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Essentials adol socioemotional 12
- 1. Socioemotional Development Self, identity, andpersonality Family, peers, and special issues 1
- 2. Development of Self andIdentity 2
- 3. Self Esteem Self-Esteem is the overall way we evaluate ourselves Controversy over whether or not self-esteem changes during adolescence or if there are gender differences in adolescents’ self-esteem Narcissism – a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others 3
- 4. Self – Esteem Decreases in adolescence Boys generally have higher self-esteem than girls – mostly likely due to body image and societal/cultural expectations 4
- 5. Identity Formation The criticaltask of adolescence? 5
- 6. Identity Development Identity What is Identity – a self-portrait composed of many pieces such as: Vocational/Career Sexual Political Cultural/Ethnic Religious Interests Relationship Personality Achievement, Intellectual Physical 6
- 7. The Facts Neitherbegins nor ends in adolescence lengthy , life-long process by the end of adolescence, teenagers should have vocational commitment, sense of cognitive, spiritual, and gender identity 7
- 8. Most substantial changes Late adolescence & early adulthood Tends to follow a MAMA cycle Moratorium Achiever Moratorium Achiever 8
- 9. . Erik Erikson( 1902 - 1994) -5th stage Identity And Repudiation Versus Identity Confusion - (12 To 18 Years) Achieve a state of identity A) moratorium - a temporary cessation of an activity between childhood and adulthood. B) repudiate - give up 9
- 10. Adolescents should Exitthis stage with a clearer sense of self OR Will have confusion about self – who they are.., Need this moratorium - as time explore – the self he/she wants to be 10
- 11. Erikson’s View Erik Erikson first understood the centrality of identity for adolescent development Psychosocial moratorium Erikson’s 5th stage: identity versus identity confusion Crisis -- the exploratory period of identity development Commitment -- personal investment in identity 11
- 12. James Marcia’s Expansion OfErikson’s Concepts (statuses of identity) Crisis - when the individual seems to be actively involved in choosing among alternative occupations and beliefs. Commitment - refers to the degree of personal investment and the individual expresses in an occupation or beliefs . 12
- 13. Identity 13
- 14. 4 Identity Statuses 1.Identity diffused status - no crisis and no commitment has been made. Example - no vocational exploration/no post high school commitment 2. Foreclosure status - has not experienced a crisis but has made a commitment. Example - adopts parent’s values.., 14
- 15. Statuses continued 3. Moratoriumstatus - a crisis is in progress but no commitment has been made . Example- some exploration but no commitment 4. Identity achievement status - the person has been through a crisis and made a commitment. Example - exploration and commitment made to vocational interest. 15
- 16. Changes in statuses MAMA cycle is linked to a sense of identity Young Teenagers - must establish confidence in parental support, develop a sense of industry, and gain a self- reflective perspective. 16
- 17. Identity Emerging Adulthood and Beyond Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence Identity does not remain stable throughout life “MAMA”: repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement 17
- 18. Gender Differences inidentity formation (based on Erikson) Males - industry than intimacy - autonomy and achievement more important Females - intimacy than industry - emotional bonds and relationships more important 18
- 19. Ethnic Difference (read thesesections carefully) Ethnic adolescents often face prejudices and poverty while trying ASSIMILATE to a new culture There are often differences in values, behaviors and background between and within cultures - understanding these differences can assist in finding solutions to problems and barriers 19
- 20. Ethnic Identity Ethnicidentity -- enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership Bicultural identity -- adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture 20
- 21. Ethnic Identity inImmigrant Groups First-generation immigrants are likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change much they may or may not develop a new identity Second-generation immigrants are more likely to think of themselves as “American” possibly because citizenship is granted at birth ethnic identity is likely to be linked to retention of their ethnic language and social networks 21
