Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Columns Confined with CFRP Wrap

International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 7 | Iss. 2 | Feb. 2017 | 1 |
Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy
Absorption of SFRC Columns Confined with CFRP Wrap
Munshi Galib Muktadir1
, Md. Mashfiqul Islam2
, Rasel Reza3
1
Lecturer, Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and
Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
2
Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and
Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
3
Graduate, Department Of Civil Engineering, Stamford University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,
I. INTRODUCTION
Confinement with the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrap at hoop direction enhances the strength and
ductility by restraining lateral dilation of axially loaded concrete columns [1]. Due to dilation of concrete,
confinement mechanism is mobilized and the lateral confining pressure develops in FRP wraps. This confining
pressure on FRP arrests further dilation of concrete up to its own tensile strength and enhances the axial load
carrying capacity of concrete columns [2]. The transverse FRP is loaded in tension due to concrete dilation, thus
containing concrete after its internal cracking provides lateral confining pressure. Advanced composite
materials-based systems currently show the greatest potential for cost-effective application in the area of retrofit
and rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures, especially as related to columnar elements repaired for either
enhanced axial load-carrying capacity or enhanced seismic resistance through the use of FRP wraps. This
follows from the previously known effect of column strengthening through lateral confinement, which stems
from the development of a tri-axial stress state within the concrete, and its ultimate containment after dilation
under load.
A comprehensive review of the literature reported in Refs. [3,4] shows the great number of studies on
FRP-wrapped concrete columns and concrete-filled FRP tubes to investigate the axial compressive behavior of
the members/ specimens. It is now well-understood that the confinement of concrete with fiber-reinforced
polymer (FRP) composites significantly improves both compressive strength and ductility of concrete.
However, due to inherently brittle nature of concrete, even well-confined concrete members exhibit drastic
failure after the peak ultimate stress. This behavior negatively affects the overall performance of FRP confined
concrete members, especially when subjected to dynamic load like earthquake. This fact entices encouragement
to search for new composite structural systems that are able to maintain desirable properties of FRP-confined
concrete, while overcoming its identified shortcomings.
For the past three decades, the behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been widely
studied [5-26]. From these studies it is found that the presence of internal steel fibers in concrete results in
improvement of its strength and ductility. Studies show that, internal steel fibers form bridges across the crack
of concrete and thus become effective in delaying and arresting crack propagation. [7,9,13-19,21-23,25].
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of the experimental study on the axial compressive
behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) wrapped with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). A total
of 18 concrete cylinders were tested under axial compression. The effects of steel fiber parameters were
investigated which includes fiber aspect ratio (AR) and fiber volume fraction (VF). The concrete
cylinders were divided into groups of confined and unconfined ones. In accordance with previous study,
it was found that, FRP confined cylinders showed greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens.
Although the presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined
group of specimens, but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in
both confined and unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio. But with the increase of fiber
aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined cylinders were found to
slightly decrease. It was also observed that, concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber
absorbed much higher energy than that of unreinforced ones.

