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Evolution
The document discusses key concepts related to evolution and the origin of life. It defines species, adaptation, mutation, common descent, and other core evolutionary ideas. It also outlines several important scientists who contributed to the theory of evolution, such as Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, and Thomas Malthus. Finally, it discusses modern genetics concepts like DNA, genes, alleles, and how genetic variation arises within populations.
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Evolution
- 1. Evolution AND THE ORIGINOF LIFE
- 2.
- 3. Species Reproductively isolated systems of breeding populations with similar morphology. In simple terms; organisms, that look the same, that are able to breed and produce fertile offspring.
- 4. Adaptation & Mutation Adaptation The evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat The change of an organism to be better suited to live in its respective environment Mutation Changes in the DNA caused by radiation, viruses and errors in DNA replication A change in the DNA that causes a significant change in the organism’s phenotype or expressed traits
- 5. Common Decent, Ancestor& Descendant Common Decent A group of organisms that share the same ancestor Organisms that descended from the same organism Ancestor An earlier type A progenitor Descendant A later evolutionary type The offspring of an earlier organism
- 6. Variation and NaturalSelection Variation The difference in characteristics typical of the group The difference between an organism’s traits and another of the same species Natural Selection The process where favorable traits become more common in each successive generation The process where nature selects the traits that best suit the environment the particular organism lives in
- 7. Missing Link The intermediate organism between arthropod apes and humans
- 8. Genetics, DNA &Genes Genetics The study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Contains the genetic material for cell growth, division and function Genes Segments of DNA that are located on the chromosomes Controls the traits of an organism
- 9. RNA, Allele &Heredity RNA Ribonucleic acid Single stranded Allele One member of a pair of genes occupying a specific part on the chromosome Can either be dominant of recessive Heredity The passing on of traits from parent to offspring
- 10. Central Dogma, Nucleotides& Proteins Central Dogma DNA is the carrier of genetic information in organisms. Nucleotides Structural unit of DNA/RND Made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a 3-phosphate group and one of 5 nitrogen bases; namely Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil Proteins Chains of amino acids
- 11. Chromosomes & GeneticDrift Chromosomes Organized structure of DNA and proteins Controls the expressed traits of an organism Genetic Drift A change in allele frequency Can be caused by a change in the environmental conditions or a change in the reproductive selection of the species
- 12. Phylogenetic Tree Abranching diagram showing inferred evolutionary relationship
- 13. Convergent and DivergentEvolution Convergent Evolution Different organisms develop similar traits to serve similar functions Butterfly and Bird. They developed wings for the same purpose. Divergent Evolution Similar organisms evolve to become more diverse until they eventually become different species An population becomes separated and each separate population adapts to a different niche and does so until they become two different species
- 14. Scientists WHO CONTRIBUTED TOTHE THEORY
- 15. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish Naturalist Nested Hierarchies Order of Nature Systema Naturae (1735) Father of Taxonomy Organized from species to kingdom Two-part Name Binomial Nomenclature
- 16. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Influencedby Plato Idealism and essentialism Aristotle Scala Naturae, The Great Chain of Being Organisms are arranged in increasing complexity Judeo - Christian Creationism Species are individually designed and are permanent
- 17. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) English economist and clergyman “An Essay on the Principles of Populations” Food supply Arithmetic Population growth Geometric, logarithmic Food supply limits population growth
- 18. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) French Paleontologist Catastrophism A catastrophic event leads to extinctions of species that are replaced by distant migrating species Earth’s age 4000 - 6000 Strongly opposed evolution The history of living organisms are recorded in layers of as fossils
- 19. Jean Baptiste Lamarck French naturalist Early concepts of evolution Philosophie Zoologique (1809) Desire to change Use and disuse Passing on of acquired traits Species change over time into new species via natural processes
- 20. Charles Lyell Scottishgeologist Principles of Geology (1830) Uniformitarianism Geological processes are so uniform that their rates and effects must balance out Influenced by James Hutton (1726-1797) Gradualism
- 21. Gregor Mendel (1832-1884) Austrian Monk Father of genetics Proposed the laws of inheritance Used pea plants with different characteristics
- 22. Alfred Russel Wallace British Naturalist Studied in the Amazon Forest and in the Malaysian Isles “On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart from the Original Type”
- 23. Charles Robert Darwin English Naturalist Studied in the Galapagos Islands “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life”
- 24.