- 22. Religious and Spiritual Development Downtrend in religious interest among adolescents has occurred in the 21st century Religious and identity development Cognitive Development and Religion in Adolescence Increase in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts ThePositive Role of Religion in Adolescents’ Lives 22
- 23. Family 23
- 24. Families Parental Monitoring Should supervise adolescents’ choice of social settings, activities, and friends, as well as their academic efforts Authoritative parenting - parents encourage adolescents to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions 24
- 25. Autonomy and Attachment Adolescent’s push for autonomy and responsibility puzzles and angers many parents As the adolescent pushes for autonomy, the wise adult relinquishes control where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent Boys are given more independence than girls Secure attachment may be important in adolescents’ relationships with their parents 25
- 26. Autonomy, Attachment and Control Positive relationship = securely attached behavior in adolescence is acquired through appropriate adult interactions and control Connectedness (mutuality and permeability) and Individuality (self-assertion and separateness) – good identity development occurs when these are encouraged by parents. 26
- 27. Does adjustment dependon type of Control? Psychological manipulation and guilt leads to lower levels of adjustment Parental awareness of child’s activities & deviance, and low harshness positively associated with parental connectedness 27
- 28. Connectedness and secure attachment Positive outcomes - increased self-esteem, emotional adjustment, physical health, and peer relationships. 28
- 29. Families Role of Attachment: Secure attachment is an important concept in adolescents’ relationship with their parents Balancing Freedom and Control: Adolescents still need to stay connected to families 29
- 30. The nature ofparent – child conflicts • increased conflict result from : •Early puberty changes Cognitive thoughts of idealism and logical reasoning focus on independence and identity changes of parent 30
- 31. Parent-Adolescent Conflict Muchof the conflict involves the everyday events of family life (e.g., keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time, use of the phone) The conflicts rarely involve major dilemmas such as drugs or delinquency Conflict with parents often escalates during early adolescence, remains somewhat stable during the high school years, and then lessens as adolescence ends 31
- 32. Conflicts can bepositive Move the teenager to autonomy and control with guidance (let the adolescent make decision in areas of life that they understand!) Helps them learn to negotiate conflicts build better relationships 32
- 33. Old and NewModels Old model -- as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence New model emphasizes parents as important attachment figures and support systems in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe everyday negotiations and minor disputes not only are normal but serve a positive function 33
- 34.
- 35. Developmental changes inpeer group structure in adolescence Adolescent peer groups are more heterogeneous mixed-sexed groups tend to be larger groups. 35
- 36. Friendships Sullivan discussed the importance of adolescent friendships Friends are important in shaping the development of children and adolescents Everyone has basic social needs, friends help meet social needs Teenagers are motivated to seek out close friends Foreshadows the quality of romantic relationships in adulthood 36
- 37. Adolescence--- spend more time with their peers. More interest based receive less adult supervision and control begin interacting with the opposite sex . Conformity to peers – peaks between 8th and 9th grade. 37
- 38. FUNCTIONS OF PEERGROUPS Kelly, J.A. & Hansen , D.J. (1990) Control aggressive impulses Obtain emotional and social support and become more independent Improve social skills, develop reasoning abilities and learn to express feelings in mature ways 38
- 39. continued Develop attitudestowards sexuality and gender role behaviors Strengthen moral judgment and values Improve self-esteem 39
- 40. Peer Groups Peer Pressure Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety are most likely to conform to peers 40
- 41. Crowds and Cliques CLIQUES - Are smaller ( 4 to 6 people) and involve greater intimacy among members and have more group cohesion. CROWDS - Is the largest and least personal group . Usually made up of several cliques - both male and female. 41 ))
- 42. Types of Cliques(Brown and Lohr) Popular ( high esteem group) Jocks (high esteem group) Normal Druggies Nobodies (lowest esteem group) Independents ( high esteem) #relationship between self-esteem and membership is bidirectional 42
- 43.
