Experiences in Engaging With Children in Developmental Processes

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EXPERIENCES IN ENGAGING WITH CHILDREN
IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES: Process
documentation of some organizations and networks
November 2006
Neelam Singh
Ruchika Negi
Subhashim Goswami
HAQ: Centre for Child Rights UNICEF, India

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List of Contents
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
2. An overview of the experiences of engaging with children
3. Critical reflections
4. Profiles
4.1 NGOs
a) ABHAS
b) Ankur Society for Alternatives in Education
c) CHETNA
d) HAQ: Centre for Child Rights
e) SOS Children‟s Villages of India
4.2 International NGOs
a) Plan International (India)
b) Save the Children Alliance (UK, Canada, Finland)
c) Terre Des Hommes (Germany)
4.3 Campaigns and Networks
a) Campaign against Child Trafficking
b) Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch
c) India Alliance for Child Rights
List of Boxes
What is meaningful Child Participation? Organizational Reflections
Badhte Kadam Group, Kalka Mandir
Bal Seva Sangam, Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh
Babu Bahini Manch‟s campaign to get school drop-outs back to school
Discovery of dreams
Parallel sensitisation workshops for adults and children
Child Rights for WSF (CR4WSF)
List of Tables
Broad trends and patterns of engagement
The nature of engagement
Annexure
I. List of People Interviewed
II. List of Documents Reviewed

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Executive Summary
Background and Introduction
The concept of children‟s participation has evolved over the last decade but the notion,
either in theory or in practice, has not been able to make a significant dent in the collective
mindset of the social and political institutions and the individuals who comprise of them.
Most initiatives and interventions have arguably been confined to children‟s rights
organizations and activists, and need to be appreciated and accepted by the mainstream
society and the state in order to be scaled up. This is largely because of a lack of conceptual
understanding and the appreciation of the value and practicability of children‟s participation.
HAQ: Centre for Child Rights and UNICEF India undertook a process documentation of
some Delhi based non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international NGOs and
networks working on issues pertaining to children and/or children‟s rights. This limited
exercise collated their experiences of engaging with children and tried to identify the
underlying assumptions, the nature, trends and patterns in children‟s participation towards
initiating a process of learning about the issues considered critical for advocacy for and with
children, capacity building and scaling up through discussion and reflection.
The organizations and networks that were a part of this process documentation have cross-
cutting interests in terms of children‟s rights, and work in different ways at different levels.
Some of them have a strong focus on the grassroots while others have been aiming at a
presence and influence at higher levels either directly, as resource organizations or through
networks.
The Objectives
The underlying assumptions that the study sought to explore or the broad objectives of the
study were to see and know:
- How do organizations engage with children internally and how do they facilitate the
engagement on issues with stakeholders outside the organisation?
- What is the nature of engagement with children? Is it process oriented? Or is it
outcome oriented?
- What was the context within which the engagement with children took place or is
taking place?
- What was the issue, if any, around which the engagement with children was
structured or designed? And how was it identified?
- What was/is the role of children?
- How was the strategy for engagement and/or action developed?
- Preparatory process?
- What was the process of articulation of children‟s voices?
- Linkages with decision-making processes??
- What has been the outcome in terms of the process and impact on the lives of
children, and on policies pertaining to children?
- What has been the role of “lead” (facilitating?) agencies and “support” agencies

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The Process
Representatives from each organization were interviewed on the basis of which initial
profiles were written. These organizational profiles comprising of the approaches and
experiences were developed and shared with the respective organizations. On the basis of
their feedback and suggestions and organizations‟ own critical reflections on the concept of
children‟s participation an analysis was drawn up. The interim findings and analysis was
shared with the participating organizations at a half-day workshop. The draft report is being
revised and edited in the light of the comments received during the workshop.
The Findings
Through the course of the process documentation it was found that the grassroots initiatives
usually work directly with children and try to respond to the local issues that impact on their
lives. They seek positive and tangible changes in their lives and do succeed to some extent.
Most children they work with are at risk or belong to marginalised and/or vulnerable
communities, and generally respond positively to the opportunities made available to them.
Creating a supportive environment, however, seems to be a struggle.
The international NGOs also constantly strive towards changes at the community level,
while at the same time try and influence policy formulation at a global level around issues of
children and their rights. They have succeeded in highlighting the issue of children‟s
participation but while they are able to utilise their regional and global experience to
introduce new perspectives and ways of engagement, their outreach and the ability to
consolidate the micro-level interactions and to connect the micro with macro is dependent
on the local partners. The networks and alliances, on the other hand, may not emphasise the
immediate changes as they seek lasting changes in the lives of a broader constituency of
children.
The resource organizations have multiple objectives as they seek to contribute towards
developing ways and means of working with children as well as contribute to a pool of
literature and resources which could be useful for different kinds of agencies and
organizations working around child rights.
Keeping in mind the above trends and patterns of organizational engagement with children
it can be said that different organizations and networks have evolved their own unique
models of engaging with children. The ways in which they engage with children depend on
specific organizational profile and structure. These approaches sometimes overlap while at
times they also complement one another. Through the course of this process documentation
different approaches of children‟s participation emerged. They highlight varying degrees and
nature of engagements. Broadly the following ways of engaging with children emerged.
One of the ways in which most organizations practice children‟s participation, knowingly or
unknowingly, is by forming children’s collectives and organizations with an end in mind or for the
sake of working with children. The rationale behind these children‟s collectives is that such
an initiative will help us recognize children’s perspectives. The recognition of their perspective or
the fact that children also have a point of view would help strengthen children’s role as social
actors. Such a process then has the capacity to strengthen the participatory potential of children in the

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larger democratic set up of the country. Once such form of intervention of including and
involving children and listening to their voices becomes an organizational ethos then one
could create an enabling environment for children.
This documentation highlights some of the critical questions and reflections that the
organizations, alliances, campaigns and networks are themselves grappling with. It is
imperative that we try and analyse whether children‟s participation is playing a meaningful
role in the lives of children or is it merely an interventionist approach to serve organizational
agendas and mandates. The questions that need to be explored further and addressed for
meaningful children‟s participation include:
How can children‟s participation be made intrinsic to an organization?
How can children‟s growing expectations be dealt with?
How can children‟s participation interventions be scaled up?
What are the ethical and practical issues concerning children‟s participation?
An assessment of the impact of children‟s participation was beyond the limited scope of this
process documentation. It would require a longer process of preparation, reflection, study
and analysis, in addition to the unwavering commitment of participating organisations and
networks to reflect critically for internal and wider learning. Nonetheless, the experiences of
various NGOs and networks included in this process documentation suggest that
engagement with children is resulting in a range of positive effects on children themselves
and the communities they are a part of.

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1. Introduction
The theory and practice of child participation has evolved considerably in the last decade or
so but the notion has not been able to make a significant dent in the collective mindset of
the social and political institutions and the individuals who comprise of them. It is largely
because of a lack of conceptual understanding and the appreciation of the value and
practicability of child participation. Advocacy for children and with children widely and on a
wider scale suffers because there are few experiences to guide us and their value and
applicability is defined to a great extent by their context and the issues, lifestyles and
characteristics of the children who they have been working with.
A growing number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) committed to the realization
of children‟s rights have been advocating for children‟s participation. Drawing by and large
from their own perspective and experiences and of other organizations and increasingly
from the framework provided by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC),
they have been developing ways and means of enabling, strengthening and promoting
children‟s role as social actors and their representation in development fora and discourse.
HAQ: Centre for Child Rights and UNICEF India undertook a process documentation of
some NGOs essentially to pull together their experiences to get a sense of how
organizations are engaging with children and beginning to deal with the wider issue of
children‟s participation in order to generate discussion and reflection on advocacy for and
with children, capacity building and scaling up.
In view of the short duration of this project, HAQ and UNICEF India developed a list of
social development organizations and networks that had their base in Delhi.
An attempt was made to include a variety of organizations (e.g. government, national
and international non-governmental organizations and networks) that represent
different project/programme constituents (e.g. communities and/or particular
categories of children) and sectoral/thematic focus.
The focus was on well-known organizations and networks that are contributing to
the movement for children‟s rights by engaging directly and indirectly with children
but the variety of approaches they employ is relatively less known.
The list was finalized after eliciting the interest of these organizations to participate. All the
NGOs and networks agreed, with varying levels of interest, to be included in the process
documentation exercise.
After eliciting the interest of organizations to participate, a preliminary investigation based
on interviews with key members of the staff and secondary literature review was conducted.
Of particular interest were two aspects of engaging with children in developmental
processes:
(i) How are children engaged within the organization? What have been the
experiences and lessons?
(ii) How have children been engaged and/or associated with the initiatives outside
the organization, especially on broader policy issues? What have been the
experiences and lessons?

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Broadly, the following key questions were explored:
- How do organizations engage with children internally and how do they facilitate the
engagement on issues with stakeholders outside the organisation?
- What is the nature of engagement with children? Is it process oriented? Or is it
outcome oriented?
- What was the context within which the engagement with children took place or is
taking place?
- What was the issue, if any, around which the engagement with children was
structured or designed? And how was it identified?
- What was/is the role of children?
- How was the strategy for engagement and/or action developed?
- Preparatory process?
- What was the process of articulation of children‟s voices?
- Linkages with decision-making processes??
- What has been the outcome in terms of the process and impact on the lives of
children, and on policies pertaining to children?
- What has been the role of “lead” (facilitating?) agencies and “support” agencies
The organizational profiles comprising of the approaches and experiences were developed
and shared with the respective organizations. Before finalising the report, feedback was
provided to the participating organizations at a half-day workshop.
Before the process was initiated, group discussions with children and various stakeholders
had been envisaged. But during the course of process documentation, it was felt that more
time was required if children were to be included meaningfully as informants. There
inclusion would have been particularly critical if this had been a review of the organizations.
As the scope of this exercise was limited to the documentation of the process, the number
of NGOs and networks was increased. In all, this report comprises of eight NGOs and three
networks and campaigns.

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2. An overview of the experiences of engaging with children
This process documentation is an attempt to explore experiences of engaging with children,
across a range of organizations based in Delhi. They included non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) and international NGOs with cross-cutting interests in terms of
children‟s rights, and working in different ways at different levels and with varied linkages.
Some of them have a strong focus on the grassroots while others have been aiming at a
presence and influence at higher levels either directly, as resource organizations or through
networks.
The grassroots initiatives usually work directly with children and quite often seek changes in
their lives. The international NGOs, through their local partners also constantly strive
towards changes at the community level, while at the same time try and influence policy
formulation at a global level around issues of children and their rights. The networks and
alliances, on the other hand, may not emphasise the immediate changes as they seek lasting
changes in the lives of a broader constituency of children. The resource organizations have
multiple objectives as they seek to contribute towards developing ways and means of
working with children as well as contribute to a pool of literature and resources which could
be useful for different kinds of agencies and organizations working around child rights. As
all of them have both similar and differing perspectives on child participation, there is
considerable potential for learning from their experiences. Together they constitute the
larger support structure for children and child rights. Through their engagement with
children they are promoting children as social actors, their expressions and perspective, and
working on an enabling environment.
The following section presents a broad overview, at a glance, of the different programmes
and interventions that various grassroots, international organizations and
networks/campaigns, working with children, have undertaken.
ABHAS
Active involvement of children and young people‟s organization in resolving local
issues
Expanding opportunities for girl children
Bridging the digital divide
Children‟s participation in the implementation of development programmes
Ankur Society for Alternatives in Education
Recognising children‟s personhood and perspectives
Self learning and contextualising knowledge through Shiksha Kendra (Learning
Centre)
Creative engagement of children as imaginative readers through Kitab Ghar (Library)
Engaging young people in the generation of knowledge by demystification of
technology - Compughar (Cybermohalla)
Organization of younger children in Bal Clubs (Children‟s clubs)

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Childhood Enhancement Through Training and Action (CHETNA)
Promoting children‟s participation in the functioning of the organisation
Formation of a federation of children‟s organizations (Badhte Kadam)
Capacity building of children and staff
Advocacy for child friendly policies by children though the media and networks
HAQ: Centre for Child Rights
Promoting awareness among children about their rights
Promoting expression by children
Creating an enabling environment
(i) Advocating recognition of children‟s issues in the policy arena through policy
research and children‟s perspectives
(ii) Public interest litigation
(iii) Orientation of organizations on children‟s participation
SOS Children‟s Villages of India
Creation of a home for “out of home” children
Promoting children‟s interactions with local communities
Growing interest in engaging children for policy advocacy
Plan International (India)
Children‟s forums
- Bal Panchayats in Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh
Production of Video Films by Children
Child Participation within the Organization
Children‟s participation in Tsunami response
Save the Children Alliance
Promoting expressions by children
Promotion of child-led organisations
- Children‟s Committee for Village Development (CCVD) and Children‟s
Group for Development (CGD) in Jammu and Kashmir
- Bal Panchayats in Osmanabad in Maharashtra
Advocacy for children‟s participation
Representation by children at various fora
Children‟s involvement in capacity building exercises
Children‟s involvement in the recruitment process
Children‟s participation in disaster relief and rehabilitation (tsunami)
Terre Des Hommes (Germany)
Working through local partners to address micro and macro social issues through a
child centric perspective
Building capacities of their own staff to understand child participation

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Campaign Against Child Trafficking (CACT)
Workshops for children
Policy advocacy by children
Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch
Inclusion of children in decision-making processes
Children‟s participation in campaigns
India Alliance for Child Rights (IACR)
Children‟s participation for policy formulation and advocacy
Long term engagement with children for representation
Articulation of children‟s issues by children
As the above programmatic overview suggests, different organizations and networks have
evolved their own unique model of engaging with children. The ways in which they engage
with children depend on specific organizational profile and structure. Some overlapping and
complementary processes seem to be emerging.
Broad trends and patterns of engagement
Organizational
structure
Relationships, partnerships and
likely focus
Strengths Challenges
NGO Works directly with specific
groups of children and
communities;
Greater concern with local issues
Ability to relate
child participation
with local context
and specific issues
Sensitization of adult
community members
in order to work through/with
them to seek or represent
community specific contexts
and issues
International
NGO
Works mainly in partnerships
with local NGOs;
Grass-root level interventions
are shaped by their reliance on
local partners;
Likely to focus on promoting
children‟s participation through
orientation, information sharing
and capacity building
Innovative
practices based on
lessons from
elsewhere, bring
in diverse and
varied expertise
Resource base and
outreach through
the partners
allows greater
scope for
promoting
children‟s
participation
Need to concentrate on
building capacities and
perspectives of local partners;
Strive to nurture a long term,
sustainable and organic
relationship with the
constituency of children that
the local networks engage with
Networks and
campaigns
Dependence on
partners/members; Greater
concern with macro level issues
Collective
advocacy; Greater
impact and
visibility, issue
driven
Sustain the spirit and vision of
the “common causes” that
need focused advocacy

