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EXploring Nanobiotechnology: Bridging Nanoscience and Biology for real world innovations.pdf
- 1. TOPIC- Nanobiotechnology Presented by: AamenaRanderee M.Sc Biotechnology P.P. Savani university
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- 3. what is Nanotechnology? •Branch of science and engineering devoted to designing,producing,and using structures, devices and systems by manipulating atoms and molecule at nanoscale. • Term coined by- Norio Taniguchi. • NanoBiotechnology- is biotechnology at the “nanoscale”. • It includes the application of the tools and processes to study and manipulate biological system.
- 4. What is Nano? •Nano- A prefix means Dwarf. • Nano= 1 billionth of a meter smaller than the diameter of human hair. • 1 nanometer- 25,400,000 meters • Nanoscale- the term used to refer to the objects with a dimension on the order of 1-100 nm.
- 5. Why nano? • Cellsare generally much larger than nanometer and hence Nano devices can easily enter in them. • The average size of cell is about 10-20 micrometers in diameter • Nanoscale devices can easily enter cells and organelles to interact with dna and protein.
- 6. Biological Nanomaterial Silver nanoparticle: •Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess many unique properties that make them attractive for use in biological application. • Recently, it was shown that 10 nm silver nanoparticles were bactericidal.
- 7. Fig: Dose dependentantibacterial activity of biologically synthesized AgNPs in E.coli.
- 8. Liposomes: • Liposomes arephospholipid vesicle (50-100 nm) • liposomes provide a unique opportunity to deliver drug molecule into the cells and subcellular compartments. • Liposomes show excellent circulation. penetration and diffusion properties. • Their structure allows both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances
- 9. Dendrimers • Dendrimers arenano-sized, radially symmetric molecules with well-defined, homogeneous, and monodisperse structure consisting of tree-like arms or branches (<15nm) • The most promising potential of dendrimers is in their possibility to perform controlled and specified drug delivery, which regards the topic of nanomedicine. Fig: structure of dendrimer
- 10. Gold Nanoparticles: Gold nanoparticlesare tiny particles of gold suspended in a liquid, with a diameter of 1–100 nanometers.
- 11. Photo thermal therapy(PTT)using gold nanoparticle • Nanotechnology has increased the efficacy of PTT • Several studies have summarized the use of AuNPs in photothermal therapy for cancer treatment • AuNPs are favorable noble metal photothermal agents. AuNPs provide bioconjugation chemistry, high biocompatibility, the possibility to conjugate with other drugs. • Because AuNPs can absorb light and rapidly convert it to heat, they inflict less damage on surrounding natural tissues.
- 12. Top down &Bottom up Approach of synthesizing nanomaterial. ● The top down approach refers to slicing or successive cutting of a bulk materials to get nano-sized particles. ● Nano-materials are synthesized by breakdown bulk solid into nano-sized & provides desired shape & order ● Bottom up approach refers to the build up of the material from bottom: atom to atom, molecule to molecule. ● Atom by atom deposition leads to the formation of CLUSTER
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- 14. Application of Nanobiotechnology Quantumdots: • Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanocrystalline materials with the diameter usually 2 to 10 nm. • Quantum dots produce most distinctive colors determined by the size of the particles. • Their big advantage is that they can be targeted at single organ, such as the liver, much more precisely than conventional drug. • QDs are being used in place of organic dyes in biological research.
- 15. • For ex,they can be used as nanoscopic light bulbs to light up and color specific cells that need to be targeted and study (A) Quantum dots, (B) Quantum dots significant to glow by UV light targeting tumor cells
- 16. Nanorobots Nanorobotics: combines theprinciple of robotics + nanotechnology +material science to develop robots at nanoscale. Fig: Nanobots • Nanobots are robots that carry out a very specific function and are ~50–100 nm wide. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. • Fig shows a device that uses nanobots to monitor the sugar level in the blood. Special sensor nanobots can be inserted into the blood under the skin where microchips, coated with human molecules and designed to emit an electrical impulse signal, monitor the sugar level in the blood.
