count. For example: “dog". We can count dog. We can have one, two, three or more dogs. Countable nouns can be singular or plural: for singular count nouns, we use a, an the or one. For plural count nouns, we use a number, the article the or no articles. Singular plural A cat cats An orange two oranges One soldier 15 soldiers The recipe the recipes an, a – give specifity and number Indifinite article (a,an)refer to non-specific or general thing Definite Article (the ) the refers to a specific thing I am studying for a test I am studying for the test. My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry. We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns: A dog is an animal. Means there is only one dog. a determiner is a word that introduces a noun or provides information about the quantity of a noun An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
- #11 From these pictures, can you guess what kind of noun is this? If count nouns can be counted, what do you call this? Mass nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Generally, they do not have plural forms. It always take singular verb . We do not use numbers to count them. We use counters instead. Counters are another countable nouns to help you quantify mass noun. When you use counters, all of a sudden, all of these things can become countable. Examples: Counter. kilo (kilos) of, rice, sugar, Water cannot be counted as a separate unit, but when contained in a bucket, it can be counted. We can say a bucket of water. We can say a jar of sugar, a spoon of sugar or a cube of sugar but we cannot say one sugar, four sugar or a sugar. You can’t use 'a' or 'an' with mass nouns because they are used with singular nouns (one) – and remember, mass nouns can’t be counted! You can’t use numbers with uncountable nouns! You can use ‘some’ with mass nouns - because we use it to say there is an amount, but not a specific amount. Can you get some rice from the supermarket. But you can also use mass nouns WITHOUT ‘some’: Can you get rice from the supermarket? Only, When it’s not important to say how much! They cannot have "a," "an," or "one" before them as modifiers. They can use "much" as a modifier. accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, furniture, information, luggage, news, progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work What you need to know about uncountable nouns: Uncountable nouns are difficult to count! All of these nouns are uncountable: - Liquids (water, milk, wine) - Powders (flour, coffee, sugar) - gases (air) - electricity, money, music... - abstract nouns (like happiness, motivation and luck) Uncountable nouns have only one form - they cannot be plural. You can’t use 'a' or 'an' with uncountable nouns because they are used with singular nouns (one) - and uncountable nouns can’t be counted! You can’t use numbers with uncountable nouns! You can use ‘some’ with uncountable nouns - because we use it to say there is an amount, but not a specific amount. But you can also use uncountable nouns WITHOUT ‘some’: Can you get rice from the supermarket? When it’s not important to say how much!
- #12 On the slide are some nouns, I would also like to mention, that these nouns are also called mass nouns. These nouns do not have a plural form. For example baggage, we do not say where is my baggages? Or luggages? It is incorrect to say baggages, we do not have plural form, as I mention earlier mass nouns are always in singular form. So you gonna say where is my baggage. Even if you have a lot of money like hundred or thousand, you can just say where is my money? We do not have word newses. Pieces of jewellery Sets of furniture to make it plural A piece of luggage/ 3 pieces of luggage We can have a lot of work. Some money little money much money a lot of money Sources of information/pages of information/bits of information The furniture is heavy (even when referring to a lot of things) The very first we came across is that nouns have singular form and plural form- so if you have one thing and its singular but if you have more than one thing then its plural, and if its plural you end up adding s. for example, if I have 1 car, I would say I have a car but if I have more than 1 car, I say I have 2 cars. Cars- so the s in the car gives you an idea that I have more than 1 car- cars is the plural form., but this is not we are learning today, what we are learning today is that there are some We do not combine indefinite article a, an with mass noun
- #15 When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular. When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular. However there are few additional rules
- #16 Most common nouns form their plurals by adding s A number of other nouns, however form their plurals in several different way. s, sh, ch, x, z: Nouns that end in s, sh, ch, x, z form their plurals by adding es Special Note: If you add s to such nouns as fox, bush, and bench, you will find that you cannot pronounce them without making an additional syllable. This is why such nouns form the plural by adding es. However, when the ‘ch’ at the end sounds like ‘k’, only ‘s’ is added to make it a plural noun. For example, stomach=>stomachs Words ending with ‘z’ needs one extra z before ‘es’.
- #17 For words ending in y, look at the letter that precedes y, if it is a vowel, just add s (e.g. attorney – attorneys); if y is preceded by a consonant, change y to i and add es (family – families). Exceptions to the rule are: Soliluquy soliluquies Colloquy colloquies
- #18 There are no clear cut rules for words ending in f or fe. You might have to use the dictionary (e.g. thief – thieves; knife – knives; roof – roofs; chief – chiefs). Singular nouns ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ need ‘s’ to be added at the end. However, sometimes the ‘f’ is required to be changed to ‘v’. For example, safe=>safes; wife=>wives (f converted to v); roof=>roofs; shelf=>shelves. belief=>beliefs.
- #19 When the final o is preceded by a vowel, just add s (e.g. radio – radios). When the short form of a word is used, just add s (e.g. photo – photos). When the final o is preceded by a consonant, add es (e.g. cargo – cargoes). W hen the singular nouns have a foreign origin, only ‘s’ is added at the end in its plural noun form. For example, avocado=>avocados; maestro=>maestros
- #20 When a word ending in o is related to music or art or a Nouns with musical origin , just add s (e.g. piano – pianos). adagio – adagios, allegro- allegros, alto – altos; canto-cantos, cello- cellos, contralto – contraltos; duo-duos, falsetto- falsettos, legato- legatos, mezzo-mezzos, piano-pianos, solo- solos; soprano – sopranos; staccato- staccatos, trio-trios some nouns have only one form that is used for singular and plural
- #21 There are few nouns in which the plural is formed in an irregular manner and spelled differently from the singular. Some words change their basic form when they become plural (e.g. man – men; mouse - mice). man, men foot, feet mouse, mice woman, women tooth, teeth louse, lice child, children ox, oxen goose, geese For irregular nouns, there are no specific rules for conversion into plural form. So, it’s always preferable to learn these words by heart Signs, symbols, letters, numbers, words form their plural by adding –‘s to the singular. Ex. ¶’s, ®’s, i’s, 4’s, and’s Note: Uppercase letters of the alphabet just add –s without the apostrophe unless it is found at the beginning of a sentence in which it can be misinterpreted. Apostrophes are used to form plurals of lowercase individual letters and lowercase abbreviations (e.g. p’s and q’s; c.o.d.’s), but not capital abbreviations (e.g. CPAs). Also, Courtesy titles (Mr. – Messrs; Miss – Misses; Dr. - Drs; Ms. – Mses or Mss; Mrs. - Mmes)
- #22 In a similar way, Some nouns are always in singular noun form even though they have ‘s’ at their end. Example; Maths, Physics, Classics, Aerobics, Nouns ending in –ics are considered singular if they refer to a subject, a field of concentration or science In compound nouns, make the most important word plural (eg. Editors in chief; roommates).
- #23 MEMORANDUM-MEMORANDA
- #25 ALUMNUS-ALUMNI SYLLABUS-SYLLABI Some nouns are always plural and take plural verbs.
- #28 gender is a system of noun classification. The gender of a noun (or pronoun) informs about the sex of that noun. The word “Gender” comes from the Latin “genus” which means kind or sort. In the English language, there are four noun-genders. They are: Masculine gender Feminine gender Common gender, and Neuter gender The masculine gender is a noun (or pronoun) that refers to a male animal or character. For example, boy, man, actor, lion, etc all denotes the name of a male animal or male species. So, all these nouns are of masculine gender. Let’s take some more examples: In the this two sentences the words “bull”, “king”, denotes members from the male community. So, all these words are masculine gender. Feminine gender refers to those nouns or pronouns that denote a female animal or character of a species. For example actress, woman, lioness, etc refers to the name or character of a female species. So, all these words are of the feminine gender. Let’s understand feminine genders in the sentences. In the above sentences “girl”, “heroine”, refers to the female members. So, all these words are of the feminine gender.
- #29 a common gender is a noun that refers to either a male or a female. Means common gender is not specific about whether it is male or female. For example, thief, friend, cousin, baby, etc. All these words can denote either male or female. A baby can be a boy or a girl. But the word baby is not specific, it has the potential to be either male or female. Such words are of the common gender. A neuter gender refers to a noun that is neither male nor female. In general, these are names of things without life. So these are normally non-living nouns. For example, library, books, pen, star, computer, etc. All these words do not specify either a male or female object. Hence, all these words are of the neuter gender.
- #30 Collective nouns, even if they refer to living-beings, are used as neuter nouns. Feminine gender also denotes living beings. But few objects of beauty, gentleness, gracefulness, etc are personified as feminine gender. Examples, Moon, Spring, Nature, Peace, Charity, etc are examples of personified feminine genders. Masculine gender relates to living things. But there are few objects without life that are often spoken of (personified) as if they are living beings and then considered as male objects. For example objects of remarkable strength and violence are considered as the masculine gender. Summer, Time, Sun, Death, etc are examples of personified masculine genders. If you know the gender of an animal, you can use he/she for it For ships, cars, and countries (when referred to by name) the feminine form is sometimes used, but this is rather obsolete (outdated, old-fashioned). There is a tendency to use it instead of she.
- #31 masculine noun can be transferred to feminine by adding a syllable
- #32 Sometimes, the feminine form of the gender is totally different from the masculine form
- #33 A feminine gender can be formed from a masculine gender by replacing a word
- #36 Pronoun is used to represent a noun. Note: to find the nominative, put Who? or What? before the verb
- #37 If it is the object of the verb. note: to find the objective case put whom or what after the subject and verb. a noun which comes after a preposition is said to be in the objective case. table is in objective case. It is the object of the preposition “on”
- #38 Note: there should not be preposition before the indirect object because in that case it will be object of that preposition. Students is in dative case, it is the indirect object of the verb