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The nature of engagement
Through the course of this process documentation different approaches of children‟s
participation emerged. They highlight varying degrees and nature of engagements. The
following section presents the different ways in which organizations and alliances engage
with children.
Underlying
assumption
Approach Structure &
mechanisms
Factors that seem critical if the
assumptions are to be realised
Collectives
empower
Organization of
children
Informal Platform that allows regular
interactions
Facilitation by adults (and by
older children)
Inclusion - effort to include
children usually marginalised
(e.g. younger children, girls,
children with disabilities and
seemingly less marginalised/
relatively well-off children)
Formal Identity of children‟s
organization that can hold
them together
Linkages within and outside
the organization
Inclusion
Children‟s views
are valuable
as informant
as users of
knowledge
as researchers
Understanding,
recognizing &
promoting
children‟s
perspectives
Creative facilitation
of expressions
Empathy among the adults
who are facilitating or are
affected by children‟s views
Facilitation & analytical skills
among the adults
Researches with
children
Empathy
Inclusion
Facilitation, interviewing,
analytical & documentation
skills
Children can
make a difference
Strengthening
children‟s role
as social actors
Acknowledgement A supportive adult
constituency
Universality – acceptance
without conditions/caveats
Opportunity Availability of platforms &
ideas
Inclusion
Facilitation Facilitation skills & the ability
to provide back-up support
by adults
Inclusion

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Children‟s
abilities, capacities
& competences
make a difference
Strengthening
children‟s
participatory
potential
Information Easy comprehension by
children
Access to and for children
Sharing with and among
children
Skills: analyses,
negotiation,
representation &
leadership
Creative platforms & learning
– adults‟ ability to innovate
Practical orientation of the
interventions and activities
Inclusion
Organization of children
Long before children‟s participation came to be recognised in the children‟s rights discourse,
many NGOs working with vulnerable children from disadvantaged communities did seek to
empower them by organizing them. It was felt that individual vulnerability could be
overcome in a collective where children provided and received support from one another,
and were better able to respond to the issues and challenges in their lives.
Drawing upon their experiences and lessons, most organizations included in this study have
sought to organize children into different formations, ranging from formal and structured
organizations to the loosely organized forums/platforms and networks.
Some NGOs are trying to bring together particularly disadvantaged children (e.g. street and
working children) by organizing them. These children share concerns and common issues,
and their lifestyle enables them to seek and appreciate peer support much more than
children who enjoy family support and relatively more privileged lifestyles. For instance,
Badhte Kadam has been supported by CHETNA as a formal, structured and quasi-
independent collective of street and working children. The expectation has been that these
organizations of children would advocate for the resolution of their issues at different levels.
Issues that come up through these children‟s organizations enables the NGO‟s to advocate
on these issues, either on behalf of these children or with the children.
While most organizations seek to create spaces for advocacy by children, some of them try
to utilise the spaces available in the democratic set up of the country. For instance, INGOs
like Save the Children and Plan and their partners have been trying to replicate the model of
Panchayati Raj Institutions in their Bal Panchayats.
Even though these organizations of children may not always be politically active agents, what
they aim at is to create an acceptance and tolerance level, towards children, amongst the
adult stakeholders within the community. In order to garner this acceptance they act as
agents filling in the information gaps for the community, hence they try collating
information for the benefit of the entire community by producing newsletters, films, videos.
Children‟s collectives and formations, which often act as pressure groups, address
community specific local issues and also make such representations in national and

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international forums whenever there is an opportunity. Interestingly the names of these
children‟s collectives often reflect a local community flavour.
These children‟s groups often seek representations in national and international consultative
processes, thus voicing collective concerns of diverse and varied sets of children. Such forms
of representation enables a process of empowerment for these children which could be used
in an effective system of governance that a democratic set up ensures.
Some of these organizations of children are empowering children, living in difficult
circumstances by offering them peer to peer support and creating a space for the realization
of their rights.
All these processes can be looked upon as strategies for advocacy „for‟ and „with‟ children,
but what needs to be critically analysed is how can one expand such a constituency of
meaningful child oriented action to include all kinds of children and not focus on just the
underprivileged marginalized? What should be the nature of such an all inclusive
organizations of children for it to be egalitarian and democratic across all socio-economic
stratas?
Recognising children‟s perspectives
Children‟s participation in trying to understand their lived realities is important to
acknowledge. One way of achieving this acknowledgement is to look at children as providers
of information and knowledge. Certain organizations have done this through their program
of training children as researchers and media practitioners. Such an approach inherently
acknowledges the potential of children as young thinking individuals who also have a strong
perspective. This perspective needs inclusion and encouragement.
Plan International (India) from its experience has come to realize that children can express
the real issues of a community really well, often highlighting neglected aspects and offering
newer perspectives. To facilitate their expressions, it has introduced video and film-making
among children. Children take photographs and film what they wish to but through the use
of this medium they bring in a wide range of information that is reflective of the community
and their concerns.
CHETNA works with street and working children and it is a daunting challenge for the adult
resource people and street animators to reach out to a large number of this constituency of
children. Hence they are increasingly trying to extend the potential of those children who are
already within the fold of Badhte Kadam to create a peer-to-peer network of support. Thus
children are able to create newer points of engagement to form a collective voice, where the
adult researchers may have a limited reach. This peer to peer approach is able to achieve a
greater sense of kinship and belongingness for the destitute children on the streets, as factors
of trust and support emerge from their own group of “friends”, who also serve the role of
being “resource persons” and mentors.
Although both ABHAS and Ankur are grassroots organizations working directly with
children, they have very different models of engagement. ABHAS focuses on “community

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children” from a specific area and tries to organize and train children to take up issues on
behalf of “their people” and community. Ankur, on the other hand, seeks to nurture the
individual spirit of every child that they work with in order for him/her to row up to be an
independent, thinking being who has the confidence and the inner courage to question
everything around him/her and seek accountability, as his/her basic right, from the adult
stakeholders.
Save the Children also encourages the children‟s collectives to produce newsletters by
collating community relevant information thus giving them the platform to ventilate their
own critiques, views and analysis on issues that are of most significance to these young
minds.
Strengthening children‟s role as social actors
Meaningful children‟s participation depends on the ability of children to make choices and to
articulate their views with minimal support from the adults. Given the reality of their lives
and the social structure which defines and circumscribes their role and agency, it is difficult.
Recognising this fact of life, many NGOs seek to promote the notion of children as social
actors by projecting the possibility and feasibility among the general public.
Advocacy by NGOs of the potential of children‟s participation
Most NGOs have been trying to enhance the visibility of children‟s organizations towards
creating an acceptance and tolerance level amongst the adult stakeholders within the
community towards children. In particular, they emphasise the roles they can reasonably
perform and the responsibilities they can deliver upon. The effort is to highlight children‟s
engagement with community specific local issues and matters concerning their lives at the
policy level through interactions and media.
Children‟s participation in programme and project implementation and
management
None of the organizations have directly included children at the stage of implementing a
project but some of the organizations are truly thinking of how far such a step is possible
and whether it would be feasible to include children at the managerial and administrative
level of an organization. Even though none of the organizations have included children
formally in such a structure yet seeking children‟s views at every stage is a very significant
consideration for them. The caution that needs to be exercised at this stage is to see that
children are not being used at the cost of them loosing out on their childhood.
CHETNA is very clear about the fact that children must be consulted and their prior
consent sought if one thinks of introducing a new program or a project, be it a certain kind
of a life skill workshop or a training module.
ABHAS encourages children to act as agents of change in/within the community. It has
taken children‟s consent to design their in house curriculum, as they thought children should
have a say in what they want to learn, but they think children should not be included in
anything more than this as they do not want to overburden them.

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PLAN in a few other countries have children‟s advisory boards that are consulted for all
kinds of managerial operations of the organization. They are thinking of replicating the same
model of these children advisory boards in India as well.
Save the Children UK carried out this unique initiative of including children in the interview
board of their staff members. This was successful in a few cases but then they discontinued
this practice. One could follow up on this model, even as an experiment to see whether such
a way of including children in the management of programs and projects is fruitful or not.
Strengthening children‟s participatory potential
All the organizations realize the importance of providing an egalitarian platform for the
children where they can express their inner most thoughts and doubts, and which can help
them grow up to be confident and self-respecting adults. In order to encourage a child to
articulate his/her concerns, issues and aspirations, these organizations have consciously
designed activities and programs that not only value participatory processes, but also create a
conducive environment for the child to be able to discover his/her own, individualistic style
of expression.
Expressions by children through creativity
It is generally felt that children do not or cannot communicate in the same way as adults do.
Apart from its ability to facilitate expressions, a creative process is considered more
enjoyable and having potential for their personal development. Another way of looking at it
is that children are contributing to what is still an adult led process and they need to get
something out of it, especially if they are sparing their time and effort.
Various organizations are promoting creative expressions by children. Ankur believes that
creativity is innate and each child will have a different mode of expression. They play upon
this difference and hence do not have structured “workshop” models for children to
articulate their concerns through creativity. Instead, their engagement is long term whereby
children learn the importance of thinking and are always encouraged to do so. CHETNA
follows the workshop model as integral to their functioning. Conducting workshops,
capacity building exercises is their expertise, use of various creative tools to enable children‟s
expression like role playing, using fun games and telling of childhood stories creatively using
collages and so on.
HAQ: Centre for Child Rights has undertaken art workshops and clay modelling to help
children express themselves. SOS Children‟s Villages of India also encourages children to
use creative mode of expression whenever and wherever possible. SOS children often take
part in elocution competitions, quizzes and other activities that are part of the school
programmes. Plan International (India) has been able to introduce technology in its work
and has encouraged production of videos and films made by children.
Developing children‟s capacities to be active and thinking social agents
The risk of manipulation is quite high in interactive processes. To reduce the possibility,
most organizations seek to develop children‟s abilities to analyse the situation and issues in
order to develop well-considered and balanced perspectives.

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ABHAS tries to build children‟s capacities so that they have they have a sense of their rights
with their duties and responsibilities, which are intrinsic to enjoying the privileges of a „right‟.
Strongly advocating for interactive processes directly with children, IACR is facilitating a
vibrant model of children‟s parliament.
Creative expressions allow development of life skills among children. As mentioned earlier,
Plan engages with children to express themselves creatively (e.g. video films) within their
own communities in collaboration with its local partners. Through this process, it facilitates
development of various life skills.
CHETNA has a strong component of creative enhancement of not only the street and
working children they are involved with, but also of their staff members which include their
street animators, resource people and even their peer educators. Their workshop model is
structured around an annual “retreat” with their staff and children, where they believe in
spending quality time together to build the spirit of the children‟s collective.
Creating enabling environment
All these organizations, networks and alliances and the resource centres have varied forms of
engaging with children, whether through a direct interventional mode or through their
indirect means of extending support as and when required. In all these forms of
intervention, direct or indirect, what becomes significant is the fact children find their own
means of expression and articulation over and above what the “formal” structure of the
organization or even its program may have envisaged.
This possibility that has been realized by children on their own, through the course of an
organizational support structure needs to be acknowledged and recognized and it is this very
recognition of an enabling environment that one should consciously highlight.
In so far as processes of child participation have been able to create a secure and nurturing
environment for the children, the impact of such a holistic approach can be experienced at
various levels. This holistic approach of engaging with children that has emerged through the
course of this process documentation always has an underlying assumption about what
children are capable of doing or why do organizations follow the kind of programs that they
do? Relying on this underlying assumption organizations work out various means and ways
of actually realizing what they set out to achieve. These are the structures and mechanisms
that organizations work with or work through. However in following this model of engaging
with children there are certain critical considerations that need to addressed and looked
upon. The following table presents this nature of engagement.
The variety of experiences of engaging with children enables reflection on the value and role
of the context of socio-economic development. These approaches are not mutually exclusive
as they are pursued often in combination, albeit one or two may appear more important in
the case of different organizations. Indeed, this emphasis contributes to the misconception
that children‟s participation is all about their representatives making speeches at national or
international gatherings, or about child-led organizations. There are other ways of engaging

17
with children which conform to the spirit of Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights
of the Child which have not been explored, investigated and disseminated. They could
indeed address some of the concerns of the sceptics.
Impact of children‟s participation
An assessment of the impact of children‟s participation was beyond the limited scope of this
process documentation. It would require a longer process of preparation, reflection, study
and analysis, in addition to the unwavering commitment of participating organisations and
networks to reflect critically for internal and wider learning. Nonetheless, the experiences of
various NGOs and networks included in this process documentation suggest that
engagement with children is resulting in a range of positive effects on children themselves
and the communities they are part of.
On Children: By and large, children have become aware of their rights besides gaining
knowledge of their responsibilities and duties. They are able to attain a degree of recognition
and acceptance among adult stakeholders, within and outside their community. By
discovering their participatory potential and utilising the opportunities made available to
them, they acquire self-esteem, feel more empowered and valued by their families and peers.
When children are organized, they have been able to comprehend the significance and the
power of collective action.
On Community: Children‟s participation interventions have initiated a reflective process
for the community to know that children are not mere dependents and certainly not a
burden on their families and even the community. Children are slowly but gradually being
accepted as capable of contributing to developmental and social needs of a community.
They are being recognised as visible and potential agents of change who can make a
difference where adults may fail.
The NGOs and networks themselves are growing in the process of engagement with
children. Their vision and mission is becoming clearer as their community development
interventions are becoming child centric. There is commitment to child-centred participatory
approaches among an increasing number of staff and development workers. Pursuing
children‟s participation has meant new questions are being asked at every stage which has
ensured a distinct growth curve for these organizations.

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3. Critical reflections
In the course of this process documentation, a range of questions emerged that needs to be
addressed to chart out a future course of action for meaningful child participation. The next
section takes one through some of these questions.
How can children‟s participation be made intrinsic to an organization?
All the organizations are deeply conscious of trying to inculcate child participation as an
inherent organizational value. They are making substantial efforts to move away from
tokenistic measures of merely seeking child representation and inclusion for the sake of
participation. By providing adult facilitation and guidance, these organizations hope that the
children would be able to evolve their independent thoughts and become equipped to
articulate their concerns and issues, without parroting that which the adults tell them.
Thus even though there may be programmatic differences and variations in terms of how
each organization is oriented and functions, almost all of them wish to approach and
exercise child participation as an egalitarian, democratic, inclusive and discursive practice.
What should be the extent of children‟s participation?
All the organizations are of the firm belief that in all such matters that have a direct impact
on a child‟s life, his/her personal views and ideas must be heard, considered, weighed and
taken into account.
Even though the organizations are all for including a child in seemingly insignificant
processes of his/her life, at the same time they also think that it is important to define the
boundaries of child participation. A child may not necessarily have an innate understanding
of what is right and what is wrong. Thus the role of an adult guidance becomes crucial.
Certain imperatives that are required for a secure, healthy and safe growing up of a child are
largely factors that adults are aware of such as security, protection, a world free of social,
racial or economic discrimination, clean hygienic environment and so on. One may not
necessarily involve children in debating about such broad categories that make for a holistic
childhood because it is also the duty of adults to ensure such an environment to the children,
in the first place.
However to keep the structures and mechanisms in place and to make them more child
sensitive, children‟s point of view must be given ample consideration. Policy makers,
government officials and even civil society groups ought to hear the children‟s perspective
and take into account their future aspirations and dreams. The adult groups must be held
accountable to the children and in ensuring this, children must seek peer collaboration and a
united children‟s voice.