Experimental Investigation Of Axial Capacity And Energy Absorption Of SFRC Columns
Benefitting from this improved properties of concrete, FRP-confined steel fiber reinforced concrete (FRP-
confined SFRC) may form an attractive composite system that is capable of overcoming the aforementioned
shortcoming seen in FRP-confined concrete. However, review of existing literature reveals the fact that not
enough study has been conducted to date on the behavior of FRP-confined SFRC specimens.
The study presented in this paper was aimed at examining the influence of key parameters for FRP-
confined steel fiber reinforced concretes under axial load. The paper initially provides a description of the
experimental program, including specimen properties and the testing procedure. After that, the results of the
experiments are presented. Finally, an in-depth discussion on the results of the experiments is provided.
II. TEST PROGRAM
2.1. Test specimens
A total of 18 circular concrete specimens were manufactured with different volume fraction (VF) of
steel fibers (i.e. VF = 1.5% and 2.0%) and aspect ratio (AR) of steel fibers (i.e. AR = 20, 40, 60 and 80). The
specimens were 101.6 mm in diameter, measured at the concrete core, and 203.2 mm in height. All confined
specimens were wrapped with FRP using a manual wet lay-up procedure.
2.2. Materials
A mix ratio of 1:2:4 and a w/c ratio of 0.55 were used in manufacturing the concrete specimens. All the
fibers used in this study were hooked end. In this experiment, stone aggregate were used as coarse aggregate.
The FRP wrap used in this study was Nitowrap EP (CF200). The fibers were of unidirectional, weight of the
wrap was 200 gsm, thickness was 0.11 mm and width of the fiber sheet was 508 mm. Specimens were tested
until failure occurred and the ultimate strength was recorded. The mixed material of Nitowrap 30 epoxy primer
was used in this experiment. There were two agents, i.e. base and hardener. The mix ratio was 2:1. The epoxy
adhesive was prepared by mixing epoxy resin and hardener in 2:1 ratio in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendation.
2.3. Specimen designation
The 18 specimens were labeled as follows:
Each label started with the letter S which stands for stone aggregate. For specimens (a total of 16)
which were manufactured with internal steel fibers, S was followed by the term SF which stands for ―Steel
Fiber‖. Two specimens were manufactured without any internal steel fiber and for those specimens, S was
followed by the term CON which stands for ―Control‖. In specimens that contained steel fibers, the first part of
the designation SSF was followed by the volume fraction of steel fibers (either 1.5 or 2.0), then a dash was used,
and the dash was followed by aspect ratio of steel fiber (20, 40, 60 or 80). Finally, for FRP-confined specimens,
the letter C was used to indicate confinement of concrete. For example, the term SSF1.5-60C indicates one of
the specimens which contained steel fibers (SF) in it with 1.5% volume fraction of steel fibers and with steel
fibers aspect ratio of 60. The last letter C indicates that the specimen was wrapped with FRP.
2.4. Instrumentation, testing and data acquisition

All specimens were tested using a displacement controlled digital universal testing machine (Tinius Olsen
Testing Machine Company, Horsham, Pennsylvania, capacity: 1000kN) by applying displacements. The load
and deflection events of the experimental testing of specimens were recorded using high definition (HD) video
camera with a speed of 30 frames/ sec. These videos were finally analyzed by post-processing of the HD images
extracted from it employing DICT (Digital image correlation technique) using MATLAB R2013b.
III. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1
Specimen
designation
Fiber volume
fraction
(VF)
Fiber aspect
ratio (AR)
Confinement Peak Axial
Stress
(MPa)
Axial Strain at
Peak
SCON - - Unconfined 21.2 0.0006
SCONC - - Confined 33.2 0.0013
SSF1.5-20 1.5% 20 Unconfined 26.7 0.0009
SSF1.5-40 1.5% 40 Unconfined 23.4 0.0009
SSF1.5-60 1.5% 60 Unconfined 18.8 0.0011
SSF1.5-80 1.5% 80 Unconfined 19.7 0.0012
SSF2-20 2.0% 20 Unconfined 26.8 0.0009
SSF2-40 2.0% 40 Unconfined 19.0 0.0010
SSF2-60 2.0% 60 Unconfined 20.7 0.0015
SSF2-80 2.0% 80 Unconfined 18.7 0.0013
SSF1.5-20C 1.5% 20 Confined 47.6 0.0015
SSF1.5-40C 1.5% 40 Confined 41.1 0.0012
SSF1.5-60C 1.5% 60 Confined 47.0 0.0020
SSF1.5-80C 1.5% 80 Confined 41.6 0.0017
SSF2-20C 2.0% 20 Confined 47.4 0.0015
SSF2-40C 2.0% 40 Confined 39.8 0.0015
SSF2-60C 2.0% 60 Confined 49.0 0.0019
SSF2-80C 2.0% 80 Confined 39.0 0.0017
Table 1 presents the summary of results for all the 18 specimens that were tested. Peak axial stresses and axial
strains at peak are shown in the rightmost two columns of the table. These results allow several significant
observations be made on different aspects of the experimental study. In the following sections, these
observations are presented under different titles.
3.1. Effect of Confinement
It is evident from the results reported in Table 1 that, FRP-confined control specimen SCONC
exhibited higher load than that of unconfined control specimen SCON. Among rest of the 16 specimens which
were reinforced with steel fiber, all confined cylinders exhibited much higher load than that of unconfined
cylinders of same category (i.e. with same volume fraction and aspect ratio of steel fibers). This observation
accords with those reported in many previous studies on FRP-wrapped concrete.
Fig. 3. Illustration of experimental setup Fig. 4. Capturing experiment events with
HD video camera

3.2. Effect of aspect ratio (AR) of steel fibers
The results presented in Table 1 revealed the effect of steel fiber aspect ratio (AR) on the behavior of
SFRC specimens. It is evident from Table 1 and Fig. 5 that with the increase of aspect ratio (from 20 ~ 80), the
peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined cylinders slightly decrease for both group of
specimens with volume fraction 1.5% and 2.0%. This influence can be explained to the ability of steel fibers
with lower aspect ratios to effectively control the initiation and propagation of initial cracks of SFRC specimens
under increasing axial deformation [7,11]. On the other hand, the fibers with higher aspect ratios have been
reported to be less effective in arresting crack propagation immediately after the formation of initial cracks
[7,11]. In addition, for a given fiber diameter and volume fraction, the number of fiber increase with a decrease
in the fiber aspect ratio, which results in a more scattered distribution leading to an increased likelihood for the
path of cracks to cross through the fibers [12,27]. These properties of the shorter steel fibers make them more
effective in providing internal confinement to concrete, which in turn leads to an improved compressive
behavior of SFRC specimens manufactured with such fibers [28].
Fig. 5. Influence of fiber aspect ratio on compressive behavior of: (a) unconfined steel fiber reinforced concrete with VF =
1.5; (b) unconfined steel fiber reinforced concrete with VF = 2.0; (c) confined steel fiber reinforced concrete with VF = 1.5;
(d) confined steel fiber reinforced concrete with VF = 2.0;
3.3. Effect of volume fraction (VF) of steel fibers
Fig. 6 presents the influence of the fiber volume fraction on the axial compressive behavior of the
specimens. It is evident from the experimental data provided in Table 1 and from Fig. 6 that, although the
presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of specimens,
but no significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) has been observed in both confined and
unconfined group due to increase of fiber volume ratio from 1.5% to 2%.

Fig. 6. Influence of fiber volume fraction on compressive behavior of: (a) SFRC with AR = 20; (b) SFRC with AR = 40; (c)
SFRC with AR = 60; (d) SFRC with AR = 80;
3.4. Axial strain and energy absorption capacity
One of the most notable effect due to the presence of the steel fibers is the increase in axial strain at
peak with respect to control specimens (for both confined and unconfined specimen groups) Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. In
addition, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 exhibit that the presence of fibers ensured a much higher strain before complete
failure of the cylinders (for both confined and unconfined specimen groups). Besides, it is evident that the area
under the stress strain curve for specimens with steel fiber is much larger than that of specimens without steel
fiber. This behavior indicates that, concrete reinforced with internal steel fiber will absorb much higher energy
than that of unreinforced ones.
IV. Conclusion
Based on the discussion and results presented in this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
i. FRP confined cylinders exhibit greater axial stress than that of unconfined specimens.
ii. The presence of steel fiber increases the peak axial stresses for both confined and unconfined group of
concrete specimens.
iii. No significant change of peak axial stress (and peak strain) occurs due to increase of fiber volume ratio
from 1.5% to 2.0% (for both confined and unconfined groups).
iv. With the increase of fiber aspect ratio, the peak axial stresses of both unconfined and FRP-confined
cylinders slightly decrease.
v. Presence of the steel fibers results in increase of axial strain at peak with respect to control specimens (for
both confined and unconfined specimen groups)
vi. Concrete specimens reinforced with internal steel fiber absorbed much higher energy than that of
unreinforced ones.
REFERENCES
[1]. Lam L, Teng JG. Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete in rectangular columns. Journal of
Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 2003 Sep 1;22(13):1149-86.
[2]. Lam L, Teng JG. Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete. Construction and building
materials. 2003 Oct 31;17(6):471-89.
[3]. Lim JC, Ozbakkaloglu T. Confinement model for FRP-confined high-strength concrete. J Compos Constr ASCE
2014;17(5):1–19.
[4]. Lim JC, Ozbakkaloglu T. Lateral strain-to-axial strain relationship of confined concrete. J Struct Eng ASCE 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001094.
[5]. Soroushian P, Bayasi Z. Fiber type effects on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Mater J
1991;88(2).