- 17. Disease detection andDiagnosis: • Nanorobots are equipped with advance sensing capabilities, have the potential to revolutionize these areas with their capability to operate at molecular level. • Nanorobots are powerful tool to offer early and accurate detection of diseases including cancer • They can detect specific biomarker or abnormalities associated with various diseases • these sensors can recognize molecular signature indicative of disease presence or progression even before symptoms appear by analysing the sample at molecular level • In the case of cancer, nanorobots can be programmed to detect specific tumor marker or genetic mutations that are associated with different types of cancer
- 18. Nanorobots in environment: Nanorobotsin environmental cleanup- This tiny machines have the potential to significantly contribute to the removal of pollutants from water,soil and air. Soil remediation- Nanorobots Can assists in the removal of toxic substances such as industrial pollutants and pesticides and chemical residues Air pollution mitigation- Play a vital role in capturing and neutralizing Airborne pollutants
- 19. Nanomedicine • Nanomedicines arenowadays defined as nanoscale tools (e.g., 1–1000 nm sized) for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, having the potential to enable early detection and prevention of diseases, guide a bioactive molecule to its desired location of action, and/or control its release to ensure an optimal concentration at the therapeutic target over a desired time frame. • The central idea of nanomedicine—to produce a therapeutic effect specifically in the target organ. Advantages of nanomedicine: ❖ Reduce degree of invasiveness ❖ Reduce system side effect of drug ❖ Cost effectiveness of medical and surgical therapy ❖ No surgery requires ❖ Benefits in cancer therapy ❖ Drug delivery to exact location
- 20. • Tuberculosis isa disease affecting more than eight million people each year, mainly due to the multidrug resistance effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. • Current treatments require repeated administration over long periods of time, which usually produces severe side effects. • The advantages that nanomedicine could give are: reduction of drug dosage, decreased frequency of administration and amelioration of side effects. • However, these treatments are not already in clinic due to issues in selecting the administration route (oral vs. pulmonary) to enhance drug bioavailability
- 21. Nanopore Technology • Nanoporetechnology refers to nano-scale holes embedded in a thin membrane structure to detect the potential change when charged biological molecules smaller than nanopore pass through the hole • nanopore technology has the potential to sense and analyze single-molecule amino acid, DNA, RNA, etc • First generation sequencing: Sanger sequencing • Second and Third generation sequencing: NGS • Fourth generation sequencing: Oxford nanopore sequencing
- 22. MinION- The onlyportable real time device for DNA/RNA sequencing
- 24. Prepare your sequencinglibrary from DNA or RNA from your sample Sequence your library on a flow cell and device that suits your need Analyse your data from as soon as you start sequencing
- 26. references • Cavassin E.D.,de Figueiredo L.F.P., Otoch J.P., Seckler M.M., de Oliveira R.A., Franco F.F., Marangoni V.S., Zucolotto V., Levin A.S.S., Costa S.F. Comparison of methods to detect the in vitro activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) against multidrug resistant bacteria. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2015;13:1–16. doi: 10.1186/s12951-015-0120-6. • Bangham AD, Horne RW. J Mol Biol. 1964;8:660–668. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80115-7. • Vögtle F, Richardt G, Werner N. Introduction. In: Vögtle F, Richardt G, Werner N, editors. Dendrimer chemistry: concepts, syntheses, properties, applications. Wiley: Academic; 2009. p. 1–24. • Zhang S. Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly. Nat Biotechnol. 2003;21:1171–1178. doi: 10.1038/nbt874. • Wong TS, Brough B, Ho CM. Creation of functional micro/nano systems through top-down and bottom-up approaches. Mol Cell Biomech. 2009;6:1–55. • Rodriguez-Larrea D. Single-aminoacid discrimination in proteins with homogeneous nanopore sensors and neural networks. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021;180:7. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113108.
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