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Should there be „limits‟ to empowerment of children?
There has been a significant shift from viewing children patronisingly as objects of charity to
the promotion of their role as social actors. The NGOs working at a grass-root level have
experienced that adult stakeholders are able to understand and appreciate the value of
children‟s participation when they see tangible, visible signs of change because of children‟s
initiatives at the community level. As they accept and recognize the potential of children,
there is greater willingness to provide children with spaces and opportunities.
However, a thin line divides children‟s role as social change makers from political actors.
Most NGOs and networks seem to favour formation of children‟s collectives as pressure
groups, which have a tendency of graduating into interest groups. A significant proportion
of adult population continues to be resentful or uncomfortable with the idea of children as
political actors. Furthermore, the organizations are also faced with the challenge of
responding to the changing needs and aspirations of children growing into adults.
As grassroots organizations seek to extend organizational support and expertise to guide
children, they are faced with their own limits. The questions pertain about the financial and
human resources as well as conceptual understanding. For how long can they continue
supporting these children, many of whom come to rely on them? Should they draw some
boundaries in order to ensure that children‟s participation remains positive in spirit and
action? Many activists concede that at times they wonder if some of the children have
become just too aware of their rights without the corresponding responsibilities. This
question is also pertinent as children do not remain children forever. Therefore, what is it
that they must do and where do they stop? And to what extent can children‟s participation
help in shaping their adulthoods.
How can children‟s growing expectations be dealt with?
Organizations committed to a long-term engagement with children have experienced that
quite often the expectations of children, because of organizational intervention become very
high. Sometimes some children may also become rebels and start questioning the
organizations intent of creating this space of engagement. Organizations have looked at this
phenomenon as a positive outcome of its endeavours, which helps in reflection on its own
work. A way of overcoming this apprehension could be to look at child participation as an
imperative to ensure transparency, accountability and commitment to one‟s work, a belief in
acknowledging the child as an individual who is capable of being a part of his own decisions
that affect him.
How can children‟s participation interventions be scaled up?
Child participation, as a concept is still at its nascent stage. Organizations trying to practice
child participation are generally very cautious in their approach. Child participation could
become an instrument in the hands of the organizations where children can then be used to
fulfil organizational agendas and needs. While the children that an organization works with
may have a sense of empowerment but the challenge is to try and negotiate with the adult
members at each stage, whether within the microcosm of an “organizational ambit” or the
larger community of people at large. If an organization employs children within its own
decision making process, then the choices made by the children must be informed and
independent of any adult influence. One ought to view child participation as an imperative

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for the over all development of a child, but reiterate that cultivating such a “value” amongst
adult members should be a steady and reflective process.
What are the ethical and practical issues concerning children‟s participation?
There should also be an agreement on certain points between different agencies working on
children‟s participation to know how far can they follow and practice the notion in its true
spirit. One needs to know it has actually made a difference to the life of children and
knowing this is what is truly significant. There was a distinct feeling of unease among many
interviewees about the interpretation of the principle of children‟s participation. Is it just
about the representation of a child or “is it about taking active part in something as just who
you are.” This highlights the issue of treating children not as islands but as human beings
who have a mind and body of their own and are evolving.
For various well intentioned adult groups who encourage participatory processes among
children, participation usually tends to become something which is objective driven and this
does not necessarily mean one is being “honest with children.”
One could also look at children‟s participation the other way and see whether organizational
staff is equipped to work with children. Amongst the staff of these organizations everyone
may not have the requisite skills to work with children. This is a big challenge for all and
building the capacities of staff members should become imperative before initiating
measures of including children within the organization.
While resource centres and alliances may not specifically focus on activities related to child
participation. However, by strongly advocating for the „rights of a child‟ (from the
„perspective of a child‟), they seek to create an effective children‟s pressure group that can
influence and sensitize people to the needs of a child. Thus they consciously stress on
inclusion and participation of children, at various stages of consultation and in policy
formulation that have a direct/indirect impact on the wellbeing of children.
What is meaningful Child Participation? Organizational Reflections
“We need to ask ourselves as child centred organizations that is child participation important for us
or for the children that we are working with? In the name of child participation, are we duplicating a
teacher and a „class‟ model, where we are talking down to children? Do we, as adults, promote
participatory training or merely provide guidance and training through our work with children? I feel
child participation has to be a healthy mix of these two elements.”
Razia Ismail Abbasi, IACR
“Child Participation should not be just programme centred; it ought to be a value that is inherent in
the organizational philosophy.”
Sajid Ikram, ABHAS
“I think all of us are trying to grapple with Child Participation, in theory and practise. There is a need
to adapt the UN CRC conventions according to our own local contexts and circumstances.”
Rajendra Dangwal, DBAM
“For us, child participation begins with trying to address and seek solutions for the larger socio-
economic scenario within which children live. Thus we try to work on micro and macro issues of

21
poverty, marginalisation, rights of the underprivileged, but keep a child right focus and approach.
The need is to highlight children‟s issues and organize a collective approach around it.”
Sharmistha Choudhury, TDH Germany
“There are no right or wrong models of child participation. We all need to experiment a lot and
discover for ourselves models that will work for a country as diverse as India. If there were no adults
and the world only had children, I think they would be the stars.”
Asha N. Iyer, Save the Children UK
“It may not be easy to quantify the change that a process like this [Bal Panchayat] has ensured
amongst the children, but one can assertively say that when five children sit down to discuss a social
issue, adults are bound to take note.”
K. Vaidyanathan, Save the Children Canada
“Who will decide what the “Right” of a child is? We always prioritise the rights, of first a man, then a
woman, and the child always figures last in our list of what a person ought to legitimately have. Child
participation, for all of us at HAQ is an integral element that contributes to the personhood of a
child; it contributes to his own recognition of his self worth. Child participation cannot and should
not be restricted to a showcasing of children but ought to move behind such tokenistic measures.”
Enakshi Ganguly Thukral, HAQ Centre for Child Rights
“The discourse of Child Rights is a denigrating discourse. One should be able to think through what
one means in saying that a child has rights as a child can never distinguish between what he asks his
parents and what he asks the state.”
Prabhat Kumar Jha, Ankur
“Child participation starts with tokenism but we have to begin with some thing. We do not have a
perfect model because there would always be a struggle for power in decision making. Different
organisations understand participation differently. By encouraging and enabling questioning of
adults by children we can promote participation… A common term for children‟s participation in
governance could perhaps help with advocacy with the government.”
M Sharif Bhat, Save the Children UK
This process documentation has highlighted some critical questions and reflections that the
organizations, alliances, campaigns and networks are trying to grapple with. It is imperative
that we try and analyse whether children‟s participation is playing a meaningful role in their
lives or is it merely an interventionist approach to serve organizational agendas and
mandates. Thus, it becomes important to question what it is that adults seek out of
children‟s participation while on the other hand what are the children‟s stake in it.
Looking ahead
The organizations and networks that have been included in this process documentation
represent a miniscule tip of the iceberg. There are many more who are doing equally or
more interesting work. Furthermore, a process documentation done within such a short
period is likely to be limited in its scope and depth. Nonetheless, the sample and the enquiry
serve a valuable purpose as they help recognise and highlight areas where work is being done
and what more is required.

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Clearly, there is need for more reflection in the future if children‟s participation has to be
promoted meaningfully as a universal value, a feasible and effective approach and a
worthwhile experience for children.
So far, the efforts have been directed at the communities of children identified as being
marginalised and vulnerable. Perhaps the focus has to be widened to include all children if
scaling up is desired. This may necessitate a study of engagement with children according to
age groups, gender, location (e.g. rural/urban) and other factors that may have a bearing of
their participation and participatory potential.
There is need to explore more in-depth the impact of children‟s participation interventions
especially in terms of democratic practices, changes in their relationships, institutional
responses, qualitative (and perhaps quantified) changes in their lives and sustainability of the
interventions, the processes they have triggered off and the changes they have claimed to
bring about. For instance, what has happened to children who participated in national,
regional and international events; what happens to children when they grow up and how do
NGOs respond to the situation; and how do they deal with enhanced aspirations when the
circumstances of children remain unchanged for a variety of reasons.
Finally, a candid and out-of-box reflection, sharing and learning is required. For instance,
can children‟s participation be promoted only by working with children; there might be value
in working with teachers, care givers and other adults so that an enabling environment can
be built.
How children‟s participation could be mainstreamed as a value, distinct from being a
programme or a project? There might be merit in the argument that a project/programme
approach is inevitable and/or desirable when a new perspective is being introduced.
Perhaps it is now the time to review this line of thinking as children‟s participation has found
a place in the child rights discourse if not in the practice. It would be imperative for strategic
mainstreaming of the value in existing policies, programmes, projects and mind-sets.
Similarly, there is need to look at critically as the „models‟ of engagement with children.
There is a feeling in some quarters that adult „models‟ are being replicated, arguably resulting
in children being seen as „mini adults‟ and being deprived of their childhood. Have the
linkages of children‟s participation been explored with reference to youth and community
participation in a given community or society? There is need for further enquiry, with time,
opportunity and platform for candid reflection, sharing and learning.

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4. Profiles
4.1 NGOs
a) ABHAS
Action Beyond Help And Support (ABHAS) was set up in 2002 when a team of professional
social workers and development experts came together to work towards social progress
through community participation and socio-economic development of the marginalised
communities. As its interventions also seek improvements in the lives of children and young
people, ABHAS works with children in the 12 to 17 years age group of Tughlaqabad village
in Delhi.
Children‟s participation for ABHAS is an important component in its programmes. It
believes that children have the potential of becoming social change makers, which can be
realised through recognition of their personal strengths and power of collective action. For
achieving this, adults must support and guide them. Through a constant process of
consultation and exchange with the children, ABHAS has created insightful and child
sensitive work strategies. The organization promotes adult-child partnerships in all its
programmes and activities. Young people and adults collaborate for seeking solutions to the
community‟s problems and issues.
Active involvement of children and young people‟s organization in resolving local
issues
Through a „community development‟ approach, ABHAS tries to promote a dialogue
between adults and children within their own community for finding collaborative solutions
to specific needs and concerns of these children. It has been observed that often these
marginalised children try and ape the middle class children whom they see around them and
many of their demands are based on „trying to be like others‟. While seeking to address
particular realities of these children, ABHAS tries to make them comfortable with who they
are within their socio-economic contexts.
For making children active partners in community development, ABHAS formed a group of
children called Jagruk Manch. As the membership of the Manch increased and a growing
number of young people from the community expressed an interest in it, the group was
expanded and was called Jagruk Yuva Manch.
The Jagruk Yuva Manch actively works towards resolution of local issues. The non-
availability of basic amenities such as water and sanitation is a major problem in the villages
on the periphery of Tughlaqabad which are essentially unauthorised settlements. ABHAS
encourages the young members of the Jagruk Yuva Manch to participate in the public
campaigns and rallies organized by various networks, which also enables them to interact
with other children‟s groups and child right activists.

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In its engagement with children and young people, ABHAS emphasises that while rights are
important their duties as responsible members of their communities must also be
recognised.
Expanding opportunities for girl children
Many children are sidelined from the development processes because of their marginalised
status. In this process, their potential for participation is compromised. ABHAS focuses on
the issues of girls and many of its programmes are directed towards addressing their specific
needs. A day care centre for girls and their younger siblings is a pilot initiative of ABHAS
which has helped reduce the burden of child care at home and enabled girls to attend school.
This programme, initiated in 2000, is believed to have contributed to a reduction in the girls‟
school drop-out rates as well. ABHAS seeks to mainstream girls who are out-of-school
and/or have dropped out into formal education. It offers them non-formal education
(bridge courses, coaching, and scholarships) and encourages them to take open school
examinations conducted by the National Open School. In addition, life skills training
workshops are held for adolescent girls in order to respond to their emotional and
psychological needs.
An integrated approach to girl child‟s development entails medical care, financial assistance
help and other recreational support activities. Around 50 young girls are being supported
through this programme.
Narrowing the digital divide for the less privileged children
As technology is contributing to globalisation, it is also being recognised for its potential for
widening the gap between the privileged and under-privileged. The latter because of the lack
of access and the ability to use technology are increasingly pushed to the margins of society
and economy and unable to participate and reap the benefits of economic growth. ABHAS
is among the organizations that recognise the inevitability of the expansion of technology
and the threat of social marginalisation.
In response, ABHAS has set up computer learning centres for government school going
children from grades I to V so that they have hands-on experience of using computers
before information technology is formally introduced in grade VI in their schools. In the last
two years the reach of this initiative has been expanded to include school going adolescent
girls as well. At the end of the training, ABHAS provides the children a certificate which
enables them to explore further opportunities in life.
It has been observed that children generally are curious and adept at using technology,
provided they have the access, opportunity and encouragement. This is proving to be true
for the children who attend the ABHAS computer learning centres. The feedback from
children suggests that they enjoy the experience as it allows them ample opportunities for
socialisation as well as learning. It has singularly contributed to their self-esteem. According
to Amirul, a 17 year old computer student at the centre, “I have been coming to ABHAS
regularly for the last six months and I have never had a better time in my life. I have been
able to make new friends here.” Rukhsana, a 13 year old girl, corroborated Amirul‟s
experience, “Apart from meeting new people, we all get to learn something new here
everyday.”

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Many of the children and young people establish small-scale businesses (e.g. tailoring or
opening a shop) or engage in various professions to earn a living. The ability to operate a
computer adds to their confidence level and raises the possibility of their being able to use it
in their profession. Sundari and Meenu (12-13 years olds) and Preeti (7-8 year old), exuding
enthusiasm and confidence, shared that they could use the vocational training that ABHAS
offers them (sewing/ knitting) to become self reliant young entrepreneurs and felt that ever
since their training, the adult members in their families had started recognising their presence
and influence in family matters. Vandana, undergoing vocational and computer training at
ABHAS, says, “Once we pass our exams and get our certificates, we will be able to start
something of our own. Through this training, we become equipped to start our own tailoring
unit which we can operate from home. It is cost effective and our families also have nothing
to complain about as we work from home and only contribute to the family income.”
Children‟s campaign for a second shift in Tughlaqabad government schools
Although the government schools in Tughlaqabad are expected to conduct classes for children in
two shifts, the evening shift was not taking place. As many children were missing out on education as
a result, ABHAS began organizing non-formal education classes in the afternoon. It also provided
an opportunity for initiating a dialogue with children about the state of formal schools and ways and
means of improving them.
The children shared many problems in their school system. One major issue was the overcrowding
of the schools while a large numbers of children were in fact not attending schools. The discussions
encouraged the children to think of possible solutions to the problem of overcrowding while
motivating the drop-outs to return to formal classes.
ABHAS helped children to conduct a survey in one kucchi colony of Tughlaqabad area, where they
identified 950 out-of-school children. Given the magnitude of the problem, the children decided to
request the school authorities to implement the rule of conducting classes in the second shift of the
school as well. They signed a memorandum and submitted their demand to the local MLA. The local
authorities were compelled to take action and the second shift in the schools became operational. It
was a significant victory for the children, which contributed to their motivation level.
Children‟s participation in the implementation of development programmes
With a small seed grant ABHAS has set up a community library, which is managed and
administered by the children. Children who attend the various programmes of ABHAS
periodically assess the activities in terms of their utility and benefits to their lives as well as to
their families and communities, and the changes that might be required to make them child
friendly. ABHAS seeks to respond to the feedback and analysis by children in its
programmes and activities.
ABHAS feels that it is important to take children‟s perceptions into account rather than just
implement a programme or any other activity with them which does not incorporate
children‟s views and aspirations. However they believe that in administrative functioning or
in organizational matters, children should not be overburdened with work. Says Deepika,
another core member of ABHAS, “In what to do, you must ask children for their opinions,
but the other practical problems of how to do it like budgeting, networking etc., adults
should take some responsibility”.

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b) Ankur Society for Alternatives in Education
Ankur Society for Alternatives in Education has been working with children from urban
communities in rehabilitated and slum settlements in Delhi since 1983. Child participation is
integral to Ankur‟s discourse in its attempt to work on alternatives in education for children.
All its programmes and activities are focused on the belief that children are independent,
thinking and sentient individuals. They have their own unique point of view and a
perspective which must be heard and respected within an egalitarian ethos of working with
them. Thus, it engages with children by creating spaces of and by children so that they are
able to express and articulate their experiences freely and without any inhibition or fear.
Recognising children‟s personhood and perspectives
Children from urban slum clusters and rehabilitated colonies usually tend to be looked upon
as “marginalized” and hence underprivileged and deprived with lack of basic amenities and
so on. In their work with children, Ankur moves beyond these presumptions.
Child centred initiatives and programmes of Ankur engage with children‟s active and playful
imagination so that they find their own expressions, individuality and create their own
meanings in life. This process enables a child‟s discovery of his/her self identity and
personhood. Therefore, instead of admitting children to their programmes, Ankur “invites”
them to be its part.
Children through the various processes that the programmes entail are able to explore
diverse platforms to articulate and express their thoughts and raise questions. The
relationship between the adult facilitators and the children is not a conventional “student
teacher relationship” but a space for dialogue. By questioning children create their own
environment of learning and growth. This process enables a child to create his/her own
space which gives them the courage and the capacity to look at plurality of truths.
Shiksha Kendra (Learning Centre)
There is a dissonance between what children read and the lives that they lead. Ankur‟s
learning centres try and bridge this gap that exists between the books that children read or
are “made to learn” and the world that they live in. By stressing on the need to break this
dissonance, Ankur encourages a creative encounter between the world of books and
children‟s lived realities so that each child can find his or her own reason of engaging with
books or learning.
The rationale behind such an initiative is that books and especially school text books are
always supposed to be questioned upon and one never thinks of questioning with them.
Ankur through their learning centre encourages and facilitates this process of questioning
„with‟ the text and not „on‟ it. Reading text books in schools, one is always expected to come
up with the right answer whereas in Ankur there are many answers to one question and
many questions for one theme or lesson that children learn.

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Kitab Ghar (Library)
For Ankur, the library or the reading room is not only a place for acquiring newer kinds of
knowledge. The idea is to inculcate the value of using a reading room and the process of
reading a book as a creative engagement that could be unique to each child in his or her own
way. In their reading room children are encouraged to become “creative readers” where
books are not meant to be read mechanically, instead they encourage children to share their
own stream of imagination with the book that they read. They believe that a creative reader
then has the capability of playing with any story. Through this process Ankur is trying to
redefine the world of books for children.
Bal Club (Children‟s Club)
Bal Club is a space for young children of the localities. These localities that children play in
are fraught with innumerable risks and yet children never cease to play. These Bal Clubs are
meant to be children‟s own spaces where children can themselves find meanings and organic
linkages between themselves and the world that lies outside them.
The children‟s participation in decision making and running the club is stressed upon. These
are self regulated spaces where children take ownership by determining the venue, the day
and the date of the meetings, the name of the groups and the nature of their interactions in
the clubs.
Compughar (Cybermohalla)
Cybermohalla uses computer, internet and digital technology through which children and
young people can express, create and write their own stories. These stories reflect collective
experiences of the entire community that these young people belong to. This process enables
the creation of collective narratives of the entire community which are unique and original in
themselves as they reflect the lived realities of people in these localities. Cybermohalla also
helps the process of demystifying technology for these young people.
Thus Ankur‟s perspective, initiatives and experiences rests on child participation and the
capacity of children to be thinking individuals who are capable of discerning for themselves
their own future course of action.
C) Childhood Enhancement Through Training and Action (CHETNA)
Initially an informal collective in the early 1990s by a group of socially aware and committed
young people, some of whom were students of the Pantnagar University and active members
of the NSS, CHETNA became a full-fledged NGO in 2001 and now works with street and
working children in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal. The organization aims to create
through action oriented programmes a society which is child friendly and where street and
working children are empowered enough to fight for their own rights.
For CHETNA, children‟s participation is critical for ensuring a sense of dignity among
exploited, defenceless and vulnerable children living on the streets. Thus, all its programmes
and initiatives have a direct interface with children. For making the interactions feasible and
meaningful by acknowledging the different lifestyles of street children, CHETNA seeks
flexibility in its ways of working.

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CHETNA has consistently encouraged the process of child participation within and outside
its organizational programs. According to Sanjay Gupta, the founder Director, “I wanted to
specifically work on child participation and advocate the needs of children. The name
CHETNA reflects our vision.”
Promoting children‟s participation in the functioning of the organisation
When CHETNA was founded in 2001, five street children were identified and included its
core committee. These working street children at different locations in Delhi came together
to organize themselves formally to be able to articulate their voices and concerns.
CHETNA, at all stages facilitated and encouraged such children‟s formations.
To begin with, they are welcomed in the office at any time of the day and the staff is
expected to listen to the child as a matter of priority. CHETNA also seeks to incorporate
children‟s participation in its organizational processes. Children take part in designing,
implementation, finance and budgeting, monitoring and networking processes of CHETNA.
A child representative is taken to the very first meeting with any donor agency, and during
budgeting five members of Badhte Kadam, the children‟s federation supported by CHETNA,
sit with the adult staff to discuss money allocation of different programmes. They can also
review the organizational functioning.
The process of involving the children in every stage of the organization and its functioning is
fraught with its own challenges. Sometimes the freedoms accorded to a child to question
each and every decision of the organization create situations of confrontation between adults
and children. Sometimes the children‟s questioning is not taken in the right spirit by the
employees. Children‟s participation has helped in resolution of conflicts and helped the
organization learn and evolve. Once when some children expressed doubts about the
utilisation of funds that had been collected for their welfare, after considerably deliberations
CHETNA decided to open its accounts to scrutiny by children.
Sanjay says “we have to constantly remind our staff about their motivation of working in a
child‟s right organization.” Despite these occasional set backs, CHETNA sees these acts of
questioning by children as being symbolic of their empowerment. “This questioning is our
motivation to do good work. I believe that every moment of the organization, its highs and
lows must be shared with children at all stages. This sharing is what makes us feel like a
team,” reflects Sanjay.
Formation of a Children‟s Federation
An outcome of these child led initiatives was the emergence of a working class street
children‟s federation in Delhi called „Badhte Kadam‟ in 2002. Badhte Kadam aims to ensure the
respect and dignity to every street working child. It tries to generate awareness about the
working children‟s rights and encourage participation amongst street children to express
their needs and fight for that which they rightfully and constitutionally deserve. It seeks to
network with all street children (who may not have a structured organizational presence yet
in terms of collectives) to increase the ambit of Badhte Kadam’s influence.
Initially the membership of Badhte Kadam was restricted to a few children hawkers who sold
magazines, incense sticks etc at some traffic signals in the city. These children came together

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to form the federation of Badthe Kadam. Children, through their own networks with other
working class children across Delhi managed to spread the awareness about Badhte Kadam
and thus many more children became a part of this federation. This collective now has
various branches in different parts of Delhi which includes the working children at traffic
signals, slum clusters, shopping complexes and so on.
Badhte Kadam is now an independent entity (although still under the aegis of CHETNA)
which reaches out to working street children through 40 different locations in the National
Capital Region (NCR). The groups at these locations function independently but are also
intrinsically bound together as units of Badhte Kadam.
Each group elects two children who represent them at the Badhte Kadam and elect its
president. At a monthly meeting, the elected representatives discuss and share their
experiences. The older members of the group take care of the younger ones and encourage
them to be a member of Badhte Kadam and cultivate leadership qualities in them.
Badhte Kadam has independent letterheads and logo which helps to create its identity. It also
brings out two publications which enables sharing of their views with others. “Balaknama”
is a newspaper while “Bal Adhikar” is a newsletter. In their writings, children ventilate their
opinions and critique issues such as the effects of child marriage and the symbolic
significance of India‟s independence day on the 15th of August in their lives.
Subhash, the current Secretary of Badhte Kadam came to Delhi from Bihar in 1995 and used
to work as a hawker at a red light where he met the volunteers from CHETNA and got
involved in initiating the children‟s organization. Subhash very exuberantly stated, “Being a
Badhte Kadam Group, Kalka Mandir
The Kalka Mandir group of Badhte Kadam comprises of 50-60 street and working children living on
pavements or under sheds of the temple. The group meets everyday for educational and recreational
activities in a room allotted to them by the management of the Kalka temple.
Says Ganesh, an 8 year old member of the group, “The priest was impressed and intrigued by our
group meetings and he thought of ways in which he could contribute and encourage our initiative.
Thus he gave us this room.” Sonu, another 10 year old shared that the group forms it own “rules
and regulations” and the daily timetable, which the children follow.
The group organizes a formal “Group Meeting” every Friday where the issues and concerns that
these children face (e.g. police abuse and labour exploitation by adult shopkeepers) are taken up and
a course of action is charted out in collaboration with the CHETNA team. Veeru, a 16 year old
vendor, reflecting on this process, says, “Whatever we decide we tell „didi‟ (CHETNA facilitator) and
she helps us in identifying ways in which we can resolve our own problems.”
Suresh and Beenu (15 year olds) and Pinka (9 year old) animatedly shared that “We like to come here
because no one tells us what to do. We study when we want to and we play what we want. As a
group, we also go out for excursions and trips to visit different parts of the city which is very, very
exciting.”
All the members of Badhte Kadam Kalka Mandir contribute a monthly subscription - a minimum of
Rs 2 and a maximum of Rs 5, to a resource pool that children can depend on for any contingency.
The children elect a „president‟ and a „treasurer‟ from amongst themselves, who manage the affairs of
the group and are directly accountable to the children

30
part of Badhte Kadam, I feel very empowered today.” He believes that Badhte Kadam has been
accepted and recognised because “we are a federation, even the police is a little sacred of
meddling with us.”
Capacity building of children and staff
CHETNA looks at children as protagonists and assigns itself the role of a catalyst. As it
seeks direct participation of children in all its activities within and outside the organization,
its staff builds their capacities so that they are able to advocate for child friendly policies at
several relevant foras provided by other civil society groups, policy makers, police, the
judiciary and other such bodies.
They facilitate training programmes on life skills and livelihood skills for street children,
which are participatory and where the use of innovative creative methods is encouraged.
Creative tools such as role plays, collage making and drawing and cultural programmes and
other fun filled activities are greatly appreciated by the participants.
Advocacy for child friendly policies by children though the media and networks
CHETNA encourages street and working children to interact with the media, police and
other civil society groups, which have generally been sceptical of their ability to be so
articulate and confident. According to Sanjay, these children have been able to successfully
communicate their lived experiences and realities to different sections of society.
d) HAQ: Centre for Child Rights
The HAQ: Centre for Child Rights was founded in 1999 as a research and documentation
centre with a focus on promoting the rights of all children. It has positioned itself as an
organization that goes beyond specific child-centred themes (e.g. early childhood care, child
labour, basic education) and seeks inclusion of children‟s rights in the larger development
and policy debates by making the connections between the macro and micro level issues. It
is emerging as a public advocacy forum and a support base for other organizations by
engaging in public information campaigns, policy advocacy and capacity building of
organizations working with or for children through its organizational networks. It seeks to
reach out to policy makers, the judiciary, government officials, parliamentarians, media
groups and others at different levels.
According to Enakshi Ganguly Thukral, the Executive Secretary, children‟s participation for
HAQ remains a value and a means rather than a project driven activity or an end in itself.
Although none of HAQ‟s programmes are directly focused in addressing child participation,
it is recognised as the basic premise and an integral theme of its work. Research,
documentation and advocacy pertaining to children and governance and child protection
(the two broad themes that HAQ programmes have consistently focused on) aim to creating
a larger inclusive platform where children are encouraged to articulate their voices in a
medium that they are comfortable in. This platform is seen as a forum through which
children‟s concerns and issues could reach out to adult stakeholder agencies like the policy
formulators, the judiciary and the civil society groups, thereby making them accountable to
children and their rights.

