Entrepreneurship and sustainable development

Editor's Notes

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• #5: To appreciate the role of entrepreneurship in challenging and urgent times To classify the types of climate change effects on entrepreneurs as well as the opportunities hat arise within the Asia–Pacific context To review important concepts in climate change economics that impact entrepreneurial activity To appreciate the various emerging frameworks in entrepreneurial ecology Bullseye. Work found at http://pixabay.com/p-155726 CC0 Public Domain
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• #27: It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in GHG concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together. Anthropogenic forcings have likely made a substantial contribution to surface temperature increases since the mid-20th century over every continental region except Antarctica. Anthropogenic influences have likely affected the global water cycle since 1960 and contributed to the retreat of glaciers since the 1960s and to the increased surface melting of the Greenland ice sheet since 1993. Anthropogenic influences have very likely contributed to Arctic sea-ice loss. See p. 5, 12 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf
• #28: The first decade of our century was the warmest on record for the entire world. In Australia, for example, temperatures have become so extreme that the Bureau of Meteorology had to add a new colour to the top of its scale, a suitably incandescent purple. Most of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels for energy (e.g. for electricity and transport). When oil, gas or coal burns, carbon contained within it combines with oxygen in the air to create carbon dioxide. Australia’s electricity-related emissions are high because we rely primarily on coal for electricity generation and coal is the most greenhouse-intensive fuel. Meanwhile, Australians are the highest emitters of CO2.
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• #37: UN's World Commission on Environment and Development led by Norwegian Prime Minister Gros Harlem Brundtland Outlined an ominous situation wherein the world's population was living well beyond the means of the planet to replenish natural resources. The long-term solution would be for human society to become sustainable. Sustainability defined as: ‘Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs’. Markets were both the cause and the potential solution to the sustainability puzzle. For the entrepreneur, opportunities are inherent in market failure. Combining these two positions we see that market failures represent opportunities for achieving profitability while simultaneously reducing environmentally degrading economic behaviours. It also makes us look at how entrepreneurs seize the opportunities that are inherent in environmentally relevant market failures. Diagram: Work found at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ecology_Society_Economy_diagram_Environment_background.jpg Creator: Travelplanner, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike / Book cover: work found at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Our_Common_Future_-_b%C3%B3k.png Creator: Sigurður Kaiser Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International  
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• #40: All entrepreneurs operate in three spheres: Sustainable entrepreneurship is the intersection of the sociosphere, the econosphere and the biosphere. The biosphere (B) consists of all of the living and non-living things on Earth. The sociosphere (S) consists of all the people in a social system, all the roles they occupy and all their patterns of behaviour, all their inputs and outputs relevant to other human beings and all the organisations and groups they belong to. The econosphere (E) consists primarily of the segment of the sociosphere that is organised through exchange, especially commodity exchange, where the exchange is mediated through prices.
• #41: CLICK The biosphere consists of all of the living and non-living things on Earth. CLICK The sociosphere consists of all the people in a social system, all the roles they occupy, and all their patterns of behaviour, all their inputs and outputs relevant to other human beings, and all the organisations and groups they belong to. CLICK The econosphere consists primarily of the segment of the sociosphere that is organised through exchange, especially commodity exchange, where the exchange is mediated through prices. CLICK From a material point of view, we see objects passing from the biosphere through the sociosphere into the econosphere in the process of production. This means we extract from nature the raw materials and energy that we might need for the creation of entrepreneurial products and services. Nature is diminished and the value of the biosphere declines. Next, after entrepreneurs are done with these resources, CLICK they pass out of the econosphere as waste as their value becomes unusable or zero or even damaging to the environment, or negative. This is unsustainable or what I call negative entrepreneurship. That means the value of nature diminishes in the entrepreneurial process. For the most part, throughout the history of entrepreneurship has been an uneven exchange: Entrepreneurs extract a resource from the Earth and return it in devalued form, hence the plus and minus arrows in the diagram. However, this could be different. It could be CLICK positive entrepreneurship. Positive entrepreneurship can generate positive impacts through value adding and eliminating designed waste, duplication, disposability, planned obsolescence and wasteful end purposes. Positive entrepreneurs create net positive-impact loop systems and innovations that create levers for biophysical improvements and social transformation.
• #42: Imagine looking at a giant funnel from the side. The upper wall of CLICK DECLINING AND SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY, the availability of resources and the ability of the ecosystem to continue to provide them. The lower wall is CLICK INCREASING AND SUSTAINABLE DEMAND, our demand for these resources which we need to make clothes, shelter, food, transportation and other items and the ecosystems that create them. The things we need to survive food, clean air and water, productive topsoil and others are in decline. So is nature’s ability to regenerate them. But at the same time, our demand for these resources is growing. CLICK EARTH. CLICK MARGIN NARROWING There are more than six billion people on the planet and the population is increasing. Our level of consumption is increasing. As our demand increases and the capacity to meet this demand declines, society moves into a narrower portion of the funnel. CLICK BUMPING ARROW. As the funnel narrows there are fewer options and less room to manoeuvre. Organisations that continue business-as-usual are likely to YOU CAN SEE THE HITS hit the walls of the funnel, and fail. Every one of us lives and works in this funnel and every one of us has the opportunity to be more strategic about our choices and long-term plans. How do we find a path through this ever narrowing funnel of our future life on earth? CLICK ARROWS THROUGH Through innovation, creativity and the unlimited potential for change, we can shift toward sustainability and begin to open up the walls of the funnel. Forward looking organisations can position themselves to avoid the squeeze of the funnel and invest toward opening the walls and creating a truly sustainable and rewarding future.
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