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![ Intraoperative[Immediate]
• Failure to move the tooth
• Fracture of tooth, alveolus ,mandible &
maxillary tuberosity
• Mucosal laceration & puncture wounds on
gums lips tongue & floor of the mouth.
• Luxation of adjacent tooth
• Displacement of root into the facial space
• Nerve injury
• Hemorrhage-Primary](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/departmentoforalmaxillofacial-130616013235-phpapp02/75/Exodontia-51-2048.jpg)
![ Delayed
Hemorrhage- Reactionary , Secondary
Pain
Dry socket [alveolar osteitis]
Post operative swelling due to
• Oedema
• Haemotoma formation
• Infection
Trismus
Infection](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/departmentoforalmaxillofacial-130616013235-phpapp02/75/Exodontia-52-2048.jpg)
Uploaded bySahal Abu
Exodontia
This seminar presentation discusses dental extraction techniques. It begins with definitions of painless tooth extraction and a brief history of dentistry. It then describes different extraction methods and indications for extraction. Factors to consider like medical history, radiographs, equipment and positioning are outlined. The presentation addresses techniques for specific tooth types, emphasizing using the correct instruments and applying forces in ways to safely leverage teeth out of the jawbone with minimal trauma.
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Exodontia
- 2.
- 3. Since theearliest period of history ,the extraction of tooth has been considered a very formidable procedure by the layman. Many patients suffer from extractionfobia and are often difficult to care for despite modern methods of anesthesia. Many dentists still believe that speed is esential when extracting teeth. INTRODUCTION
- 4. The painlessremoval of the whole tooth,or root,with minimal trauma to the investing tissues,so that the wound heals uneventtully & no post operative problem is created { GEOFFRAY L HOWE}
- 6. The firstdentist was an Egyptian-HIS RE (3100BC) The history of dental extraction forceps is very old and goes back to time of Aristotle(384 BC) where Aristotle described the mechanics of oral surgery forceps.
- 8. Intra-alveolar method-Also known as ‘forceps extraction’ and consists of removing teeth with the use of forceps/elevators.The blades of these instruments are forced down the peridontal membrane between the tooth root and bony socket. Trans-alveolar extraction-This method involves the disection of the tooth or root from its bony attachments.This separation is achieved by removal of some of the bone investing the roots which are then extracted by the use of forceps or elevators
- 9. Severe Caries Pulpal Necrosis Peridontally week teeth Teeth in the line of radiation therapy Teeth in line of jaw fracture Fractured teeth Pathology associated with tooth Orthodontic treatmennt Maloposed teeth Retained decidous teeth Extraction due to prosthetic reason Impacted teeth
- 10. Absolute Contraindication- UncontrolledDiabetes Leukemia Renal Failure Liver Cirosis Cardiac Failure
- 11. Relative Cotnrdiaincations- Diabetes Hypertension BleedingDiasthesis Pregnancy Cardiac Disease Immunocompramised Patient Patient with liver dysfunction
- 12. Local Contraindication- Accuteinfection Severe Cellulitis Accute pericronitis Hemangioma
- 13. Intra OralExamination- It is the quick examination of oral cavity- 1st soft tissue & than hard tissue. Assessment of tooth to be extracted-It is done for long evidence
- 14. Peri apicalradiograph provide the most accurate and detailed information concerning the tooth,its roots and sorrounding tiisue. Panoramic radiograph are used frequently but their greatest usefullness is for impacted teeth. The relationship of teeth to be extracted to adjacent erupted and unerupted teeth should be noticed When performing extractions of maxillary molars,its roots relation with the floor of the maxillary sinus should be noted.
- 15. A periapical radiograph taken before the removal of mandibular premolar teeth should include mental foramen. The surgeon must know the curvature of root and degree of root divergence to plan an extraction. Surgeon should look for caries extension to the root. Teeth with non vital pulp may have cysts & granulation tissue peri apicallyand these should be removed at the time of extraction Bone that is more radiolucent is likely to be less denser,which makes extraction easier.
- 16. Surgeons mustprevent accidental injury or transmission of infection to their patients or to themselves. To prevent this transmission, surgical gloves, surgical mask, and eyewear with side shields are reqiured.required.
- 17. For patient: 1.A sterile disposable towel drape should be put across the patient's chest . 2. Proper oral hygiene is very important before extraction
- 18. For the extractionof mandibular teeth, the patient should be positioned in a more upright position the occlusal plane is parallel to the floor. The chair should be 16cm below the level of operators elbow. For a maxillary extraction the chair should be tipped backward and maxillary occlusal plane is at 60 degrees to the floor. The height of the dental chair should be 8cm below the shoulder level of the operator.