[6]. Nataraja MC, Dhang N, Gupta AP. Stress–strain curves for steel-fiber reinforced concrete under compression. Cem
Concr Compos 1999;21(5):383–90.
[7]. Bhargava P, Sharma UK, Kaushik SK. Compressive stress–strain behavior of small scale steel fibre reinforced high
strength concrete cylinders. J Adv Concr Technol 2006;4(1):109–21.
[8]. Holschemacher K, Muller T. Influence of fibre type on hardened properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Modern
building materials, structures and techniques. In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference, Vilnius; 2007.
[9]. Bencardino F, Rizzuti L, Spadea G, Swamy RN. Stress–strain behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete in
compression. J Mater Civ Eng 2008;20(3):255–63.
[10]. Paultre P, Eid R, Langlois Y, Levesque Y. Behavior of steel fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete columns under
uniaxial compression. J Struct Eng 2010;136(10):1225–35.
[11]. Khalil WI, Gorgis IN, Mahdi ZR. Behavior of high performance fiber reinforced concrete column. J Eng Appl Sci
2012;7(11).
[12]. Ezeldin AS, Balaguru PN. Normal-and high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete under compression. J Mater Civ Eng
1992;4(4):415–29.
[13]. Ding Y, Kusterle W. Compressive stress–strain relationship of steel fiber reinforced concrete at early age. Cem
Concr Res 2000;30(10):1573–9.
[14]. Kholmyansky MM. Mechanical resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete to axial load. J Mater Civ Eng
2002;14(4):311–9.
[15]. Ramesh K, Seshu DR, Prabhakar M. Constitutive behaviour of confined fibre reinforced concrete under axial
compression. Cem Concr Compos 2003;25(3):343–50.
[16]. Sukontasukkul P, Mindess S, Banthia N. Properties of confined fibre-reinforced concrete under uniaxial compressive
impact. Cem Concr Res 2005;35(1):11–8.
[17]. Thomas J, Ramaswamy A. Mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. J Mater Civ Eng
2007;19(5):385–92.
[18]. Xu LH, Xia DT, Xia GZ, Chi Y. Effect of steel fiber and polypropylene fiber on the strength of high strength
concrete. J Wuhan Univ Technol 2007;29(4):58–60.
[19]. Holschemacher K, Mueller T, Ribakov Y. Effect of steel fibres on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete.
Mater Des 2010;31(5):2604–15.
[20]. Ayan E, Saatciog˘lu O, Turanli L. Parameter optimization on compressive strength of steel fiber reinforced high
strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 2011;25(6):2837–44.
[21]. Ou YC, Tsai MS, Liu KY, Chang KC. Compressive behavior of steel-fiberreinforced concrete with a high reinforcing
index. J Mater Civ Eng 2011;24(2):207–15.
[22]. Chi Y, Xu L, Zhang Y. Experimental study on hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete subjected to uniaxial compression. J
Mater Civ Eng 2012;26(2):211–8.
[23]. Hassan AMT, Jones SW, Mahmud GH. Experimental test methods to determine the uniaxial tensile and compressive
behaviour of ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Constr Build Mater 2012;37:874–82.
[24]. Tokgoz S, Dundar C. Tests of eccentrically loaded L-shaped section steel fibre high strength reinforced concrete and
composite columns. Eng Struct 2012;38:134–41.
[25]. Wang S, Zhang MH, Quek ST. Mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced highstrength concrete subjected to high
strain-rate compressive loading. Constr Build Mater 2012;31:1–11.
[26]. Caballero-Morrison KE, Bonet JL, Navarro-Gregori J, Serna-Ros P. An experimental study of steel fiber-reinforced
high-strength concrete slender columns under cyclic loading. Eng Struct 2013;57:565–77.
[27]. Vandewalle L. Postcracking behaviour of hybrid steel fiber reinforced concrete. In: Proc 6th int conf on fracture
mechanics of concrete and concrete structures—FraMCoS, vol. 6; 2007. p. 1367–75.
[28]. Tianyu Xie, Togay Ozbakkaloglu. Behavior of steel fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete-filled FRP tube columns
under axial compression. Eng Struct 2015;90:158–171.

Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Columns Confined with CFRP Wrap

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Columns Confined with CFRP Wrap (20)

More from IJMERJOURNAL (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Experimental Investigation of Axial Capacity and Energy Absorption of SFRC Columns Confined with CFRP Wrap