- 44. DevelopmentalChanges inDating and Romantic Relationships Three stages Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age 44
- 45. FUNCTIONS OF DATING Form of recreation source of status & achievement learn about close relationships mate selection 45
- 46. The Stats 15 years - tend to date in couples, with short duration relationship (4 months) but frequent contact. 10 graders- 5 to 6 month duration 12 grade - 8 months Activities : mall, movies, dinner, visiting friends and each other, & school. Adolescent often very strong emotion related to romantic relationships! 46
- 47. DATING SCRIPTS Are thecognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interactions 47
- 48. FEMALES MALES • STRONG DESIRE FOR • STEREOTYPICAL INTIMACY BEHAVIOR OF • STEREOTYPICAL OF “MASCULINITY” IS “FEMININE” HIGH BEHAVIORS IS HIGH • FEMALE SCRIPT • MALE SCRIPT INVOLVES : INVOLVES: 1. PRIVATE DOMAIN 1. INITIATING THE DATE 2. PARTICIPATING IN 2. CONTROLLING THE STRUCTURE OF DATE PUBLIC DOMAIN 3. RESPONDING TO 3. INITIATING SEXUAL SEXUAL GESTURES INTERACTIONS • REACTIVE • PROACTIVE 48
- 49. Sociocultural Aspects ofdating Values Religion chaperoned dates, couples or single Internet dating?? 49
- 50. Dating and Romantic Relationships Gay Male and Lesbian Youth Many date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others Sociocultural Contexts and Dating Differences in dating patterns among ethnic groups in the U.S. Values, beliefs, and traditions often dictate the age at which dating begins 50
- 51. Dating and Adjustment There is a link between dating and romantic relationships with measures of adjustment Those who date are more likely to have Higher levels of social acceptance Higher levels of friendship and romantic competence Early dating and “going with” someone is associated with adolescent pregnancy and problems at home and school 51
- 52. February is teendating violence month learn more at the CDC website -http://www.cdc.gov/Features/DatingViolence/ TEEN DATING AND VIOLENCE 52
- 53. Traditions and Changesin Adolescence Around the Globe Fewer adolescents around the world die from infectious diseases and malnutrition now than in the past The experiences of male and female adolescents continue to be quite different Some adolescents grow up in closely knit families with extensive extended kin networks that retain a traditional way of life Some cultures give peers a stronger role in adolescence 53
- 54. Rites of Passage Rite of passage -- ceremony or ritual that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another gain access to sacred adult practices, to knowledge, and to sexuality often involve some form of ritual death and rebirth, or by means of contact with the spiritual world (Kottak, 2009) 54
- 55. Do we haverites of passage for American adolescents? We do not have universal formal ceremonies to mark passage from adolescence to adulthood Certain religions do (e.g., Jewish bar and bat mitzvah, the Catholic confirmation) School graduation ceremonies come the closest Social organizations may have ceremonies like initiations or debuts 55
- 56. Immigration Relatively highrates of immigration contribute to the growth of ethnic minorities in the United States Immigrants often experience stressors such as language barriers, separations from support networks, changes in SES status, the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate 56
- 57. Immigrant Family Issues Many come from collectivist cultures in which family obligation is strong For adolescents, this obligation may mean assisting parents in their occupations and/ or contributing to the family’s welfare The long hours immigrant youth work in such jobs can be detrimental to their academic achievement 57
- 58. Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status Not all ethnic minority families are poor Economic advantage does not entirely enable minorities to escape prejudice, discrimination, and bias However, poverty contributes to the stressful life experiences of many ethnic minority adolescents 58
- 59. The Media Therehas been a dramatic increase in media multitasking Television viewing and video-game playing peak in early adolescence and then begin to decline Older adolescents spend more time listening to music and using the computer Increased Internet use Cyberbullying Sex crimes 59
- 60. Adolescent Problems Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile Delinquent: an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high 60
- 61. Adolescent Problems Juvenile Delinquency Causes of Delinquency Lower class culture Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior Siblings and delinquent peers 61
- 62. Adolescent Problems Depression and Suicide Depression Rates of ever experiencing major depressive disorder range from 15 to 20 percent for adolescents Certain family factors place adolescents at risk for developing depression Poor peer relationships are associated with adolescent depression Depressed adolescents recovered faster when they took an antidepressant and received cognitive behavior therapy than when they received either treatment alone 62
- 63. Depression Symptoms may include: Poor appetite Sleep disturbance Loss of pleasure in everyday activities Feelings of worthlessness Inattention-thinking/concentration Suicidal thoughts 63
- 64. Depression and Suicide Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-olds Far more adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit it Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed Learn more at Center for Disease Control. (2012) Youth suicide. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pub/youth_suicide.html 64
- 65. Adolescent Problems Depression and Suicide Other Risk Factors History of family instability and unhappiness Lack of supportive friendships Cultural contexts Genetic factors Depressive symptoms 65
- 66. Gender Differences inSuicide Females were more likely to attempt Males were more likely to succeed in committing suicide Males use more lethal means, such as guns Females are more likely to cut their wrists or take an overdose of sleeping pills Suicidal adolescents often have depressive symptoms 66
- 67. The Interrelation ofProblems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs Four problems that affect the most adolescents: Drug abuse Juvenile delinquency Sexual problems School-related problems 67
- 68. The Interrelation ofProblems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs Successful Intervention Programs Include: Intensive individualized attention Community-wide multiagency collaborative approaches Early identification and intervention 68
- 69. Reference Santrock, J. (2012). Essentialsof Life-Span Development. (2nd). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill 69 (c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc