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Ethical Behavior Lecture related to different basic concept for learnning ethical behaviour
- 1. Moral Ethics and Society
- 2. Moral refers to what societies sanction as right and acceptable. Most people tend to act morally and follow societal guidelines. Morality often requires that people sacrifice their own short-term interests for the benefit of society.
- 3. As a human being, it is hard to make a decision because of the uncertainty of the outcome, but it is definitely essential for human being to understand clearly the concept and connection between freedom and responsibility to recognize the existence of human being and it is only by the process of existence that somebody realizes or defines himself.
- 4. A person may acquire freedom, but he has not fulfilled responsibility and this may keep grief inside him. complete responsibility should not be believed as resignation, but it is just the necessary condition of the outcomes of the freedom.
- 5. Freedom is attained if a person accepts responsibility since responsibility and freedom possess a symbiotic connection in philosophy. A man attains his essence by personal selections and activities and it is only by the process of existence that somebody realizes or defines himself.
- 6. The meaning of the expression that existence precedes essence is that, to start with, there is existence of man, develops, emerges on the scene, and, just eventually, defines his identity. The first clear value that Socrates declares concerning a society is justice and truth.
- 7. Both morality and ethics loosely have to do with distinguishing the difference between “good and bad” or “right and wrong.” Many people think of morality as something that's personal and normative, whereas ethics is the standards of “good and bad” distinguished by a certain community or social setting.
- 8. Moral principles are important for society because they help people learn how to get along and live well with each other. They teach us that all human beings deserve the same rights, which is why it's not okay to discriminate against someone based on their ethnicity or race.
- 9. At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as moral philosophy.
- 10. • Always tell the truth. • Do not destroy property. • Have courage. • Keep your promises. • Do not cheat. • Treat others as you want to be treated. • Do not judge. • Be dependable.
- 11. In conclusion, it can be established that freedom and responsibility go hand in hand and if a person makes a choice, he or she must assume the responsibilities that accompany the choices made. • Freedom is achieved if a person accepts the responsibility and it is considered that a man is responsible for all elements for themselves, which contain the ability to make choices and do anything. Through daily living, everybody is engaging endlessly in the process of forming themselves or one’s identity.
- 12. Nevertheless, even when operating in bad faith, one is creating the selection of shunning responsibility, and it demonstrates that everybody cannot shun choice that helps them recall the fact that the destiny of a man is within himself. Freedom is also a curse since the responsibility of structuring somebody’s life is accompanied with freedom to decide.
- 13. It is a moral obligation or duty which involves respect for the individual as well as mutual respect and consideration between people. Tolerance between people makes it possible for conflicting claims of beliefs, values and ideas to coexistence as long as they fit within acceptable moral values.
- 14. Tolerance is being patient, understanding and accepting of anything difference. An example of tolerance is Muslims, Christians and Athiests being friends. The ability of an organism to resist or survive infection by a parasitic or pathogenic organism. Leeway for variation from a standard.
- 15. Tolerance is an important concept that helps people to live together peacefully. To be tolerant means that you accept other people's opinions and preferences, even when they live in a way that you don't agree with.
- 16. Community tolerance State tolerance Personal tolerance National tolerance
- 17. Community tolerance is when a group of people respect the viewpoints of others. An example of this is Notre Dame Academy, a Catholic school in Massachusetts. They allow followers of other faiths to refrain from participating in prayer during their all-school liturgical celebrations. The school celebrates diversity by teaching its students about other religions as well.
- 18. State tolerance is when there is legislation passed at a state level that protects the rights of individuals. An example of this is the right to decline vaccines for religious reasons in the school setting. Varicella vaccines are required for students to attend school in Massachusetts. However, Massachusetts laws make exemptions for those who have a religious reason for not obtaining the necessary medical vaccination.
- 19. Personal tolerance is when an individual expresses acceptance of a person on an individual, intimate level. An example of this is Jimmy and Tommy, two friends who have completely different styles of music. Jimmy still lets Tommy play his music in the car, even though he really doesn't understand it. He knows it makes Tommy happy.
- 20. National tolerance can be legislation at a national level that is passed in order to assist in providing tolerance to the citizens of a country. This law was passed in 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson to prevent the disenfranchisement of voters through racial profiling at the polls. By banning poll taxes and literacy tests, this law allowed racial tolerance to be a legally binding concept throughout the United States.
- 21. Ethics calls upon people to examine their lives including the quality of their reasons when forming judgments. An ethical life is one that goes beyond unthinking custom and practice.
- 22. Tolerance is the virtue that makes peace possible. Tolerance allows people the liberty and personal freedom of self-determination. Toleration promotes the free exchange of ideas, including criticism and debate of public policy in the interest of the people.