31
Promoting awareness among children about their rights
The experience of the HAQ team has been that when children are engaged with directly,
most of them are able to articulate their „needs‟. However, HAQ aims to communicate to
them that the Constitution addresses some of their „needs‟ by providing them with legal
rights. It seeks to provide children with information and encourages them to seek their „legal
right‟. It does, however, try to explain to them that there is a difference between „needs‟ and
„wants‟ and that all their needs cannot become their rights. It orients them towards reflecting
upon and identifying their unaddressed needs which ought to be converted into legitimate
legal rights for them.
Meanwhile, HAQ also acts as a Legal Aid and Resource centre in order to help the children
in need of legal assistance. It also acts as a watchdog to monitor the role of the judiciary and
advocates for appropriate legal reforms and laws that are sympathetic to the needs of
children. The organization is also trying to collate information on the status of juvenile
justice in Delhi so that it can concretely argue for a child sensitive judicial system.
Having legally assisted eight cases related to children‟s justice ranging from instances of child
sexual abuse, trafficking to unlawful confinement of children, HAQ in collaboration with
Joseph and Joseph, a law firm is closely monitoring and documenting the workings of the
Juvenile Justice Board in Delhi to suggest recommendations and comment on the anomalies
with regard to the Board‟s functioning.
Promoting expression by children
HAQ‟s founding members and current Executive Secretaries, Bharti Ali and Enakshi
Ganguly Thukral, had been involved earlier in consultative processes with children where
creative mediums were used to enable children to express themselves easily. These included:
a Campaign against Child Labour (CACL) public hearing in 1997 where working children
shared their perceptions and views on the support mechanisms required to bring about
improvement in their lives and a public hearing on the PROBE Report (Primary Report on
Basic Education) in 1998 where the report findings were shared with children who were then
encouraged to question and comment.
Drawing upon that experience, HAQ has sought to evolve creative methodologies like art
workshops to encourage the children to express themselves, their opinions and needs, in
their own unique manner. In an attempt to encourage children to voice their opinions and
concerns with regard to the lives of children in the cities and to offer innovative, creative
alternatives to the given condition, HAQ facilitated a session with students who participated
in Child Friendly Cities- Children for Peace Train (organised by Times Foundation), in
September- October 2005.
Promoting children‟s representation in policy discussions
HAQ seeks to include children in various consultative processes with regard to policy
formulation and information dissemination on issues that affect them in some way or the
other. We also consciously partner with other organizations in order to share and deepen the
knowledge base that we seek to create around the issues of child rights.”
At World Social Forum 2005 in Porto Alegre, as a key partner in the CR4WSF alliance of
civil society groups, HAQ facilitated the process of identifying and encouraging children‟s

32
representatives chosen from various countries such as Columbia, Brazil, Peru and India to
come forth and discuss their views on the condition of children in their countries and
suggest possible solutions for a better world. The panel titled “Children‟s Rights to Equitable
Resources- Understanding the Present, Envisioning the Future” saw children raise issues of
resources, policies and laws, focusing on the conditions of young people in their respective
countries. The children in the forum also debated with the adult panellists present, over the
potential changes that should be adopted at policy levels to adequately address the needs of
children. The three Indian child panellists also spoke in other platforms of the event,
presenting their views with regard to child trafficking, child labour and child participation
and also interacted with the media.
Creating an enabling environment
(i) Advocating recognition of children‟s issues in the policy arena through policy
research
The HAQ team has been voicing the concerns of children and their rights in different
government and non-governmental committees and fora. It has been vocal in the
discussions on the National Commission of Children. It has contributed to the India report
for the UN study on Violence against Children. It has facilitated the meeting on Declining
Sex Ratio at the invitation of the Department of Women and Child Development at
NIPCCD for raising awareness about the serious situation in the north Indian states of
Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. HAQ was also one of the key
initiators of the Campaign Against Child Trafficking and till 2005 served as its secretariat.
Various researches and documentation they undertake regularly on issues of child labour,
child trafficking, child protection, children and disaster, children‟s right to adequate and
secure housing and elementary education are creating an information base which can be
employed effectively as an advocacy tool and used for policy formulation and action. Since
2000, HAQ has been analysing and critiquing the Union Budget from a child rights
perspective. Two of their publications „Says a Child…Who Speaks for my Rights?‟ and
„Children in Globalising India: Challenging our Conscience‟ interrogate the status of children
in India by critically looking at issues related to health, education, protection, juvenile justice,
child trafficking, disability, adoption and child participation. The range of publications on
children‟s rights they bring out regularly supports their efforts.
(ii) Public interest litigation
In 2005, HAQ along with the M V Foundation and Social Jurist filed a PIL in the Supreme
Court challenging the existing Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act as being
contradictory to the Right to Education as guaranteed by Article 21 A of the constitution.
They have also initiated a public campaign highlighting the issue- the CLPRA campaign,
along with other civil society groups.
(iii) Orientation of organizations on children‟s participation
In order to disseminate information and to sensitise and equip other child-centric
organizations to actively and effectively engage with children‟s rights issues, HAQ conducts
capacity building workshops and training programmes with civil society groups, government
officials and policy makers. One such workshop for some of the partner organizations of
Terre Des Hommes (India Programme) in September 2005 focused on children‟s

33
participation. By employing participatory techniques, HAQ facilitated the exchanges between
children and adults at a three-day workshop. Children associated with these NGOs
articulated their experiences, thoughts and perspectives on children‟s rights issues through
creative mediums such as puppetry, clay modelling and painting.
e) SOS Children‟s Villages of India
Even though child participation is not a formal „programme‟ or a „project‟ driven activity,
through small yet significant steps of providing a child with a family and including him/her
in all the decision making processes, SOS Children‟s Villages, India ensures that a child is
placed in the centre of all that may impact him directly or in the future.
SOS Children‟s Villages is an intensive long term family care programme committed to
looking after children who are orphaned, separated from very poor single mothers, of social-
political conflict zones as well as children below poverty line especially in the third world
context. SOS Kinderdorf International, the umbrella organisation works in 132 countries
across the world. In India, the first SOS Children‟s Village was set up at Greenfields,
Faridabad, in 1964. Today there are 39 SOS children‟s villages in different parts of India. It
also run 122 allied and community outreach projects, including kindergartens, medical/social
centres, vocational training centres, Hermann Gmeiner1
schools.
The main mandate of SOS Children‟s Villages is to provide protection, integrity and family
care to the abandoned or orphaned children so that they grow up to be confident and self
reliant adults. Accordingly, it seeks to instil the value of family based child care as a support
mechanism to cater to children without parental care. Through its work with communities,
SOS Children‟s Villages believes in strengthening the foundations of the biological family so
that the children do not have to face abandonment due to external pressures such as
poverty, trafficking and so on.
While SOS Children‟s Villages believes that every child must be reintegrated with their
biological families, it is firmly resolved to provide alternate foster care and parenting to those
children for whom reintegration with their natural families is not possible due to various
reasons. SOS has tried to carry forth the family value systems of a lasting and a reliable
emotional relationship. Archina Dhar, Director, Advocacy at the National Coordination
Office of SOS-India, says, “Ours is a long term foster care programme. It is not an
orphanage and children entrusted in our care are not available for adoption. Ours is a long
term engagement with our children”.
Creation of a home for “out of home” children
SOS Children‟s Villages usually have about 15-20 homes or cottages where a group of 8-10
children live under the nurturing guidance of a “SOS care giving mother”. These mothers
undergo a rigorous two year training programme before their placement in these villages.
Besides financial support, SOS Children‟s Villages provides them with the appropriate
professional specialised advice, counselling and psycho-social support through trained
1 Hermann Gmeiner was the founder father of SOS

34
experts such as educationists and psychologists. They in turn, as the head of the families,
have the responsibility of meeting the basic necessities of children, e.g. nutrition and health
care, a good and secure environment and comprehensive quality education, all of which is
geared towards the holistic development of a child. Under the caring guidance of SOS
mothers, needy children in each „SOS family‟ are given a home environment and the
freedom and independence that a child might enjoy with his/her natural parents under
normal circumstances.
As the mothers try to create a family-like environment, child-adult and child to child
communication becomes extremely important. Children are actively involved in making
decisions within their own SOS families. A child participates in the daily everyday household
functioning of his/her SOS family and community life at large. The SOS mother and other
caregiver members facilitate the process of providing the right kind of information to the
children so that they can make well informed decisions with regard to their own lives. Their
views are heard, their voices valued and their opinions are given importance.
After the boys reach a certain age, they are shifted to youth villages where they learn
different vocations or take up higher education, depending on what profession they might
want to pursue. But the girls, due to reasons of protection and security, stay back. SOS
Children‟s Villages of India also has a “marriage cell” which supports the SOS Children‟s
Village director in finding a suitable match for grown up children once they attain adulthood
and can marry and find their future partners. Many of these children grow up to become
professionals. Some who want to study further are given scholarships to pursue higher
education abroad. A “permanency future plan” is drawn out for each child, in direct
consultation with him/her, where the child is allowed to gauge his own strengths and
weaknesses, weigh the options for the kind of professional choices he/she would like to
make and accordingly they are guided in realising their dream, with help from their SOS
mothers and the other organizational staff.
Participatory pedagogical activities in SOS Children‟s Villages ensure that the child interests
and concerns are being taken into account. This is intended to ensure that the child grows
up to be a confident, independent thinking individual, with deep family bonding with his
SOS family members.
SOS Children‟s Villages of India‟s engagement with children is a long term one. Even after
they become adults and pursue their respective professions, the family attachments and
kinship with the SOS family never dissolves. Thus, over the years SOS families have been
growing and many needy children have been able to enjoy a safe and protective growing
environment.
Children‟s involvement with their communities
Through youth care programmes, SOS children who reach adolescence, help out in various
activities, at a village level. A community link is fostered to ensure that a process of social
reintegration of these children into society at large can be initiated through cultural and
social interaction and exchange of services with the other members.
SOS-India has also diversified its programmes depending on what practices can best serve
the interests of the under-privileged children. In order to increase their reach and include

35
more and more children in need of help within its ambit of care, SOS-India has initiated an
outreach programme whereby children living in vicinity slums of a Children‟s Village are
invited for four hours daily, to the SOS children‟s village . Through interaction with the
resident children of the SOS Children‟s villages, these outside children get an opportunity to
interact and learn from their peers. Children from the outreach programme are provided
with free basic informal education, mid day meal and playtime activities. Dance festivals,
cultural programmes, and other such activities are undertaken jointly by the SOS children
and those from the slums in order to give these marginalized children an opportunity for
learning, mingled with fun.
SOS Children‟s Villages also reaches out to children in need of assistance and care in
situations like that of socio-political conflicts or natural disaster hit circumstances. By setting
up health centres, medical camps, child relief centres and helping the community with
rehabilitation programmes, SOS provides help to the children, who are often the most
adversely affected, in such difficult times. Recently SOS-India has lent active support to the
Tsunami hit families in India and to the J&K earthquake hit families.
After attaining adulthood, some of SOS children help at an organizational level and are co-
opted within the administrative structure of SOS-India as well. If anyone wants to pursue a
self- reliant business or profession, SOS help its youth to in setting up their enterprises by
lending economic help and social support.
Growing engagement of children in policy advocacy
SOS has begun encouraging children to enter the debates and policy formulation processes
around children‟s rights through active advocacy. SOS believes that the nature of
information and views that these children can offer, from a child centric perspective, can add
a lot of value to the kind of advocacy efforts being made in order to ensure child rights,
nationally and at an international level as well. Children from SOS-India participated in the
activities initiate by CR4 World Social Forum, as a first step towards putting forth their
opinions and issues, to a larger public.
SOS Children‟s Villages of India believes that for every child, child participation must begin
at home. By providing needy, orphaned, estranged children with a caring surrogate families,
healthy community environment and equal opportunities, it ensures stable, warm and
emotional support to its children. A child is consulted in all the decisions that help shape
his present or his future. Even within an SOS family, the care-giver Mother, works closely
with her children. A child‟s views, thoughts and demands are given a patient hearing. He/she
is ensured safe and free environment where the child can express fearlessly. SOS Children‟s
Villages of India believes that giving a child the confidence to think independently and
encouraging him to take his own decisions in smallest of the matters that govern his life, are
significant steps towards child participation.
SOS Children‟s Villages of India is of the view that up to a certain age a child requires adult
counselling and guidance but in all the decisions that affect him or her immediately, like what
he should study, what are his interests that can be pursued to a constructive end and so on, it
believe that the child must be heard and allowed to take his own decision.

36
In the future, SOS Children‟s Villages of India hopes to actively involve children in their
own child-led advocacy initiatives so that they can contribute effectively to the ongoing
discourse on children‟s issues. By encouraging advocacy for, by and with the children, it
hopes that the marginalised children will become more visible, their voice a collective
strength which the others will have to respond to and take into account.
4.2 International NGOs
a) Plan International (India)
Plan, a child centred community development organization, that works in 62 countries
across the world, began working in partnership with various local organizations in India in
1979. In the last few years, it has diversified into two different organizations - Plan
International (India) and Plan India, a locally registered NGO focusing on children in
especially difficult circumstances. Plan in India works in 13 Indian states through local
NGO partners.
Plan believes in integrated development in all spheres, and children‟s perspectives and
participation are significant elements in its work. Consistent efforts are made to include
children at various stages in the activities and programmes within the organization.
Children‟s advisory boards have been established in a few donor countries (and is now
starting one in India), to advice and review organizational functioning. Verity Corbett, the
Programme Support Manager of Plan India Country Office, says, “Since Plan has always
been involved with children, all organizational learning processes have been heavily
influenced by the concerns of these vulnerable children that we reach out to”.
Inclusion of children‟s perspective in community development
Plan‟s involvement with children for development is a long term engagement where the
focus on one community in a particular geographical area for a long period of time. They try
to communicate the value and importance of child participation to their partner
organizations and all their programmes carry forth the approach of a “child centred
community development” which then feeds into the all the community development
programmes that these local partners conduct.
Plan‟s partners work on issues and problems that are community based. In extending its
support to these organizations, Plan provides them the direction to look at the same issues
from a children‟s perspective. What children think and say ought to be incorporated as an
important element of community‟s assessment of its own social and economic conditions.
The objective behind such a strategy is to promote children as active and leading participants
in their own community life. All Plan supported programmes follow the „child-to-child‟
approach, which complements community development programmes of the local partners.
Plan‟s seeks a dynamic and democratic dialogue between adults and children within a given
community through wilful inclusion of the latter in decisions that affect them. Thus, an
inclusive model where adults as well as children from a community engage in the dialogue is
encouraged. Children‟s voices are given value and importance so that a comprehensive

37
understanding of their realities, ideas, experiences and insights by adults could enrich
development processes.
Children‟s forums: Bal Panchayats
Plan has promoted the formation of children‟s forums or children collectives to help
children become empowered and self reliant and to enable a healthy exchange of ideas and
opinions with the adults of the community. These Bal Panchayats (the name could be
different in accordance with the local parlance) are modelled on India‟s system of local
governance and children in the 10-17 years age group are eligible to be members. They elect
the president, secretary and a reporter for a period of six months. They decide on the
community issues that need attention, set goals and find ways of accomplishing their
objectives.
Bal Seva Sangam, Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh.
The children of this collective were encouraged to use different media to understand their
community issues and find solutions, and in the process build their own capacities and competencies.
Over a period of time, this group was able to collect information regarding government schemes for
benefiting the farmers. Through regular media monitoring, the children of one particular village were
able to collate all the related information and produced their own wall paper in order to spread
community awareness on the scheme. Because of this collaborative effort, these villagers were one of
the few communities to be most informed about this new government initiative. Says Vijay Shankar,
Development Education Co-ordinator of Plan, “Even the collector was most surprised to see so
much work being put in by the children which reaped direct benefits for the community”.
Through the Children‟s Parliament in some areas, children learn to exercise their democratic
right to vote and elect their representatives, who in turn elect their leader in the form of a
Prime Minister. The PM in turn forms a Cabinet of Ministers, each of whom handles a
particular portfolio like, health, education, culture etc. Through this, children not only
become aware of various issues affecting their community but also become responsible
citizens who are capable of articulating and representing their needs and opinions to a larger
audience.
Children‟s representation at national and international forums
Children working with PLAN have also made representations articulating the collective
voices and concerns of children across India at various national and international forums.
Facilitation of children‟s initiatives
By asking the kids what their issues and problems are rather than telling them what to do
through the partner organizations, Plan facilitates the process of identifying issues of
children as well as the adult community, and together they try to find a middle ground for
dialogue and collaborative solutions between the young and the old.
Babu Bahini Manch‟s campaign to get school drop-outs back to school
A children‟s group in Bihar called Babu Bahini Manch (BBM) had been grappling with the rising
number of school drop out rates. They decided to address this problem by pursuing parents and
families and coaxing them to send their children who had dropped out of school to continue with
their education. A persistent effort on the part of these children forced the parents to consider their
requests seriously. Eventually this turned out to be a much more effective pressure tactic as most
families found it easy to simply readmit their children to school than to handle the children‟s group
constantly pestering them every day at their doorstep.