- 19. For allmaxillary teeth,anterior mandibular teeth & teeth of the 3rd quadrant the dentist is to the front and right (and to the left, for left-handed dentists) of the patient. For the teeth of the IVth quadrant the dentist is positioned behind and to the right (or to the left, for left-handed dentists) of the patient.) of the patient
- 20. Good illuminationof the operator field is an absolute essential for successful extraction of teeth.
- 21. For simple closed extraction- 1.Equipment for local anesthesia. 2. Elevators-for reflection of soft tissue and luxation. 3. Forceps for removal of teeth. 4. Guaze,saline&suction.
- 22. Lever principle-Elevators are primarly used as levers. Thus elevators includes a effort arm which is the handle,fulcrum which is the crest of the alveolar bone & resistance arm which exerts the pressure on the tooth which is the resitance here. Maximum mechanical advantage is gained by keeping the effort armlonger than the resistance arm.
- 24. Wheel and AxlePrinciple Resembles the wheel of a vehicle attached to a axle around which the wheel moves. Cryers & Cross bar elevators works on these principle. The handle serves as the wheel and blade engages the tooth. When the handle is rotated the force created on the blade of the elevator is multiplied creating a greater mechanical advantage to elevate tooth out of its socket.
- 25. Goals offorceps use: 1. Expansion of bony socket by the use of wedgeshaped beaks of forceps 2. Removal of teeth from the socket.
- 26. Major motionsapplied by Forcpes on teeth: • Apical Force:This is the first force generated and causes expansion of bony socket. • Buccal Force:This helps to expand the buccal cortical plate of the tooth socket. • Lingual Force: Causes expansion of the lingual plate. • Rotational Force: Teeth with single conical roots are extracted by these force causes internal expansion of socket and helps in movement of teeth. • Tractional Force:Forces finally applied to remove the tooth completely out of the socket.
- 27. Expansion OfBony Socket: Bone is relatively elastic so it is possible to expand the bony socket and remove the teeth. This is done by holding the tooth in the apical end and moved with the help forceps causing the expanison of the bony socket.
- 28. Wedge Principle Thisis done by wedging the elevator or beaks of the forceps between the tooth& socket in peidontal ligament space.This displaces the tooth occlusally and the instrument can further be pushed into the socket to displace the tooth further till it can be removed completely.
- 29. 3 fundamentalrequirments- 1. Adequate access and visualisation of field of surgery. 2. An unimpended pathway for removal of tooth. 3. Use of controlled force to luxate and remove the teeth.
- 30. 1. Positioning ofthe patient. 2. Administration of local aneasthesia. 3. Loosening and luxation of soft tissue attachment from the tooth. 4. Adaptations of forceps to the teeth. 5. Luxation of the teeth by forceps. 6. Removal of teeth.
- 31. Loosening ofsoft tissue attachement around the tooth: • It is done using the no:9 peioteal elevator.The instrument has sharp pointed end and boader rounded end.The ponted end is used to begin periosteal reflection and reflect dental papillae. • The pointed end is used in a prying motion to elevate dental papillae between the teeth or attached gingiva around the tooth.
- 32. Usually donewith straight elevator or no:9 molt elevator. The straight elevator is inserted perpendicular to the inter dental space after reflection of inter dental papillae. The elevator is then turned in such a way that the inferior position of blade rests on alveolar bone and the superior portion of the blade is turned toward the tooth to be extracted. Strong,slow,steady,foeceful turning of the handle moves the tooth in a posterior direction,which resultsin some expansion of alveolar bone and tearing of peridontal ligament.
- 33. Beaks offorceps are adapted anatomically to the tooth apical to the cervical line that is to the root surface so that the beaks grasps the root underneath the loosened soft tissue. Lingual beak is usually seated first. Beaks must be held parallel to the long axis. The beaks acts as wedges to dilate the crestal bone on the buccal and lingual aspects.
- 34. The majorportion of the force is directed towards the thinnest and therefore weakest bone.Thus in maxilla and all but the molar teeth in the mandible,the major movment is labial and buccal.The surgeon uses slow steady force to displace the tooth bucally. The tooth is then moved again towards the opposite direction with slow deliberate strong pressure.Buccal and lingual pressure continue to expand the alveolar socket.
- 35. Once thealveolar bone has expanded sufficiently and the tooth has been luxated a slight tractional force usually directed bucally can be used.
