EVOLUTION by Sanchita Verma.pptx
- 1. WELCOME TO P.G.FORUM DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY BAREILLY COLLEGE BAREILLY
- 3. ORIGIN OF LIFE The origin of life on Earth is one of the greatest mysteries. Where and how did life originate on earth ? It is difficult to determine because it began at least 3.8 billion years ago (the earth is slightly more than 4.5 billion years old).
- 4. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION THE BIG BANG THEORY- • This theory attempts to explain the origin of universe. • It talks of a singular huge explosion unimaginable in physical terms. • The universe expanded and hence the temperature came down . Hydrogen and helium were formed later. • The gases condensed under gravitation and formed present day galaxies. • The milky way galaxy is 4.5 billion years old. • Water vapour ,methane ,carbon dioxide and ammonia released from molten lava covered the surface. • Life appeared 500 million years after the formation of earth, i.e., almost four billion years back.
- 6. THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION- • It was supported by Aristotle, Von Helmont. • It was opposed by Louis Pasteur , Spallanzani & Fransisco Redi. • It states that complex living organisms are generated from decaying organic substances e.g. organisms like mice spontaneously appears in stored grain or maggots spontaneously appears in meat. • Living things ,no matter how small, do not come spontaneously from non living things.
- 8. THEORY OF BIOGENESIS- • This theory was given by LOUIS PASTEUR. • Living things originate from other living things. • For example-mice come only from mice ,other microbes such as bacteria come from other bacteria.
- 10. HUMAN EVOLUTION • Human evolution is the evolutionary process that lead to the emergence of anatomically modern humans , beginning with the evolutionary history of primates and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the homonid family , which includes the great apes. • We Humans are Homo sapiens ,a culture bearing upright walking species that lives on ground and very first likely to evolved in Africa about 315,000 years ago.
- 11. BACKGROUND & BEGINNINGS IN THE MIOCENE- • It is generally agreed that the taproot of the human family shrub is to be found among ape like species of the Middle Miocene Epoch(roughly 16-11.6 mya). • The primates suggested includes Kenyapithecus, Griphopithecus , Dryopithecus ,Graecopithecus, Samburupithecus , Sahelanthropus and Orrorin. • Kenyapithecus inhabited Kenya and Griphopithecus lived in central Europe and Turkey from about 16- 14 mya. • Dryopithecus is best known from western and central Europe for 13- 8 mya. • Graecopithecus lived in northern and southern Greece about 9 mya, at roughly the same time as Samburupithecus in Northern Kenya.
- 12. • Sahelanthropus inhabited Chad in between 7 & 6 million years ago. • Orrorin was from central Kenya 6 mya. • Among these, the most likely ancestor of great apes and humans may be either Kenyapithecus or Griphopithecus.
- 14. FOSSILS OF APES: 1. Propliopithecus-Origin & evolution in Oligocene epoch so called as Oligocene apes. Evolution about 30-35 mya. 2. Agyptopithecus-Origin & evolution in late Oligocene and Miocene epoch so called as Miocene apes. 3. Proconsul-Its fossils were discovered by Leakey from East Africa near Victoria lake in Kenya from Miocene rocks.It walked on its four legs. 4. Dryopithecus- Evolution about 15-20 mya. • Direct ancestor of modern day apes. • Forest dwellers spending most time on trees. • Origin & evolution in Miocene period. • Semierect posture. • Quadropedal locomotion. • Vegetarian fruit eater.
- 15. 5. Ramapithecus-Fossils discovered by Lewis from Shivalik hills in India. 6.Shivapithecus-Fossils discovered by Lewis from Shivalik hills in India. 7.Kenyapithecus- Fossils discovered by Leakey from Kenya. • Origin & evolution in Pliocene epoch • Considered as ancestors of humans same characters as Dryopithecus but spends most of time on land. • Ramapithecus was more Man like while Dryopithecus was more Ape like. 8.Australopithecus- Prof. dart discovered a fossil skull of 6 yr old baby from pliocene rocks of Tuang region (S. Africa).He named it Tuang Baby. • About 3-2 mya it lived in East African Grasslands. • Evidences shows they hunted with stone. • It is connecting link between Ape and Man. • First man who stood erect Bipedal locomotion.
- 17. PREHISTORIC MAN: Homo habilis- The tool maker man or Handy man. o First human being like. o Its fossils were discovered by Dr. Leakey from 2 mya in Africa. o Lived in caves. o Cranial capacity-650-800cc. o Complete erect posture. o Does not eat meat. Homo erectus-Direct ancestor of homo sapiens. o Java man/Pecking man/Heidelberg man. o JAVA MAN-Homo erectus erectus-by Mayer. -Pithecanthropus erectus-by Dubois. Fossils obtained from Central Java. Lives in caves. 800-1000 CC. 1.5-2 mya Omnivores.
- 18. Homo sapiens- Neanderthal man . o Cromagnon man- Direct ancestor of modern man. o Homo sapiens sapiens-Modern man. o Neanderthal man-Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Origin & evolution -40,000- 1lakh yrs. cc-1300-1600cc. lived in huts. complete erect posture. First man believed in Immortality of Soul. o Cromagnon man-Homo sapiens fossilis. Origin & evolution -10,000-50,000 yrs. cc- 1650cc. lived in caves. complete erect posture. wore cloth of animal skin. They were hunter & used dogs for domestication. Painted beautiful paintings on walls. Carnivores.
- 19. o Homo sapiens sapiens-Man of Today. Origin & evolution 10-11 thousands yrs ago. cc-1300-1600cc. complete erect posture. Small forehead and front eyes. Omnivores. Agriculture was started by them. MAN OF FUTURE: Homo sapiens futuralis. Taller & hairless body. Tomb like head and larger brain. With no fifth finger.
- 21. MISCELLANEOUS Tree shrews were first real primates. Old world monkeys are more closer to human than new world monkeys. Chimpanzee is closest ape to human. Australopithecus firstly show bipedal locomotion. Java man firstly used fire. Cromagnon man were painters.