38
Children – community dialogue
Plan, through its partner networks and the communities they work with, organizes
consultations with children in order to get a first hand account of what they deem to be
important issues requiring urgent attention. The experience has been that children come up
with incredible issues, issues that adults will not speak about, such as child protection and
violence, caste and discrimination and so on. On the basis of children‟s feedback and
community‟s reaction to it, Plan works out a “list of issues” for each community, which they
then try to address through their partner organizations.
Production of video films by children
„Children have something to say‟ is a children‟s video film project that reaches out to the
most disadvantaged children across India. This project imparts the skills, confidence and the
means to children to express themselves and to inform the community about issues
concerning them through the extremely powerful visual medium of films. Films made by
children are shown back to the community. These films have also been shown in film
festivals across the world and have won many awards.
Children‟s participation within the organization
A country strategic plan has been developed for the organization through a triangulation of
data with inputs given from networks, organizations, children associated with the Plan
projects and the organizational staff of Plan, and the children‟s consultations were a critical
part of this. In order to have a direct and effective involvement of children, Plan in India is
now seeking to set up “child advisory boards” as has been practiced in other countries.
Children‟s participation in tsunami response
Immediately after the tsunami struck southern India in December 2004, Plan identified
partners to work on the issues affecting children and began supporting child care centres and
immediate counseling. Efforts were also made to engage children in the response. These
efforts have encouraged children to become more aware and pro-active in their participation
in community processes and raised hopes that the community would consider their opinions
and needs more seriously and that they would be able carve out a niche for playing a larger
role in the development of the community.
Group trauma counseling by children: In various affected regions, interactive cultural
events and exchange programmes were organised by about 1,500 children in 60 children‟s
clubs which involved theatre and dance for group trauma counseling.
Children as design architects: In the consultations on housing designs with various
beneficiary groups - Panchayat leaders, Self Help Group (SHG) members and others, special
emphasis was on children‟s opinions. 14 year-old Arivu said: “Children are always only
meant to play or study, more than that nothing else. I hope this consultation helped us to
contribute to community development”.
A Film on Tsunami by Children: In an attempt to look at children‟s opinion of the
tsunami and the subsequent reconstruction efforts, six children from two of the worst
affected villages of Nagapattinam got behind the camera to make a 20 minute film. With an

39
introduction by eminent filmmaker Govind Nihalani, the film presents an overview of the
children‟s happy-go-lucky life and how their lives changed forever one fine morning with the
tsunami. “Every child‟s life in this region has been affected by Tsunami, either directly or
indirectly,‟‟ says Pakya, the child anchor of the film, taking viewers through some of the
benefits children received immediately after the disaster. Articulating their points of view, the
children talk about the temporary benefits of the shelters created for them and exude
optimism that they are being consulted for the design of the permanent shelters. In one such
consultation featured in the film, the children through models show the kind of houses they
would like to be built. “The children‟s assessment of what has been done so far and what
needs to be done must be taken seriously. They must play a significant role in the decision
making process,‟‟ says Mr. Nihalani.
Children‟s Social Audit: Plan in India is working with children through partners to conduct
an audit of the Tsunami relief and rehabilitation process. The children are actively engaged in
the audit process wherein they play a leading role in the monitoring of community rebuilding
and adding their perspectives to the process. This project is already underway for a period of
three years and will be carried out in six phases, covering 15 villages from Nagapattinam in
Tamil Nadu. Realizing that children can participate much more meaningfully once their
capacity is built, so far about 30 young photographers have been trained in the use of the
camera which they have used to capture their thoughts on the initiatives being undertaken.
The photographs taken by the children highlight that children see the world differently and
can provide meaningful insights. Some of these photographs were exhibited at Plan‟s First
Year Tsunami Response event. As more children will continue to be trained through
workshops under this project and as their work will be shared with stakeholders at the
community, state and national levels through a traveling photo exhibition and film etc. not
only will children build their capacities to participate but also the community members will
become aware of children‟s capacities to build child friendly communities.
Amazing Kids programme
Being carried out in phases with the help of One World South Asia, this programme seeks to
create skills and opportunities for communication at the grass root level for children through
various media like radio, camera, cartoons, computer training and villupattu (a traditional
folk media). The idea is to promote local voices, ideas and knowledge while using innovative
approaches to solve local issues and to provide a platform to share best practices in a
sustainable manner. Various methods like story telling, radio recording techniques, behaviour
change communication and the use of the internet are being adopted. The response of the
participants has so far been very enthusiastic and positive who express themselves quite
freely with the aid of the various media.
Children as Awareness Ambassadors
Children have actively helped in spreading awareness on various issues (e.g. health, hygiene,
safe drinking water and sanitation) in the interest of the communities they belong to and in
doing so have also represented their needs. But above all, they emphasise their need for
education, recreation and a space to be able to voice their opinions and participate in
decision-making processes in the community. The setting up of a Children‟s Parliament by
Plan and its partners in some areas has also hastened this process.

40
In March 2006, about 3,300 children participated in the World Water Day Celebrations
organized by Plan and its partners. They took part in the rallies holding plaque-cards on safe
drinking water, water conservation, rain water harvesting and the importance of sanitation,
drawing competitions and planted over 500 coconut saplings which they would be taking
care of.
b) Save the Children Alliance
Save the Children Alliance comprises of 32 independent national Save the Children
organizations drawing their mandate from the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
and working in more than 100 countries. Most Save the Children organizations began
revisiting the children‟s agenda from a rights perspective in the early 1990s, when was felt
that children had perhaps been relegated to the margins in the development programmes
despite some „child-focused interventions‟. The concern was to strengthen the rights
perspective consciously through „child-focused approaches‟ to bring about significant, lasting
and positive changes in children‟s lives.
In India, Save the Children UK, Save the Children Canada, Save the Children Finland and
Save the Children US currently have programmes, mostly in partnership with Indian NGOs.
Albeit Save the Children Sweden and Save the Children New Zealand do not have an office
in India, they provide partners technical and financial support respectively. They have
differing but complementary thematic priorities, approaches and strengths. As Alliance, they
have been coming together and are supporting and gradually making way for Bal Raksha
Bharat, the Indian member of the international Save the Children Alliance.
Save the Children organizations in India have tried to promote children‟s participation in
different ways, either drawing upon and adapting the experiences of others or innovating. It
has been considered as intrinsic to the process of recognizing children‟s rights both as a
value and a programme. Ultimately, they seek to promote children as social actors who can
influence the decisions that directly affect them and thereby become partners in action.
Representation by children at various fora
Save the Children has promoted children‟s participation at the highest levels of policy
making. It facilitated the participation of children‟s representation at a number of
consultations at the national, regional and international levels. Drawn from some of the
most remote areas and marginalised communities – the “catchment area” of the programmes
of partner organizations, these children are elected/selected through a variety of democratic
processes.
While representation by children from India has helped establish the value and importance
of children‟s perspectives and protagonism, there are concerns whether same organizations
and same set of children are speaking on behalf of all Indian children. It is recognised that
weak follow-up to some extent defeats the purpose of children‟s representation. It would
perhaps be useful to review and reflect on the process to make it more representative and
sustainable.

41
Another concern is that these children could be becoming misfits of sorts. By all accounts,
these children come back empowered if their confidence and articulation is any indication.
However, while they grew with exposure to information, experiences and interactions peers
and others from different parts of the world their immediate surroundings remained more or
less unchanged. In Ladakh, it has been observed that the reaction of their peers ranged from
awe to taking their advice and so therefore elevated their social status. Nawaz Ali, the boy
from Kargil, who participated in the UN Special Session on Children in New York, was a
member of a Children‟s Committee for Village Development (CCVD) and the Chief
Executive Counsellor of the Children‟s Council for the Development of Ladakh (CCDL), a
representative body of all CCVDs in the region. He is now an advisor to this body.
However, the experiences of Ritu, the other representative to the Special Session, are not
known because soon thereafter Save the Children UK phased out of the project in Chakrata
hills in Uttaranchal, the area she hailed from, and lost contact with her.
Promoting expressions by children
In 1994, Save the Children UK invested in a learning process to develop staff capacities in
child-centred participatory research methodologies. It was built on the premise that children
can provide vital information that could be make a positive difference to a research and/or a
programme planning exercise, that there are ethical and practical issues that must be
recognised and that children should not be seen merely as informants but can be very
effective researchers. Organizational changes and staff turnover prevented the development
and expansion of this corpus of knowledge but the importance of expressions by children
and listening of their voices was recognised.
Children‟s organizations, interactive processes and representation in various forums are one
way in which Save the Children encourages and supports girls and boys in articulating their
issues and concerns. Indeed, production of newsletters is an activity that finds favour with
most children‟s organizations. In some programme and project areas, children and young
people are encouraged to bring out their newspapers.
Save the Children UK has assisted the CCVDs and CGDs in Ladakh and Kashmir
valley through trainings of members and printing and distribution of their
newspapers. “Bacho ki Awaaz” is produced in Kargil, “Are you aware of it” in Leh,
and “Nanhi Pukar” and “Nanhi Awaaz” in Kashmir. Articles from these papers are
also published by the leading newspapers in Kashmir.
The Bal Panchayats supported by Save the Children Canada produces its own
newsletter which has a wide dissemination amongst children, schools and even the
adults of the community and outside. Save the Children Canada opted to contribute
information about children‟s rights issues (e.g. allocation of funds for education and
the health) that could be collated and disseminated by children among general public.
Promotion of child-led organisations
Children‟s participation has been introduced gradually over the years in Save the Children
programmes in India, with the primary focus on the formation of children‟s groups. In
2006, Save the Children UK had 650 children‟s groups that it worked with across the
country.

42
Bal Sansad and SWRC: Some of the partners of Save the Children UK, e.g. the Social
Work Research Centre (SWRC) had innovated Children‟s Parliament as an effective tool in
non-formal education. But it needs to be conceded that they did so without any technical
input from Save the Children, which had been funding some of the night schools whose
children actively participated in the Children‟s Parliament. Later on, SWRC was able to make
logical connections between its work with adults as part of the right to information
campaign and with children through the Bal Sansads. Initially designed as an extended role
play that helped children understand the local governance issues and structures in a child
friendly manner, it evolved into an interesting and significant model of children‟s
empowerment. SWRC‟s partners in different states (e.g. Orissa, Uttaranchal) adapted this
model in their work with children. Other organizations, including Save the Children, were
also influenced by this experience.
The Bal Sansads encouraged and enabled children to ask questions about matters that
concerned them (in this case the functioning of the night schools and later the local
development issues such as availability of water…) and expect answers from the adults.
SWRC allowed itself to be questioned by children‟s elected representatives, in what is
considered an exercise in accountability. By participating in the election process, children
learnt first hand about people‟s power. By participating in the deliberations in the Bal
Sansad, children learnt about the functioning of a representative democracy.
Children‟s Committee for Village Development (CCVD) and Children‟s Group for
Development (CGD) in Ladakh: The North West India programme (comprising of
Ladakh region, and later the Kashmir valley) was the first region where the “seeds of
children‟s participation were sown” consciously by Save the Children UK. In the mid-1990s,
the organization had undergone a major overhaul and was open to a new way of working.
Organizations of children were gaining currency among organizations promoting children‟s
rights as a result of the experiences elsewhere. In Ladakh, the context was also favourable
with the Leh Hill Development Council having been formed in response to people‟s
aspiration for autonomy.
As the staff was initially apprehensive about the reaction of adults, children‟s groups and
formations were introduced in only three villages. The initiative proved unsuccessful
because, in retrospect, these children‟s group were formed without consulting with the
adults. Learning from this setback, the staff took the adult community members into
confidence in the next phase. They tried to explain what they meant by child rights and
children‟s participation. Some people accepted it, others did not. Only after convincing the
adult community members did they work once again towards the formation of children‟s
groups in the villages. Furthermore, they tried to give it a structure and direction.
These groups followed the structure of the Leh Autonomous Hill Development Council that
had been set up by the Jammu and Kashmir State Government. As in the case of the state‟s
structure, these children‟s groups also underwent a process of election and nomination of
their representative members. They created their own executive and a general body in which
any child between the age group of 6 months to 18 years could be a part of. Indeed, the
decision to include children as young as 6 months old was taken by child members.

43
Children‟s Committees for Village Development (CCVDs) are now representative bodies of
all the children in a community which are formed with adult consent although not initiated
by adults. The CCVDs were first initiated in Leh and Kargil districts in the Ladakh region in
Jammu and Kashmir. These CCVDs are further organized into district level federations –
the Children‟s Council for the Development of Leh (CCDL) and Children‟s Council for the
Development of Kargil (CCDK).
Influenced largely by the success of CCVDs in Ladakh, Save the Children UK promoted
Children‟s Groups for Development (CGDs) in the Kashmir valley with its interventions
with working children in urban areas. Albeit by 2006 the organization did not confine its
work with child labour in the valley, the groups continued to be called CGDs to give them
an identity distinct from the Ladakh based CCVDs.
These bodies provide “a development forum where children are mobilized as participants
rather than aid recipients and can promote than own rights”. There is an attempt at equal
representation of age groups, males/females, school going/non-school going children/
young people depending on the composition of village communities. The adult members act
as facilitators and catalysts. These committees function as democratic institutions and hold
regular meetings, keep their own records, plan of activities and so on. These children had to
undergo trainings and workshops.
Save the Children UK has conducted various trainings for the village level committees and
the district level federations to provide the members with the conceptual framework for
active citizenship. These include orientation on their roles and responsibilities, workshops
on „seven life skills‟ including situation analysis, planning, implementation through
programmes and activities (such as Theatre for Development (TfD) that could help make
their experience joyful), fund-raising, administration and financial management, and
exposure visits. According to Deen Khan of Save the Children UK, the training are not very
well structured but have helped in the critical reflection and reform of children‟s groups into
organizations. Upon reaching adulthood, the CCVD and CGD members become members
of the advisory committees which act as peripheral support bodies to help the functioning of
these committees.
In order to promote their acceptance as agents of social and political change in the
community, Save the Children UK has encouraged children to align themselves with the
existing structures comprising of adults (e.g. women‟s groups, traditional village committee
and panchayats). Albeit adult alliances have children‟s representative, there is no guarantee
that their voices would be recognized. Increasing the acceptance and tolerance level of these
children‟s groups amongst the adults is still a challenge. Nonetheless, a CCVD
representative attends the official meetings of state government committees that deal with
matters concerning children (e.g. the education plan and the budgeting sessions). Thus, in
principle, children‟s points of view have been acknowledged and are being addressed in the
planning process. Indeed, their participation in the relief and development activities after the
earthquake in Kashmir in 2005 received appreciation from the adults.
Save the Children UK had also considered registration of the union of children‟s
organizations but the idea was not pursued as it was felt that it would unnecessarily burden
children.

