Evaluation – concepts and principles

EVALUATION –
CONCEPTS AND
PRINCIPLES
Aruna. A P
I Batch MSC Nursing

DEFINITION
• Evaluation is a process of making
judgements to be used as a basis for
planning . it consists of establishing
goals, collecting evidence concerning
growth towards goals, making judgements
about the evidence and revising
procedures and goals in the light of
judgements. It is for improving the
product, the process and even the goals in
themselves
Wiles

• Evaluation is the process of
determining to what extend
the educational objectives
are being realized
•
Ralph Tyler

EVALUATION, MEASURMENT, ASSESSM
ENT AND TESTING
• Test: an instrument or systemic procedure for
measuring a sample of behavior
• Measurement: the process of obtaining
numerical description of the degree to which an
individual possesses a particular characteristic
• Evaluation: from the stand point of classroom
evaluation, it is the systematic process of
collecting, analyzing and interpreting information
to determine the extent to which pupils are
achieving instructional objectives

SCOPE OF EVALUATION
• Value judgment
• Ascertaining the extend to which the educational
objectives have been attained
• Effectiveness of appraisal or methods of
instruction
• Identifies pupil’s strengths and
weakness, difficulties and problems, needs and
demands
• Provide baseline for guidance and counseling

• Placements and promotions in jobs
• Development of
attitudes, interests, capabilities, creativity, origin
ality, knowledge and skills etc.
• Development of tools and techniques
• Development of curriculum and for its revision
• Interpretation of results
• Helpful for curriculum planners and administers
to improve the curriculum pattern

PURPOSE OF EVALUATION
• To discover the extend of competence
• To predict the educational practices
• To certify student’s degree, proficiency in a
particular educational practice
• To appraise the status of and changes in
student’s behavior
• To make provision for guiding the growth of the
individual student
• To diagnose the individual students educational
weakness and strength

• To assess the student’s progress from time to time and
discloses student’s needs and possibilities
• To predict the student’s future academic success or
otherwise
• To provide basis for modification of curriculum and
courses
• To locate areas where remedial measures are needed
• To provide basis for the introduction of experiences to
meet the needs of individuals and group of students
• Motivate students towards better attainment and growth

• Test the efficiency of teachers
• Appraise the teachers and supervisors competence
• Improve instructions, measurements and measuring
devices
• Bring out the inherent capabilities of a student, such as
attitudes, habits, appreciation and
understanding, manipulative skills in addition to
conventional acquisition of knowledge
• Serves as method of self improvement, improving school
learning relations and as a guiding principles for the
selection of supervisory techniques

TYPES OF EVALUATION

• FORMATIVE EVALUATION (process evaluation)

• SUMMATIVE EVALUATION (product evaluation)

FORMATIVE EVALUATION
• It refers to evaluation taking place during
the program or learning activity. It is
conducted while the event to be evaluated
is occurring and focuses on identifying the
progress towards purposes, objectives, or
outcomes to improve the
activities, course, curriculum, program or
teaching and student.

Types
•
•
•
•
•

needs assessment
evaluability assessment
structured conceptualization
Implementation evaluation
Process evaluation

Advantage:
• Emphasize the parts instead the entity
• The events are recent thus of marking accuracy and
preventing distortion by time
• The results can be used to improve student
performance, program of instruction, or learning outcome
before the program or course has concluded

Disadvantage
• Making judgment before the activity is completed and not
being able to see results before judgments are made
• intrusive
• interrupt the flow of outcomes
• chance for a false sense of security when formative
evaluation is positive and the final results are not positive
as predicted earlier

SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

• Summative evaluations,
examine the effects or outcomes
of some object

Types
•
•
•
•
•

outcome evaluations
impact evaluation
cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis
secondary analysis
meta-analysis

Advantage:

• All work has been completed and the findings of
evaluation is that nothing can be done to alter the results

MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

• concerned with determining a
person’s abilities and how well an
individual can performs when
motivated to obtain as high a score as
possible.
• Aptitude and achievement tests are
useful in measuring maximum
performance

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

• Determines what individual will do under natural
conditions.

CRITERION REFERENCED EVALUATION

• This describes pupils performance according to a
specific domain of clearly defined learning tasks.

NORM REFERANCED EVALUATION

• norm-referenced evaluation is based on comparing
student achievement to that of others

EVALUATION PROCESS
•
•
•
•
•

identifying the purpose of evaluation
identifying a time frame
determining when to evaluate
selecting the evaluators
choosing an evaluation design/ framework
of model
• selecting an evaluation instrument

•
•
•
•
•

collecting data
interpreting data
reporting the findings
using the findings
considering the costs of
evaluation

Identifying the purpose of evaluation

choosing an evaluation design/
framework of model

Selecting an evaluation instruments
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Questionnaire
Interview
Observation
Rating scale
Check list
Attitude scale
Semantic differential
Self report, journal, diary
Anecdotal notes

Selection and development of evaluation
instrument
• instruments should have the following
characteristics
• Appropriate for what is being evaluated
• Appropriate for the domain being evaluated
• Comprehensive
• Easy to use
• Cost effective
• Time efficient
• Valid and reliable

collecting data
• Consider….
• Data source
• Amount of data
• Timing of data collection
• Formal versus informal data
collection

Interpreting data

• Putting the data in usable form
• Organizing data for analysis
• Interpreting data against
reestablished criteria

• Consider…
• Frame of reference
• Norm referenced interpretation
• Criterion referenced interpretation
• The issues of objectivity and
subjectivity
• Legal considerations

Considering the costs of evaluation

PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION
• Determining and clarifying what is to be
evaluated always has priority in the evaluation
process
• Evaluation techniques should be selected
according to the purposes to be served
• Comprehensive evaluation requires a variety of
evaluation techniques
• Proper use of evaluation techniques requires an
awareness of both their limitations and strengths
• Evaluation is a means to an end, not an end
itself

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF
EVALUATION
• a) fulfill classroom objectives
• b) diagnose learning difficulties of students
• C) determine readiness for new learning
experiences
• d) form students' classroom groups for special
activities
• e) assist students in their problems of
adjustment
• f ) prepare reports of pupils' progress

CHARACTERISTICS OF EVALUATION
• Evaluation is a continuous process
• Evaluation includes academic and non
academic subjects
• Evaluation is a procedure for improving
the product
• Discovering the needs of an individual and
designing learning experience
• Evaluation is purpose oriented

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
EVALUATION
• Validity
• A valid evaluation is one which actually
tests what is sets out to test
• Reliability
• The reliability is a measure of the
consistency with which the question, test
or examination produces the same result
under different but comparable conditions

MODELS OF EDUCATIONAL
EVALUATION
• Objective based

• Decision-based
• Value-based
• Naturalistic approach

PURPOSES OF EVALUATION IN
NURSING EDUCATION
• To determine the level of knowledge and
understanding of students
• To determine the level of student’s clinical
performance
• To become aware of the specific
difficulties of individual students or of an
entire class, as a basis for further teaching

• To diagnose each student’s strengths and
weakness and to suggest remedial measures
which may be needed
• To encourage student’s learning by measuring
their achievements and informing them of their
success
• To help students to become increasingly self
directing in their study
• To help students to acquire that attitude of and
skills in self evaluation

• To provide the additional motivation of
examination that provide opportunity to practice
critical thinking, the application of principles, the
making of judgments etc.
• To estimate the effectiveness of teaching and
learning techniques, of subject content and of
instructional media in attaining the goals of the
programme
• To gather information needed for administrative
purpose

Evaluation – concepts and principles

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