- 37. Maxillary IncisorTeeth: • Extracted with no:150 forceps. • Left hand grasp on alveolar process. • Forceps seated as far as apicaly possible. • Luxation begins with labial force. • Slight lingual force is used. • Left index finger reflects the soft tissue & thumb rests on alveolar process.
- 39. Maxillary Canine •Longests tooth in the mouth. • Bone over labial part is quite thin. • Universal no:150 forceps is used. • Initial movement is buccaly. • Small amount of lingual force is applied.
- 40. Maxillary 1stPremolar: • Common root fracture occurs with this case. • No:150 forceps are used. • Should be luxated as much as possible with straight elevator. • Has 2 thin roots. • Firm apical pressure is applied to lower centre of rotation as far as possible and to expand crestal bone. • Buccal pressure is applied initially to expand buccocortical plate.Apices of the roots are pushed lingually and are therefore subjected to fracture • Tooth is delivered in buccolingual direction with combination of buccal and tractional forces
- 42. Maxillary Molars: •It has 3 large and relatively strong roots. • Paired forceps no.53R and 53L are used. • Luxation begins with a strong buccal force. • Lingual pressure are used moderately. • Teeth is delivered in buccolingual direction. Maxillary Second Molar: Anatomy of the teeth is similiar to maxillary 1st molar & extraction procedure is similiar
- 44. Maxillary 3rdmolar: Has conical roots and is usually extracted with no:210 s forceps which is universal forceps used for both right and left molars.
- 45. Mandibular Incisorsand Canine: • Both the teeth are similiar in shape with incisor being shorter and slightly thinner and canine root being longer. • Alveolar bone is quite thin in labial and lingual side. • Lower universal no:151 forceps are used. • Moderate labial force followed by lingual force is used to expand the bone. • Tooth is delivered in labial incisal direction.
- 47. Mandibular Premolars: •They are easiest teeth to remove. • The overlying bone is thin on the buccal aspect and somewhat heavier on lingual side. • Lower universal no 151 forceps is used. • Buccal force followed by slight lingual pressure is used for luxation.
- 49. Mandibular Molars: •No 17 forceps is used. • If tooth roots are closely bi furcated no:23 or cow horn forceps can be used. • No 17 forceps is seated as far apically as possible.Luxation of molar begin with a strong buccal movement.Strong lingual pressure is used to continue luxation. • Teeth is delivered in buccolingual direction. Mandibular 3rd Molar: • Fixed conical roots. • Bi furcation is not likely the no.222 forceps a short beaked,right angeled forceps is used. • The 3rd molar is deliverd in linguo occlusal direction.
- 51. Intraoperative[Immediate] • Failureto move the tooth • Fracture of tooth, alveolus ,mandible & maxillary tuberosity • Mucosal laceration & puncture wounds on gums lips tongue & floor of the mouth. • Luxation of adjacent tooth • Displacement of root into the facial space • Nerve injury • Hemorrhage-Primary
- 52. Delayed Hemorrhage-Reactionary , Secondary Pain Dry socket [alveolar osteitis] Post operative swelling due to • Oedema • Haemotoma formation • Infection Trismus Infection
- 53. Late: • Chronicosteomylitis • Osteoradionecrosis • Nerve damage • Chronic pain Systemic Complications • Syncope • Hyperglycemia • Hyperventilation • Fits • Myocardial infarction • Addisonian Crisis • Respiratory obstruction
- 54. Irrigate thesite with saline. Remove the tissue tags and granulation tissue from the soft tissue of the site. Compress the alveolar bone with finger pressure. Suture if necessary at the papillae bordering the extraction site and across the middle of the site. Stop the bleeding by placing a guaze pack covering the socket and the instruct the patient to apply gentle and continous presuure by bitting on the guaze for at least 30 minutes.
- 55. Bite firmlythe guaze pack over the surgical area for at least 30 mints. Dont spit or suck as it will promote bleeding. If bleeding continues in home,advice the patient to place a guaze pad or cold wet teabag over the area and bite firmly for 30 mins. Avoid rubbing the areas with tongue. Do not smoke for 24 hrs as it may intefere with healing Do not rinse or brush the tooth for 12 hrs.
- 56. After extractionhave liquid or soft diet high in protein. Drink a large amount of water and fruit juices. Avoid hot food for the first 24hrs after surgery Anti inflammatory analgesics should be preffered. Warm saline rinses and gentle brushing should be advised from the next day.