- 23. Social tolerance is an important part of an advanced society and it supports economic development, diversity, humanity, and mental and emotional well-being.
- 24. Tolerance will let you realize that your life is full so you don't have time to be cruel or unkind. Tolerance will give you the ability to let go of anger and live life to the full. Tolerance is not about giving up on people, it's understanding that you can't change them but you can change how you react to them.
- 25. Tolerance helps employees build bridges and capitalize on the differences present in the workplace, such as those related to diverse cultural backgrounds. A lack of tolerance thwarts team and company progress and encourages a breeding ground for misunderstandings and unethical behavior.
- 26. You may not know it, but you have a tolerance meter -- an internal gauge that tells you when enough is enough. The problem for many is that their tolerance meter is set too high -- that they put up with far too much for far too long.
- 27. Justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. Justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often today used interchangeably.
- 28. Justice is about situations (consequences) while ethics is about actions. People are owed things in situations where they do not have what they deserve.
- 29. Justice, for many people, refers to fairness. But while justice is important to almost everyone, it means different things to different groups. For instance, social justice is the notion that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social opportunities irrespective of race, gender, or religion.
- 30. The ethics of justice deals with moral choices through a measure of rights of the people involved and chooses the solution that seems to damage the fewest people. Rooted in a respect for the legal system, it applies in the Western democracy ideas like social contract theory to everyday moral decisions.
- 31. One way of describing the relation between rights and justice is to say that rights recognise everyone as, in a fundamental sense, the same, whereas justice accommodates the fact that we, while living together, are all different.
- 32. The ethic of justice is centered on maintaining obligation, equity, and fairness through the application of moral principles, rules, and established standards, whereas the ethic of care is centered on maintaining relationships through responding to needs of others and avoiding hurt.
- 33. Thus, Justice has four major dimensions: Social Justice, Economic Justice, Political Justice and Legal Justice. All these forms are totally inter-related and interdependent. Justice is real only when it exists in all these four dimensions.
- 34. An example of justice is someone being set free from prison after dna evidence shows they are innocent. Judgment and punishment of a party who has allegedly wronged another. To demand justice. Many philosophers, theologians, sociologists and others define justice as the proper ordering of people and things
- 35. The purpose of justice is to provide fair treatment to each individual, without exception, in regard to their personal rights according to the laws of the land of their residence or in other countries where the individual's country is represented in a consulate.
- 36. The infliction of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for a misdeed (i.e., the transgression of a law or command). Punishment may take forms ranging from capital punishment, flogging, forced labour, and mutilation of the body to imprisonment and fines.
- 37. Traditionally, justifications of punishment have been either consequentialist (Based on based on consequences) or retributivist (on the basis of harm). Consequentialist accounts contend that punishment is justified as a means to securing some valuable end—typically crime reduction, by deterring, incapacitating, or reforming offenders.
- 38. This chapter discusses different types of punishment in the context of criminal law. It begins by considering the four most common theories of punishment: Retribution, Deterrence, Rehabilitation, Incapacitation. (Disablement)
- 39. Punishment refers to the act of reducing a behavior and reinforcement to increasing a behavior. So, a positive punishment is the addition of something that is intended to reduce a behavior. Spanking is positive punishment
- 40. Natural Consequences: Natural consequences are the best form of positive punishment because they teach your children about life. Natural consequences do not require any action from the parent. Instead, these are consequences that occur naturally as the result of bad behavior.
- 41. .
- 42. Deterrent Theory Retributive Theory Preventive Theory Reformative Theory
- 43. In deterrence theory, punishment is designed such that it can educate the criminals. Thus, this can reform the criminals that are subjected to this theory. Also, it is maintained that the punishment reforms the criminals. This is done by creating a fear that the punishment will be repeated.
- 44. Retribution is the most ancient justification for punishment. This theory insists that a person deserves punishment as he has done a wrongful deed. Also, this theory signifies that no person shall be arrested unless that person has broken the law.
- 45. Here are the conditions where a person is considered as an offender are: • The penalty given will be equivalent to the grievance caused by the person. • Performed a crime of certain culpability. (Fault, Guilt) • That similar persons have been imposed for similar offenses. • That the action performed was by him and he was only responsible for it. Also, he had full knowledge of the penalty system and possible consequences.
- 46. This theory has used a restraint that an offender if repeats the criminal act is culpable for death, exile or imprisonment. The theory gets its importance from the notion that society must be protected from criminals. Thus, the punishment here is for solidarity and defense.
- 47. Deterrence and retributive are examples of classical and non-classical philosophies. The reformative theory was born out of the positive theory that the focal point of crime is positive thinking. Thus, according to this theory, the objective of punishment needs to be reformation by the offender.
- 48. Questions
- 49. Thank You