Estimation and costing

Prepared by M.Ganesh Murugan 9715447621

The purpose of cost estimating is to find the cost of the manufacturing operations and to assist in setting the price for the product

Cost estimating may be defined as the process of determining the probable cost of the product before the start of manufacture

Important activity in engineering design and production It is forecasting the future cost Cost estimating & process planning are prominent activities in the manufacturing system It considers all the expenditures involved like engineering, administration, etc It requires high technical knowledge

The only accurate estimating can enable the leaders to make vital decisions such as manufacturing, selling policies Case1 If job is over estimated, The firm will not be able to compete with its competitors If the job is under estimated, The firm will face huge financial loss

To establish the selling price of a product, so as to ensure reasonable profit to the company To determine the most economical process To make/buy decisions To evaluate the alternate designs To prepare production budget TO initiate the cost reduction in existing facilities

To fix the selling price of the product To help the contractors to submit the accurate tenders To forecast the progress of production and cost To set the various Standards

Design cost Drafting cost R & D cost Material cost Labor cost Inspection cost Cost of tools, jigs, fixtures, etc. Overhead cost

Design cost of the product is estimated by ascertaining the expected time for the design of that product Estimated Design cost = Estimated design time x salary of the designer per unit time Design time can be estimate on the basis of similar products already designed or on the basis of good judgement of designer If design done by outside agency, the total amount paid – gives the cost of design

When the design completed, the drawing will be prepared by the draftsman Drafting cost = Estimated draft time x salary of the draftsman per unit time

Considerable time and money has to be spent on research and developmental work The estimated cost and time on it are decided by the judgement or the past experience

Following steps involved Prepare the list of all materials required to manufacture the product Estimate the weight of all the materials expected (the allowance for the material wastage, spoilage and scrap are also added ) Estimated materials cost = Estimated weight of each part x Estimated future price Finally, the estimated cost of all the parts is added to get the total estimated material cost of the product

Following steps involved Toestimate the labour cost, the estimator should have the knowledge of various operations, machines, sequence, tools & labour to be used. Labour cost = Estimated labour time needed to the product x Cost of the labour per hour

During this stage, the estimator should consider the cost of inspection equipments, gauges and wages to the inspectors

During this stage, includes the estimated cost and maintenance charges for the tools, jigs, fixtures, die etc. required for production It considers their present prices, market trend and the number of times a particular tool can be used during its life time

This can not be charged directly All expenses other than direct cost are known as overhead cost or Indirect expenses, ex:- Administrative expenses, selling and distribution expenses, etc. It can be estimated by referring the previous records

Step 1 Study the cost estimation request thoroughly and understand it completely Step 2 Analyze the product and decide the requirements and specifications of the product Step 3 Prepare the list of all the parts of the product and their bill of Materials Step 4 Take make or buy decisions and prepare a separate list of parts to be purchased &manufactured Step 5 Estimate the materials cost for the parts to be manufactured in the plant Step 6 Determine the cost of the parts to be purchased from outside Step 7 Make a manufacturing process plan for the parts to be manufactured in the plant

Step 8 Estimate the machining time for each operations listed in the manufacturing process plan Step 9 Determine the direct labour cost Step 10 Determine the prime cost by adding direct expenses, direct material cost, and direct labour cost prime cost = direct expenses + direct material cost + direct labour cost Step 11 Estimate the factory overheads, which include all indirect expenditure incurred during production such as indirect material cost, indirect labour cost, depreciation and expenditure on maintenance of the plant, machinery, power, etc. Step 12 Estimate the administrative expenses

Step 13 Estimate the selling and distribution expenses, which include packing and delievery charges, advertisement charges, etc. Step 12 Now calculate the total cost of the product Step 10 Determine the prime cost by adding direct expenses, direct material cost, and direct labour cost Total cost = Prime cost + Factory overheads + Administrative expenses + Selling and distribution expenses Step 15 Decide the profit and add the profit to the total cost to fix the selling price of the part Selling price = Total cost + Profit Step 16 Finally estimate the time of delivery in consultation with the production and sales department

After estimating all the elements of cost, these estimated data's entered into an estimate form

Estimate Form Description Date Drawing No Enquiry No Lot size ___________ Components Customer Estimated by S.No. Item of Expenditure Total cost for the entire Lot Cost/ Component 1 Direct Material cost/Component 1 2 3 Total 2 Labour cost/component 1 2 3 Total 3 Other Direct Expenses 4 Factory Expenses 5 Administrative Expenses 6 selling and distribution expenses 1 Packing 2 Advertising 3 Other alined expenses Total 7 Total cost/component 8 Profit Usually as a% of total cost / component 9 Total ( selling price / component )

Costing is the determination of an actual cost of a component after adding different expenses incurred in various departments

Costing may be defined as a systematic procedure for recording accurately every item of expenditure incurred on the manufacture of a product by different sections of any manufacturing concern

Cost determination:- To determine the actual cost of each cost of each component and cost of the final product For fixing selling price:- To provide information to ascertain the selling price of the product Cost control:- To analyze the expenses incurred in production, so that control can be kept over them Comparison with estimate:- To compare the actual cost with the estimated cost to know whether the estimate had been realistic or not Make or buy decisions:- To decide which of the components to be manufactured and which parts to be purchased from outside

Wastage reduction:- To help in detecting the undesirable wastages and expenses, so that corrective measures can be taken Suggest changes in design:- To provide changes, if the cost of part is higher as compared to the competing product Profit & Loss:- To locate the reasons for the increase or decrease in profit or loss of a company Fixing the discount:- To help in determining the discount on catalogue or market price of the product Pricing policy:- To help in formulating the policies for changing/price of the product

Budject preparation:- To the enterprise to prepare its budget Prepare quotations/tenders:- To facilitate preparation of estimate for submitting quotations/tenders Output targets:- To help in regulating, from time to time, the production of a job so that the enterprise can earn more profits Legal provisions:- To meet certain legal and government regulations, cost data is necessary Purchasing new one:- To provide information for economic consideration for purchasing new plants/machines, etc.

Job/order costing:- Find the cost of the each individual job/contract The total cost of each order is obtained from the daily cost sheet Example:- ship building, machine fabricarion, building, etc. Batch costing:- Batch costing is a form of job costing Instead of costing each components, each batch of components is taken Example:- automobile switches, Plastic components, etc. Process costing :- Employed for a product which involved a number of distinct process performed in a definite sequence This method indicates the cost of a product at different stages as it passes through various operations Example:- Oil refining, chemical, cement, paint, paper making

Departmental costing:- This method is adopted in determining the cost of the cost of the output of each department separately In this method, the actual expenditure of each department on various components is entered on a separate sheet Example:- steel industry, automobile industry, etc. Operating costing:- This method is used in firms providing utility services Example:- water service, electricity board, transport services, etc. Unit costing :- This method is adopted by the firms, which supply a uniform product rather than a variety of products Example:- mines, quarries, etc. Multiple costing :- This method is adopted where manufacture of standardised products having no relation to one another in cost, quality and process, etc.

S.no. Particular Estimating Costing 1 Nature of cost Probable cost Actual cost 2 Personnel High Technical knowledge Knowledge of accounts 3 Process duration Before the production Starts with issue of order Ends with product dispatched on sale 4 Organisation department Planning Department Accounting department

Estimation and costing

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