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Enhancing ecosystem services and indicators
The document discusses the integration of agroecology in assessing agricultural performance beyond productivity, focusing on enhancing ecosystem services while minimizing negative impacts. It outlines methods for measuring these services, highlighting challenges such as their qualitative nature and the limitations of economic valuation. Examples of agroecological practices, including conservation agriculture and agroforestry, demonstrate how these systems can contribute to environmental and cultural services while improving agricultural productivity.
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Enhancing ecosystem services and indicators
- 1. Enhancing ecosystem servicesand indicators Session “beyond productivity : multiple criteria for assessing performance of agriculture systems” Etienne Hainzelin In collaboration with Cirad researchers International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition Kunming, August 2016 1
- 2. Outline 1. A radicallynew way of looking at agriculture performance 2. Agroecology enhances specific ecosystem services for production and is expected to lower negative externalities 3. How to “measure” ecosystem services? 4. Some illustrative examples 5. Few words of conclusion
- 3. 1. A radicallynew meaning of agriculture performance D’après Dabouineau et Ponsero, extrait « Le râle d’eau », vol. 137 : 9-7, 2009 Natural ecosystems Intensive cereal crop Crop with restaured ecosystemic services Water quality Flood regulation Habitat preservation Forest production Carbon sequestration Pest regulation Air quality Production Water quality Flood regulation Habitat preservation Forest production Carbon sequestration Pest regulation Air quality Production Water quality Flood regulation Habitat preservation Forest production Carbon sequestration Pest regulation Air quality Production Visualisation of ecosystem services with different cropping systems (service value from 0 to 8)
- 4. Ecosystem services are“all the contributions, direct and indirect, that people obtain from ecosystems” (De Groot et al. 2010) MEA 2006
- 5. 2. Agroecology mobilizesand enhances specific ecosystem services for production and is expected to lower negative externalities
- 6. Natural resources / ecosystem services Inputs Products / biomass Positive externalities Negative externalities Conventionally intensified farming systems Comparedintensitivity of cropping systems (adapted from M. Griffon 2013)
- 7. Natural resources / ecosystem services Inputs Products / biomass Positive externalities Negative externalities Agroecology- “Ecologically intensified” farming systems Comparedintensitivity of cropping systems (adapted from M. Griffon 2013)
- 8. 3. How to“measure” these ecosystem services?
- 9.
- 10. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MEA, 2005) : 1. provisioning services 2. regulating services 3. cultural services 4. supporting services The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB, 2008) : 1. provisioning services 2. regulating services 3. habitat services 4. cultural and amenity services The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES, 2013) IPBES…
- 11. In Mapping andAssessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES). Discussion paper 2013 European Union Technical Report - 2013 - 067 The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES)
- 12. In Mapping andAssessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES). Discussion paper 2013 European Union Technical Report - 2013 - 067 Accompanying classification of abiotic outputs from natural systems (CICES Provisional)
- 14. Some key questionsaround measuring ecosystem services 1. Some ecosystem services are difficult to measure either because their production process is not well known, or because their very nature are qualitative and subjective like “cultural services”. 2. Inevitably, the common metrics used is an economic value which is not always compatible with the nature of services and presents fundamental limitations (human well-being centered, non- adequation of the “utility and rarity” concept, intrinsic value different from market value, etc.) 3. Indicators do not generally catch the importance of the time factor, whereas many ecosystem services evolves over long periods of time, with threshold mechanisms and irreversibility.
- 15. 4. Some illustrativeexamples of agroecological pratices
- 16. Erosion Example 1. conservationagriculture in Mato Grosso Source. L. Seguy et al., (2009) La symphonie inachevée du semis direct dans Brésil central http.//agroecologie.cirad.fr/librairie_virtuelle
- 17. Erosion Source. L. Seguyet al., (2009) La symphonie inachevée du semis direct dans Brésil central http.//agroecologie.cirad.fr/librairie_virtuelle Example 1. conservation agriculture in Mato Grosso 6-8 t/ha 12-22 t/ha
- 19. Pest and diseasecontrol Nutrient recycling Structure and C and N input in soils Forage production Water balance Labor and cost reduction Functions and services beyond production Erosion control Increasing soil biological activity Principles Weed control (allelopathy) Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services No-tillage Mulch Diversification
- 20. Agriculture de conservationen Afrique (FAO) Example 1. Conservation agriculture in Africa Projet Abaco Cirad Projet Abaco Cirad Rusinamhodzia L. et al. 2015 Maize crop residue uses and trade-offs on smallholder crop-livestock farms in Zimbabwe: Economic implications of intensification. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 214 (2015) 31–45 Strong limitation to extension of conservation agriculture because economic value of crop residues is generally better as feed than as mulch. Managing tradeoffs….
- 21. Example 2. TheZaï technique in Sahelian regions 21
- 22. Exemple de Karim Ouedraogo Fewcrop residues creating organic matter, seeds and water traps and reinitiating biological activity Biological activity enhanced and growth of ligneous species
- 23. Guiera senegalensis Domesticating native evergreenwoody shrub Piliostigma reticulatum
- 24. Zaï technique andecosystem services - « inputs services » : restart soil biology and nutrient cycle, N fixation - environmental services :, soil structure, termite and pedogenesis, organic matter and water dynamics, antierosion, habitat for auxiliary biodiversity and pollination, C budget and sequestration - Cultural services and amenities: restauration of dry forest landscape
- 25. Mulch, forage orfirewood ? Managing trade-offs …
- 26. Example 3 Agroforestry:(re)-introducing trees in annual crops From planned associated cropping …… to complex agroforests Photo C. Dupraz
- 27.
- 28.
- 29. Agroforestry Agriculture Forest … 100 haagroforestry produce as much wood and food products as 160 ha conventional separate cropping. 100 ha 160 ha Agroforestry with intensive cereal crop Conventionnal separate cropping Source: Dupraz et al, INRA ~
- 30. Agroforestry and ecosystemservices - « inputs services » : reduction or substitution of N, P2O5, pesticides (local provision) - environmental services : micro-climate favorable for crops (shade, windbreak, etc.), water dynamics, anti- lixiviation and anti-erosion effects, habitat for auxiliary biodiversity and pollination (local provision), C budget and sequestration, climate mitigation (regional and global provision) - Cultural services and amenities: landscape beauty, recreational use, etc.
- 31. Agroforestry and ecosystemservices - « inputs services » : reduction or substitution of N, P2O5, pesticides (local provision) - environmental services : micro-climate favorable for crops (shade, windbreak, etc.), water dynamics, anti- lixiviation and anti-erosion effects, habitat for auxiliary biodiversity and pollination (local provision), C budget and sequestration, climate mitigation (regional and global provision) - Cultural services and amenities: landscape beauty, recreational use, etc.
- 32. Increase of biologicalcontrol of pests Source: INRA, ENSAT, AGROOF
- 33. Populations of specializedand non-specialized pollinators in cocoa crops under three different agroforestry status
- 34. GES balance in2 different coffee crops in Costa Rica Source: Hergoualc’h, 2007 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 Biomasse et litière Sol Emission N2O Emission CH4 Bilan Caféier en système agroforestier Caféier seul Flux (t eq. CO2 / ha / an)
- 35. Conclusions - Agroecology isthe science of complexity and of locality. It is the opposite of “applying recipes”; - Ecosystem cannot be fragmented: boundaries disappear under the pressure; - Ecosystem space must be seen in 4D. Time, and especially “long time” is fundamental. - Managing tradeoffs is key and criteria are not the same at different scales
- 36. 36 Bouthan, 2011 Thanks foryour attention