- 25. Paleontology Organisms evolvedin a historical sequence The present id linked to the past Fossils form by chance and the quality varies Fossil reconstruction requires a thorough knowledge of Anatomy Fossil Preserved remains or traces of organisms Dating rocks and fossils Geological or relative dating (strata) Numerical or radiometric dating (isotopes)
- 26. Comparative Anatomy HomologousStructures Features with different functions but similar structure due to common ancestry Due to divergent evolution One species gives rise to many species that appear different externally but are similar internally Analogous Structures Similar in appearance and function but of different origins Due to convergent evolution Different organisms develop similar structures to serve the same purpose
- 27. Comparative Embryology Closelyrelated organisms often have similar stages or structure during early development Similarities in early development should mean that similar genes are at work This is like a heritage acquired from their common ancestor
- 28. Biochemistry Similarity ofthe DNA between individuals determine their degree of relatedness Based on the concept that similar proteins are based from the same DNA or a common genetic code creates the same protiens
- 29. Biogeography Observations aboutmarsupial distribution show that they are only found in America, Australia and New Guinea Species were not distributed everywhere that they could survive Islands have species endemic but are closely related to species on the mainland
- 30. The 5 Evidencesfor Evolution Fossil Record Paleontology Similarities in Body Structure Comparative Anatomy Similarities in Early Development Comparative Embryology Similarities in Chemical Compounds Biochemistry Distribution of Species Biogeography
- 31. Genetics A GT C U
- 32. Scientists Rediscovered Mendel’s work Hugo de Vries Carl Correns Erich von Tshermak-Seysenegg Discovered the structure of DNA James Watson Francis Crick
- 33. Nucleic Acids Polymersmade up of monomers called nucleotides There are 2 kinds DNA – uses A, T, G, C RNA – uses A, U ,G, C Stores and transmits information from one generation to another Found in the nucleus of all cells
- 34. Proteins, Genes &Alleles Protein Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids Workhorses of living systems Gene A segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait The basic unit of heredity Allele A particular form of a gene
- 35. Genetic Code Setof rules by which information in DNA/RNA is translated into amino acid sequences Red in groups of three called codons
- 36. Traits There are twokinds of traits Single-gene trait Only controlled by a pair of genes There are only two varieties Example, Presence of the widow's peak Polygenic trait Controlled by numerous genes Has multiple varieties Example, Height.
- 37. Natural Selection asan Evolutionary Mechanism Overproduction Each species produce more offspring than will survive to maturity Variation There is a variation of traits among the offspring Competition Organisms compete with one another for limited resources Survival to Reproduce Individuals that passes the most favorable combination of characteristics are most likely to survive and reproduce
- 38. Genetic Variation Mutation Any change in the DNA sequence Due to an error in DNA replication Due to environmental factors such as radiation Gene Shuffling / Genetic Recombination Results from sexual reproduction Genetic Drift When an allele becomes more common in a population by chance Implies that all characteristics of an organism don’t have to contribute to the fitness of the organism to be favored
- 39. Genetic Variation Naturalselection is not always necessary for genetic change to occur Genetic variation is not controlled or directed toward a cause. When a variation does occur, natural selection goes to work If a species has enough genetic variation for it to evolve quickly enough to keep up with the environment, it will survive; if not, it will become extinct
- 40. Ecology & Evolution No two species can occupy the same niche in the same location for a long period of time This idea helps us understand how one species evolves into many species Speciation by Reproductive Isolation Separation of populations stops interbreeding between the two Separate populations adapt to different environments so the gene pool becomes dissimilar The long separation eventually inhibits the interbreeding between the two populations permanently