44
Bal Panchayats: Since 2002, Save the Children Canada has supported the formation of
children‟s committees known as the Bal Panchayats in 55 rural villages of Osmanabad
district in Maharashtra. Children, both boys and girls, participate as office bearers of these
village-level Bal Panchayats. Not only do they initiate but also plan and execute programmes
and events which help raise and address child related issues. A few children are selected as
resource persons and facilitators.
The Bal Panchayat members engage themselves in constructive developmental work (e.g.
addressing issues of violence against children) and use the platform to interact with adults,
often questioning them and holding them accountable for community actions. Large scale
absenteeism of teachers, smoking especially during auspicious occasions such as the
Ganapati Puja, cleanliness and hygiene are some of the issues that concern children‟s lives
and sensibilities and which they have chosen to highlight. In the bargain, they have garnered
immense respect and support amongst the adults in the communities. The then regional
commissioner of Aurangabad, impressed with the vibrancy of this model, issued an official
government circular sanctioning an official space for the functioning of these Bal Panchayats
in the villages.
The Bal Panchayats also act as spaces that the children identify with and develop a bond
which is distinct from being in school or being at home. They often gather at the Bal
Panchayat offices where they do their homework together and have fun without worrying
about electricity and space constraints which they face at home. It has been observed that
children initially come just for fun (and the odd T-shirt they got from the programme) but
over a period of time their interest is generated and some of them begin taking growing
interest in social issues. Many of them have evolved and are confident of making impressive
presentation at international gatherings. Two children from the Bal Panchayat went to
Kathmandu in 2006 for an international session on Bal Panchayats where they made
presentations.
Besides producing a newsletter, the Bal Panchayats also have a media forum which interacts
with local media practitioners to promote information about their work. This has helped in
the creating a demand for the formation of such Bal Panchayats in the neighbouring areas.
Bal Panchayats are helping demonstrate that children can be integrated with the ongoing
process of development and can be meaningful contributors of change.
Children‟s collectives in Rajasthan: Save the Children Finland has formed children‟s
groups alongside the existing Village Development Committees (VDCs) in 320 villages in
Rajasthan. Its staff members facilitate articulation and promote self-expression among
children and simultaneously works towards social recognition for their collectives by training
and sensitizing the adult members of the VDCs on children‟s rights.

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„The discovery of dreams‟
A programme called “discovery of dreams” was initiated by Save the Children Finland in 2004 as part
of the child survival and development programme. It is based on the assumption that the limited
choices available to children from poor and marginalised communities, especially in the rural areas,
contribute to a narrow world vision. The programme, therefore, aims at giving them an opportunity
to articulate their dreams and aspirations that could enhance his or her emotional quotient and self
esteem. The adult facilitators seek to instil a vision and provide young people a gamut of choices
about who they can be as individuals and professionals. About 190 children have participated in the
interactions, which are considered critical for the creation of an environment that encourages and
enables every child to participate. A reflection of this echoed in the voice of a girl from among these
children who when asked about what she wants to become said “I want to be a fighter pilot.”
Advocacy for children‟s participation
Through studies conducted in different countries, Save the Children has always encouraged
children‟s participation within their own spheres (e.g. budget, education). Since Save the
Children has had the technical expertise on children‟s participation, they have supported and
helped other NGOs to build their capacities on this issue. All Save the Children
organizations promote child friendly approaches and perspectives among their local NGO
partners.
The staff of Save the Children organizations concede that they are still learning as different
programmes are evolving different ways and means of promoting children‟s participation –
perhaps appropriate given the size and diversity of a country like India. Indeed, they are
cautious about saying what is right or wrong. There is recognition that children‟s
participation is an “abstract concept” that needs to be demystified, practiced and promoted.
Children‟s involvement within the organization
Save the Children UK has also tried to include children in its organizational functioning in
different ways. In the North West India programme, the action plan developed by the
Children‟s Council for the Development of Ladakh (called CHILD – Children‟s Initiative for
Ladakh Development) is taken into account in the planning and design. In West Bengal, two
young volunteers were involved in capacity building exercises for partners. They were an
integral part of Save the Children programme planning and designing, and gave crucial
inputs to the projects that were being run in collaboration with other NGOs. Both were
class 5 drop-outs and Save the Children also supported their education. “Even though this
partnership was fruitful, we realised that though we were good with child to child activities,
we were however limited in more complicated processes of directly involving children within
the organizations”, says Asha N. Iyer.
Another innovative experiment has been children‟s involvement in the staff recruitment in
some of the Save the Children UK‟s offices which resulted in some interesting experiences.
On one occasion, a child in the panel in Delhi strongly recommended against the selection
of one adult candidate because she did not like his behaviour, body language and felt unsafe
in his presence. Although the adult panelists failed to understand her apprehension, they
respected the child‟s reservations and rejected that particular candidate. In retrospect, her
hunch proved right because six months later there was an adverse report against him
appeared in the local newspaper. While this might be considered a positive experience, in
other cases the children could not make effective decisions. Furthermore, before they sat on

46
the interview panel, children had to be briefed about why they were there and what they had
to do. This attempt provided some insights if not any conclusions.
Children‟s participation in staff recruitment
In the selection of Kargil Development Project (KDP), besides taking a written test and participating
in the group discussions the candidates with the panel had to visit the field and interact with children.
The feed back from children and observations of the panel were critical.
The practice has been discontinued because of differing opinions among the staff members
about its merits. There was some questioning about the extent to which the concept of
children‟s participation could be extended. Many staff strongly felt that to engage children
“merely for the sake of children‟s participation is totally wrong.”
Children‟s participation in Tsunami relief and rehabilitation
On the 27th
of December 2004, a day after tsunami struck the southern coast of India, Save
the Children Canada reached the affected site with a substantial aid package. Recognising
that survival was the immediate concern of the people but also realising that the disruption
of children‟s link with school education could have long term consequences, child-friendly
multi-purpose centres called „Pailagams‟ were built – initially to serve as temporary shelters
but gradually to be used as learning centres for children.
The relief and rehabilitation process was based on the perceived and expressed needs of the
children. Indeed, the entire process of setting up the learning centres was extremely
participatory. The suggestions that came from the traumatised children during the psycho-
social assessment were incorporated in the design of these centres. Thus, the centres had
ramps rather than steps as children were scared of the expanse of the sea. All the
blackboards were small and the electrical appliances and connections were shock resistant.
None of the rooms had locks. Of course, standard play equipments were provided. More
than 8,000 children have benefited from these centres and inroads have been made into a
community affected by such a horrific disaster.
The experience has been that although the engagement with children is possible during
disasters, the process of engagement is weaker. This is because the support structures in
such situations are very fluid and the immediate needs like food, water and shelter take
precedence over everything else. The empowerment that has resulted through Bal
Panchayats is a product of long-term engagement. However, in disaster situations children
take well to the support structures but whether they will be able to utilize it optimally is yet
to be seen.
c) Terre Des Hommes (Germany)
Terre des hommes is an international federation of national Tdh chapters, that views itself as
a citizen‟s initiative against injustices, especially those faced by children in distress, and works
for creation of a just and peaceful world for the present and future generation of children.
Tdh Germany is one such chapter initiated in 1967. It began its India/South Asia
Programme in October 1975.

47
The Tdh Germany - India Programme presently supports more than 160 small
organizations, many of whom work in remote areas. These projects are mainly concerned
with promoting children‟s rights, empowering women and children, promoting people
centred and sustainable models of development. They involve a wide range of strategies and
activities - working with child labourers with the aim of educating and empowering them and
their families, campaigning for the eradication of child labour through changes in the laws;
offering relief and support to other vulnerable children, promoting equal status for girl
children and women through legal aid, shelter, education and vocational training,
campaigning for the rights of displaced and marginalized groups and building alliances with
different groups to oppose injustice and discrimination.
Although Tdh began discussions in the mid 1990s, it has made concerted efforts to promote
children‟s participation in its work with the partner organizations essentially in the last three
to four years. This has entailed discussions and debates on CRC and children‟s participation
during partners‟ meetings. Many partners have had limited understanding but some have
been facilitating children‟s participation in various ways.
Promoting understanding among staff and partners
Tdh envisages the value and processes related to children‟s participation to grow by
supporting and promoting the work being done by its partner organizations. It believes that
children‟s participation should be an integral part of organizational philosophy rather than a
project driven activity. However, it is in the learning mode. It is in the process of
developing a holistic organizational understanding so that it can introduce active children‟s
participation in its programmes with the partners.
Recognising that organizations working with children have a crucial role and that their staff
members need necessary understanding and skills if they are to encourage children‟s
participation, Tdh has since 2005 begun making concerted efforts to build understanding
about the conceptual and practical dimensions of children‟s participation among its staff
members, partner organizations and children. It has organized training programmes in
collaboration with HAQ Centre for Child Rights and Save the Children, Sweden. Attempt is
made to involve both adults (staff of the partner NGOs) and children (from the
communities or the children‟s groups that they are working with).
Meanwhile, Tdh staff have been monitoring the work of the partners and exploring how
they could provide timely and appropriate inputs and support interventions to promote
children‟s participation for their development. During the evaluation of a Tdh workshop
for partners in Maharashtra and Goa, it was felt that the participating organizations should
organize workshops in their own regions/work area to reach out to organizations working
on children‟s issues even though they may not be associated with Tdh. Two such workshops
were organized.
As the process of learning continues, there remain some concerns among the staff. There is
disagreement with the position taken by some organizations that could justify children‟s
„right to work‟ in the name of their participation, as it could deprive children on other rights
(e.g. health, education and protection). Then there are reservations about the practice – how
can children‟s participation be implemented? What is likely to be the response of the adults
in the community, and if the organization (Tdh) and its partners are prepared and competent

48
to deal with their reactions and consequences? In view of these concerns, Tdh insists on
equal participation of the adult community members (such as teachers, headmasters and
Panchayat members) in the programmes related to children.
Promotion of children‟s forum – Bal Manch
Tdh‟s approach has been child-centric within a wider developmental perspective. According
to Sharmishtha, many of Tdh partners work with children but were not aware that in their
processes by encouraging formation of children‟s groups they have been promoting
„children‟s participation‟. Indeed, many of them have been promoting and supporting Bal
Manch2
. The involvement and level of participation of children in these forums varies,
depending primarily on the experience of the facilitating organizations and the role
undertaken by children. Nonetheless, these forums create platforms which give children an
opportunity to express their views, raise issues, make complaints, evolve ideas and advocate
on issues which are closely linked with their lives. Children work on strategies to ensure their
participation in decision making at different levels. The efforts of Tdh and partners are
geared towards children‟s participation in the institutions such as the family, the community,
the schools, local governance structures and the civil society organizations.
Creating an enabling environment for children‟s rights and children‟s participation
At one level, Tdh lends support to a host of field-based, grass root organizations and people
led initiatives. At another level, it provides financial and organizational support to networks
and campaigns such as Campaign against Child Trafficking (CACT) and Campaign against
Child Labour (CACL). This is an opportunity for voicing of the issues and concerns of
children belonging to poor and marginalised communities in the discussions and debates on
developmental issues, which impact on their rights and well-being and contribute to the
campaigns for enabling socio-cultural and political environment.
Children‟s participation in disaster situations
Tdh in collaboration with Tata Institute of Social Sciences had organized an International
Workshop on Rights of Children in Disaster Situation where the concept of children‟s
participation was widely discussed. After disasters, be it tsunami in Tamil Nadu, floods in
Orissa, or earthquake in Gujarat, Tdh has prioritised children‟s issues and its interventions
have sought to create a safe environment, child friendly spaces so that they can express their
opinions and enhance the capacities of children‟s groups.
2 Shaishav and Ganatar in Gujarat, Dilasa, Balprafulta and Yuva Mitra in Maharashtra, Human Welfare
Association in Uttar Pradesh, Nirdesh and Bhoomika Vihar in Bihar, Asare, Aralu, Kids and RLHP in
Karnataka, CSED and SNEHA in Tamil Nadu, Ankuram, CAMEL, ARD, SARDS and HELP in Andhra
Pradesh are among the Tdh partners who have actively promoted children‟s right to participation.

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4.3 Campaigns and Networks
a) Campaign against Child Trafficking (CACT)
The Campaign Against Child Trafficking (CACT) is a network of civil society organizations
from about 17 states which seeks to end child trafficking in all its forms. It views child
trafficking as both the cause and consequence of violation of children‟s basic rights and aims
at ending sale and purchase of children as commodities. It was launched formally in India
on 12th
December 2001 as a part of the International Campaign against Child Trafficking
(ICaCT) after a series of four national level consultations.
CACT has been working towards the recognition of the issue amongst the policy makers,
government functionaries and the general public at large and is currently seeking an
extension of the legal definition of trafficking in India and a comprehensive legislation that
recognizes trafficking in all its forms.
Through its various programmes, CACT has tried to address all aspects of trafficking from
the point of view of children. It strongly advocates for elimination of child trafficking either
with direct involvement of children or through lobbying for children. In its scheme of things,
children‟s participation implies providing the right kind of information to children and adults
so that they become active agents in the prevention of child trafficking. Simultaneously, it
seeks to create an environment in which children are able to articulate their views on child
trafficking which has many sensitive dimensions. This is done through various outreach
programmes and advocacy.
Sensitisation of adults
CACT tried to work with children‟s groups in villages organized as “Bal Panchayats” but in
view of the opposition from adults of the community had to change tactics. Given the fact
that Panchayats are seen as political bodies and adults had apprehensions when children
were involved, decided to address these formations as “children‟s groups” and “informal
collectives”. Furthermore, through adult-child workshops, CACT encouraged the village
Panchayat elders to work in tandem with these children.
CACT strives to sensitize the adult communities on the issue of trafficking through
advocacy. Through formal and informal interactions and workshops, organized through the
network partners, it seeks to inform and motivate adult groups about the value of respecting
the personhood of a child and to prevent their trafficking as a commodity.
Parallel sensitisation workshops for adults and children
CACT in collaboration with its member NGOs conducts community-level workshops in various
states with both children and adults. This parallel process of addressing the child and the adult is
considered important for sensitising people about children‟s issues with regard to their rights. Usually
these workshops of four to five days duration begin with basic questions (e.g. who is a child?) and
then proceeds to trace the history of the movement for children‟s rights, highlighting the role and
content of the CRC and the genesis of the notion of children‟s participation. They conclude with
discussions on the ways and means of effectively ensuring children‟s participation.

