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Evolution theory
This document discusses evolution and the taxonomy of living things. It defines evolution as any heritable change in a population over generations. It describes how Charles Darwin theorized that all life evolved from a common ancestor and became more complex over time. It then explains taxonomy as the classification of living things in a hierarchy of domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. The document outlines the key evidence for evolution such as fossils, selective breeding, and homologous structures. It also identifies the agents that drive evolutionary change as mutations, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection.
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Evolution theory
- 1. Evolution & The Taxonomy ofLiving Things
- 2.
- 3. Any change inthe heritable traits within a population across a generation. For example spots on the wings of a butterfly, Fur colour in mice, or
- 4. How did livingthings evolved? Charles Darwin theorized that all life came from a common ancestor like a single celled organism. As time went on, life forms became more complex and diverse.
- 5. Origin of thefirst cell(s). Scientist believed that a chemical evolution may have produced the first cell. First, inorganic chemicals reacted to produce small organic molecules, which polymerized to form macromolecules. With the origination of the plasma membrane, the first primitive cell (a Protocell) evolved, and once this could replicate, life began.
- 6. The Evolutionary Tree Evolutionarytree is a branching diagram or tree showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species. The branch tips represent existing species. The branches connect the common ancestor, and the nodes depict where one species diverged into two or more species.
- 8. Evidence of Evolution Fossils are the remains and traces of past life or any other direct evidence of past life. Most fossils consist only of hard parts of organisms, such as shells, bones, or teeth, because these are usually preserved after death.
- 9. SELECTIVE BREEDING OF DOMESTICATEDANIMALS These domesticated breeds have been developed from wild species, by selecting individuals with desirable traits, and breeding from them.
- 10. HOMOLOGOUS ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES Thefact that anatomical similarities exist among organisms provides further support for evolution.
- 12. Agents of evolutionarychange Because evolution is based on changes in living organism that makes them more complex and diverse, scientists have discovered that there are agents or factors that causes these changes. These conditions are: Mutations Genetic Drift Gene Flow and Natural selection
- 13. Mutations are randomalterations in our genes, the result of genes failing to copy themselves properly or exposure to radiation or other chemicals (called mutagens).
- 14. Genetic drift isa mechanism of evolution that occurs by random chance rather than natural selection. In genetic drift, a population experiences a change in the frequency of a given allele, prompted by random luck rather than a need for adaptation
- 15. Gene flow isalso called migration. This is any movement of genes from one population to another. Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to a new destination or people moving to new cities or countries.
- 16. Natural selection Charles Darwindeveloped the theory that evolution occurs as a result of natural selection. It is the process by which some individuals produce more offspring than others. Hence to survive, it must compete for food and a mate. The organisms that survive is consider fit for the environment thus the characteristics that helped this ‘fitness’ will be more common in the next generation than those of its less ‘fit’ relatives.
- 17. The Taxonomy ofLiving Things The taxonomy of living things basically refers to the classification of all living things.
- 18. Why is itnecessary to classify living organism? It helps to identify different organisms and place them in their particular group. It helps us to study them more easily and systematically.
- 19. It highlights therelationship between different organism The characteristics of all the members of a group can be studied by studying the characteristics of a few members only.
- 20. Types of Classification system Thereare two (2) types of classification system. Artificial System –this system of classification is based on comparison of one or a few characteristics of a group. By this classification, different organisms could be grouped together.
- 21. The natural system Thissystem of classification is based on comparison of many characteristics of a group. It takes into account many characters such as external structure, internal structure, growth, development, reproduction.
- 22.
- 23. So what aredomains? “Domains” are the cell type that an organism has. There are 3 domains: Bacteria Archaea Eukaryote
- 24. Kingdoms There arefive kingdoms: Monera Protists Fungi Plants Animals
- 25. Group Names Humans House catWhite oak Housefly Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plant Animalia Phylum Chordate Chordate Magnoliop hyta Arthropod a Class Mammal Mammal Magnoliopsi da Insect Order Primates Carnivora Fagales Diptera Family Hominidae Felidae Fagaceae Muscidae Genus Homo Felis Quercus Musca Species sapiens domestica Alba domestica
- 26. GENERAL PLAN OFCLASSIFICATION All classifications involve systematic grouping of basic units. • The basic unit of biological classification is species. • A species refers to a group of organisms that closely resemble each other and can reproduce among themselves. • Similar species are grouped into a genus. • Similar genera (plural of genus) are grouped into a family. • Similar families are grouped into an order. • Similar orders are grouped into a class. • Similar classes are grouped into a phylum
- 27. Binomial Nomenclature In binomialnomenclature, the name of an organism is composed of two words in Latin. The first word is the name of the genus and is called the generic name. The second word refers to the name of the species and is called the specific name. The first letter of the generic name is always written in capital letters whereas the first letter of the specific name is written in small letters. The scientific names are italicized in printing and underlined while writing. Example Homo sapiens Musca domestica