50
The frequency of these workshops depends on the need and the requirement of the network
partners and the workshop content is structured according to the identified needs and
requirements of such inputs, in a particular area/ sphere of work that the partners are
engaged in.
The national secretariat of CACT has developed a users‟ manual for people/organizations
working against child trafficking and produced IEC materials such as desk calendars, posters,
stickers in order to spread public awareness about the issue.
Monitoring of child trafficking by children
Since children were usually the first to know if any child was being lured on the pretext of
work in the city, CACT thought it would be useful to train these children‟s groups as a
monitoring body to keep a check on child trafficking within their villages. The children‟s
groups were encouraged to act on any such trafficking incident either independently or by
informing the relevant adult authorities. This proved to be effective in including children in
stopping child trafficking to a certain extent. In one instance, five girls from Haryana knew
of two minor girls in their village who were being married off and their timely intervention
with the help of the Sarpanch of the Panchayat prevented the child marriage. CACT
recognizing this act of bravery advocated for these five girls to be included as recipients of
the National Bravery Award.
Organization of public events with children
CACT also works directly with children through workshops and public events. The children
are involved in public events like poster making competitions, organizing cultural
programmes on the founding day of CACT on 12th
of December, producing leaflets,
handouts, stickers, T-shirts conveying the social message of preventing child trafficking
across the country. On one such event held on 12th
December, the children who had been
victims of child trafficking shared their experiences by narrating personal testimonies
creatively through street plays. A public memorandum was prepared with the children, which
was then circulated among various influential MPs and other ministers in Delhi. It is through
such measures that CACT has been able to build a strong advocacy base by involving the
children.
Policy advocacy against child trafficking with children
Listening to children and taking their opinion into consideration is central to CACT‟s
mandate. In the Asian Social Forum held in Hyderabad in 2002, CACT provided a platform
to a group of children, who were victims of child trafficking, to share their experiences
directly. CACT took these experiences to strongly advocate for an extended and inclusive
definition that could look at trafficking in all its forms. States Vipin, “Usually the most
visible and recognized form of trafficking is child labour and prostitution. But we want the
law to recognise other forms as well such as forced child beggary, traditional form of
prostitution such as devdasi tradition, child marriages and so on”
Various members of CACT have represented the issues of children such as HIV/AIDS,
Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, organized workshops on child trafficking
such a media personnel, government functionaries and representatives, police, NGOs and
grassroots level workers and communities in various states including North-East India. But

51
concerted attempts are also made to ensure that children‟s views are adequately reflected in
the deliberations.
As the children were being left out of any consultative process of the executive and the
legislature on the proposed amendments to the Child Marriage (Restraint) Act ,CACT
facilitated a consultative process with a forum of street and working children called “Badhte
Kadam” to elicit their views and forward to them to the government. “Bal Adalat” was also
organized in October 2005 to inform the children on the amendments being proposed and
to seek their view on it. These outcomes were then shared with various Parliamentarians and
now the Parliamentary Standing Committee has been forced to look into the proposed
amendments to consider children‟s views. In this manner, CACT seeks to operate as a strong
pressure group on behalf of children to lobby against child trafficking and to bring about
legal amendments to address trafficking.
Child Rights for WSF (CR4WSF)
Child Rights for World Social Forum 2004 emerged as an umbrella group of about 80 organizations
of children and networks and alliances working for children‟s rights within and outside India as a
challenge to the development discourse that favours globalisation and market forces. It was a
coordinated attempt to reflect the centrality of children in the development agenda and an
opportunity to project children and young people as an asset rather than a liability population.
The promoters of CR4WSF believed that the vision of a better world and the conception of
sustainable development had to be based on child-centredness, which is possible only if children
have a defining and determining role to play. The platform of WSF was seen as an opportunity to
link the issue of children‟s rights with other movements working for the rights of the poor and the
marginalized. Thus, they came together to create a platform for interaction and engagement among
the diverse NGOs and networks towards exploring commonalities and finding ways of sustaining
their efforts collectively.
Organization of children‟s forum
At the World Social Forum 2004, the CR4WSF arranged a session on the theme “Children‟s Rights
in a Globalizing world: Who is responsible? Who is accountable?” At this very well attended session,
children shared their perspective on various issues, including how to make the world fit for all
children. Prior to this session, manifestations by children through plays and songs and various
interactive sessions such kite making, painting and drawing were also conducted. They also attended
an international youth camp where film screenings, discussions, street play and cultural events were
performed. Child journalists produced “a walking news bulletin” during the course of WSF.
It was an attempt by CR4WSF to show the world that “children are a meaningful constituency.” But
today its promoters are critically reflecting on their own processes regarding how to take the
children‟s agenda forward. The following are some of the lessons that they have identified from the
past experience:
More thought and experience is required for determining what children can do, how they
can express their views better, and how they can be as accepted as serious stakeholders in the
development processes. This entails process orientation and high level of innovation.
Conversely, adult organizations need to seek a more active volunteer leadership and make
children a visible entity and whose presences are acknowledged and recognized at different
forums.

52
b) Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch
Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch is a forum of about 24 NGOs who work on various issues related
to children in Delhi. It was formed in 1997-98 when about some partner organizations of
Child Relief and You (CRY) came together with the objective of providing a platform for
children. Later other organizations joined the network which seeks to raise a collective voice
advocating for children‟s rights and well-being. It is a state alliance partner of NAFRE.
Almost 60 per cent of the Manch members work directly with the children in the urban
slums and rehabilitation colonies while the others are advocacy groups championing the
cause of children rights, either through direct involvement or indirect representation of
children. The partners have considerable experience of working with and for children and
have managed to include children in their administrative and decision making structures.
Being a network, the Manch relies essentially on the partner organizations for any
engagement with children.
As a forum they meet once every month to discuss not only issues that directly impact
children but also debate over all other topical and relevant social problems such as urban
poverty alleviation, relocation of slum clusters, privatisation of water and electricity and
other such concerns. They believe that children‟s wellbeing cannot be looked at in isolation
and is deeply affected by the socio-economic and environmental factors around them.
The Manch seeks to develop an integrated view of children‟s development by relating it with
their immediate surroundings and widening its own platform. Even though the forum
strives to arrive at concrete solutions to the larger social issues, yet they remain focused on
addressing these problems from the perspective of children.
Inclusion of children in decision-making processes
The Manch seeks to include children in its decision making processes by creating children‟s
watch groups in various local communities so that they can be an active part of the social
and political processes that directly impact them.
In the present administrative structure, representatives from the partner organizations rather
than the communities form the district body of the Manch. Towards involving the
communities, the Manch is keen on creating smaller administrative units at the community
level, who could then find representation in the district body. Similarly, by forming
community youth forums, the Manch hopes that some young people could be elected to the
district body as well.
However, achieving this level of engagement with the communities or the young people has
been a challenging process. Says Rajendra Dangwal, “Till now we have not been able to
include children or youth in our administrative structure. The main reason has been
constraints of various kinds that the partner organizations face”. Administrative limitations,
resource crunch, time management and on occasions, ideological conflicts between different
groups are some of the factors that the Manch has to face and yet try and move ahead with.
He estimates that it would take at least two more years before the Manch is able to involve
children actively in its functioning.

53
Children‟s participation in campaigns
The Manch has been associated with many child rights campaigns such as CACT and CACL.
It led an active campaign to ensure 25 per cent reservation of children below the poverty line
in private schools in accordance with the High Court order. Various marginalised
communities across Delhi were informed about the High Court order, and mobilised and
motivated to use the Right to Information Act to get further related information on the
issue. The adult members were actively encouraged to comply with this order and enrol their
children in private/public schools so that they could get good education. On 28th
February,
2006, a massive rally was organized in Delhi where about 60,000 representatives from civil
society groups, activists, child rights‟ workers and children from grassroots communities
marched from Ambedkar Bhavan to Jantar Mantar to campaign for the „Common School
System‟.
c) India Alliance for Child Rights (IACR)
Since its inception as a collective of rights oriented NGOs, IACR has been trying to
strengthen relationships amongst a variety of civil society organizations which work for
children‟s rights and seeking positive leverage with the government for effective policy
formulation. It has been contributing to the ongoing national plans and voicing
recommendations on any bill or legislation to be passed by the government. Increasingly, it
is devising ways of addressing socio-economic contexts of development from a children‟s
perspective.
Commitment to children‟s rights entails that children be considered an important resource.
IACR has worked with its partners to include child-centric views and perspective on all
social issues that they engage with. It is essentially advocating for „respectful‟ participation, a
small but significant step in the Indian society where the value of participation in terms of
informing let alone seeking consent is not there – especially when women and children are
concerned. It considers children to be a group of individuals, like many other marginalised
groups, who have a point of view that needs to be acknowledged and respected.
In its own work, IACR has been building a conscious interaction with children increasingly
by approaching children as “younger equals”. It strongly believes that in order to pursue a
thinking engagement with children, the adults must be weary of “talking down” to them and
must treat them as younger equal counterparts. In the interactive processes, therefore,
efforts are made to make children analyse the different everyday contexts that they inhabit,
so that they are challenged to think for themselves.
Children‟s participation for policy formulation and advocacy
IACR‟s constituents are children‟s rights organizations who tend to focus on the poor,
marginalised and vulnerable children. It is therefore imperative that IACR has sought to
include these children in its policy advocacy.
IACR is currently deliberating over the 11Th
National Plan with special focus on Delhi in
order to give children scope for visibility and participation. While it is preparing submissions
for the UN Special Session on children‟s right to be heard in September 2006 together with

54
its members, it is also holding a parallel consultative process with children in order to
prepare possible statements which the children could present. It is expected to mark the
presence of the South Asian constituency of children on the right to be heard and is an
attempt to perceive the millennium development goals through the child rights perspective.
Planning for Children‟s Participation in the India Social Forum
IACR has begun work through its Delhi based partner organizations towards representation by
children at the India Social Forum to be held in Delhi in November 2006. The local partners, which
work with children across various pockets of Delhi, have organized groups of children from their
own areas who then interact with children from other areas. IACR facilitates these interactions.
This exercise has been undertaken to ensure representation and consolidation of differing
perspectives of children from different areas and different contexts about the immediate problems.
It is based on the experience that children tend to have a local perspective and need to be exposed to
other perspectives to be able to develop a more comprehensive and balanced perspective. Thus,
children belonging to different socio-economic groups are being brought together.
The process of representation is democratic and creative. Groups of children from each area select
their own representatives. These representatives from different areas meet and further select a
smaller body. This body then develops a presentation of what children are thinking about in the city
of Delhi.
The selection process is an interesting role play – a young parliament of sorts, in which children
assume and enact the characters of different adult stakeholders like community elders, government
officials like the local commissioner and MLAs.
Various other interesting methods have been deployed to share and exchange information about
what children would like to speak or talk about. For instance, each group of children have been given
cameras and taught to operate. They are expected to take pictures of whatever they want to talk of
about their localities. Such a photo journey is eventually expected to make for an interesting
representation.
This has been a meaningful endeavour because it reflects an intergenerational exchange of a
democratic consultative process where children have been able to put forth their own goals and
aspirations. Through this process, children elicit opinion but also actively participate and analyse the
issues. They are being heard on their own terms, which under normal circumstances, is overlooked.
Kanchan and Sonia, young residents of Tughlaqabad village, who have been a part of this process
since its inception, say that, “We have fun here and also find this exercise very useful. It is very nice
to meet other children and young people from various parts of Delhi and to share our perspectives
on children‟s rights.”
Pinky, Sambul and Anita, reflecting on their involvement with this process shared that, “Using the
medium of photographs has been very exciting and challenging at the same time. This process has
been an eye-opener for us as well because we have been able to see our own community and its
problems in a new light. After our various interactions with other children, we now strongly believe
that children can make a difference and the Delhi of our dreams is possible.”
IACR intends to increase their constituency to all kinds of children and to include the non
crisis community of children as well. They want to tap children to see what they are thinking
and do not merely want to reach out to them. An average school going child from an

55
average family is usually taken to be served and provided for, and therefore sidelined by
NGO programmes and projects. But IACR would like to bring such children in its ambit
because by the very virtue of never being consulted and left out from participatory processes
they could be deprived. Accordingly, a support structure for all children is being sought to
be created which could enable representation of issues and problems of all communities of
children and holistic articulation of all of children‟s concerns.

56
Annexure I. List of Interviewees
Archina Dhar, SOS Children‟s Villages of India
Asha Iyer, Save the Children UK
Bharti Ali, HAQ: Centre for Child Rights
Deen Khan, Save the Children UK
Deepika Gupta, ABHAS
Enakshi Ganguly Thukral, HAQ: Centre for Child Rights
Jaya Shrivastava, Ankur
K. Vaidyanathan, Save the Children Canada
Parul Soni, Save the Children Finland
Prabhat Kumar Jha, Ankur
Rajendra Dangwal, Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch
Razia Ismail Abbasi, India Alliance for Child Rights
Sanjay Gupta, CHETNA
Sajid Ikram, ABHAS
Sharmishtha, Terre Des Hommes (Germany)
Sharmila, Ankur
Subhash, CHETNA
Verity Corbett, Plan International (India)
Vijay Shankar, Plan International (India)
Vipin Bhatt, CACT
Amirul, Anita, Rukhsana, Sundari, Meenu, Preeti, Sambul, Kanchan, Sonia and Vandana,
children associated with ABHAS and with IACR
Ganesh, Sonu, Veeru, Suresh, Beenu and Pinka from Badhte Kadam Kalka Mandir, children‟s
organization associated with CHETNA

57
Annexure II. List of Documents Reviewed
Name of the Organization Referred Publications
ABHAS Organization Brochure
Ankur Annual Report Apr. 2004- Mar. 2005
CHETNA Organization Brochure
Bal Hitaishi Police Kaise Bane
Balak Nama – Badhte Kadam Newsletter
HAQ centre for Child Rights Organization Brochure
Annual Report Jan 2004- Dec. 2005
SOS Children’s Villages of India A child right’s to a family
SOS Messenger – Newsletter
Plan International (India) Organization Brochure
Positive Frames - Reflections from the
street
Shaping their own destiny
Plan Newsletters Oct – Dec.2003 & Aug.
2005
Save the Children Canada In other words
Reaching education to the unreached
Child Domestic work – a violation of
human rights
Bal Panchayats in Maharashtra, India
Save the Children UK Fewkes, Jacqueline H. M. & M. Sharif
Bhatt.“Our Voices… Are you listening”
Children’s committee for village
development.
Save the Children Children and young people as citizens
Terrre Des Hommes Organization Brochure
Annual Report 2005 South Asia
CACT Annual Report 2002 & 2003
CACT Activity Report Jan – Sep. 2005
Traffic Jam CACT Newsletter Sep 2003
Delhi Bal Adhikar Manch Navajyoti Development Society 2003-
2004
CR4WSF The group on children’s rights in a
globalizing world – a position report

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