FACTS
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This presentation provides an overview of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices. It defines FACTS as power electronics-based static equipment used to improve power transfer capability and enhance controllability of AC transmission systems. The presentation categorizes FACTS devices based on their connection type to the transmission network and technology. It describes common first and second generation FACTS devices such as SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC, and UPFC; and their technical benefits regarding load flow control, voltage control, and stability. Potential applications and future enhancements of FACTS are also discussed, along with benefits, operation, and maintenance.
FACTS
- 1. A Presentation On….. BY: Komal Nigam 11
- 2. FACTS DEVICES – INTRODUCTION CONCEPT BENEFITS OF FACTS OVER-VIEW OF FACTS CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS TECHNICAL BENEFIGTS OF FACTS APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS CONCLUSION CONTENTSCONTENTS 22
- 3. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System. FACTS as they are generally known, are new devices that improve transmission systems. FACTS is a static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. It is generally a power electronics based device. Meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. INTRODUCTION 33
- 4. FACTSFACTS Flexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a newFlexible AC Transmission System (Facts) is a new integrated concept based on power electronic switchingintegrated concept based on power electronic switching converters and dynamic controllers to enhance the systemconverters and dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the stability,utilization and power transfer capacity as well as the stability, security, reliability and power quality of AC systemsecurity, reliability and power quality of AC system interconnections.interconnections.
- 6. UPFC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Benefits of using FACTS devices Better utilization of existing transmission system assets Increased transmission system reliability and availability (lower vulnerability to load changes, line faults) Increased dynamic and transient grid Stability and reduction of loop flows Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries (through mitigation of flicker, frequency variations) Environmental benefits 66
- 7. OVER VIEW OF FACTS AC- NETWORK CONTROLLERS CONVENTIONAL (Switched) FACTS-Devices (Fast and Static) R,L,C, Transformer Thyristor Valve VSC Hybrid Shunt Devices Series Devices Shunt- Series Switched Shunt Compensation Switched Series Compensation Phase Shifting Transformer SVC UPFC, DPFC STATCOM SSSC, IPFCTCSC FCL STATCOM + Energy Storage DFC 77
- 8. CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS A. Depending on the type of connection to the network The FACTS device can be classified in TWO ways. • Serial controller • Derivation controller • Serial to serial controller • Serial derivation controllers B. Depending on technological features the FACTS devices can be divided into two generations: First generation - uses thyristors with ignition controlled by door (SCR). Second generation - semiconductors with ignition and extinction controlled by door (GTO, IGBT, etc.). 88
- 9. Consist of a variable impedance as a condenser, coil. Inject a serial tension(variable impedance multiplied by the current) to the line. Tension is in quadrature with the line current. Consumes reactive power. Ex: Serial Synchronous Static Compensator (SSSC). a. Serial Controllers 99
- 10. b. Controllers in derivation Consist of a variable impedance, variable source or a combination of both. Inject current to the system in the point of connection. (variable impedance connected to line tension causes variable current flow, thus injecting current to the line). While the injected current is in quadrature with the line tension. Consumes reactive power. Ex: Synchronous Static Compensator (STATCOM). 1010
- 11. Combination of coordinated serial controllers in a multiline transmission system or can also be an unified controller. The serial controllers provide serial reactive compensation for each line also transferring active power between lines through the link of power. The term “unified” means that the DC terminals of the converters of all the controllers are connected to achieve a transfer of active power between each other. Ex: Interline Power Flow Compensator (IPFC). c. Serial - Serial Controllers 1111
- 12. d. Serial - Derivation Controllers Combination of serial and derivations controllers separated, co-ordinately controlled. Inject current to the system through the component in derivation of the controller, and serial tension with the line utilizing the serial component. When the serial and derivation controllers are unified, they can have an exchange of active power between them through their link. Ex: Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 1212
- 13. FIRST GENERATION OF FACTS Static Compensator of VAR’s (SVC, TCR) Tyristor Controlled Series Compensation (TCSC, TCSR) Tyristor Controlled phase shifting Transformer (TCPST) Tyristor Controlled voltage regulator (TCVR) SECOND GENERATION OF FACTS Synchronous Static Compensator (STATCOM with and without storage) Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC with and without storage) Unified Power flow Controller (UPFC) Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) 1313
- 14. Regulate voltage and stabilise(dynamic) the system. SVC is an automated impedance matching device, designed to bring the system closer to unity power factor. If load is capacitive (leading), the SVC will use reactors (in form of TCR) Under inductive (lagging) ,the capacitor banks are automatically switched in. SVR may be placed near high and rapidly varying loads, such as arc furnaces, where they can smooth flicker voltage. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR 1414
- 16. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR STATCOM is a regulating(poor power factor and poor voltage) device. Based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as either a source or sink of reactive AC power. If connected to a source of power it can also provide active AC power. STATCOM provides better damping characteristics than the SVC as it is able to transiently exchange active power with the system. 1616
- 17. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR Works the same way as the STATCOM. It has a VSC serially connected to a transmission line through a transformer. A SSSC is able to exchange active and reactive power with the transmission system. Thus SSSC can work like a controllable serial condenser and serial reactor. The voltage injected through a SSSC is not related to the line intensity and can be controlled independently. As a result SSSC can give good results with low loads as well as high loads. 1717
- 19. A UPFC system can regulate the active and reactive power at same time. It has the ability to adjust the three control parameters(bus voltage, transmission line reactance, and phase angle between two buses, either simultaneously or independently). The converter 2 has the main function of the UPFC; it injects an AC voltage to the line, where magnitude and phase angle are controllable through a serial transformer. Converter 1 give or absorb the real power that the converter 2 demands. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 1919
- 21. Technical Benefits of FACTSTechnical Benefits of FACTS Load Flow Control Voltage Control Transient stability Dynamic Stability SVC LESS HIGH LOW MEDIUM STATCOM LESS HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM TCSC MEDIUM LESS HIGH MEDIUM UPFC HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM 2121
- 22. Maintenance of FACTS devices Is minimal and similar to that required for shunt capacitors, reactors and transformers The amount of maintenance ranges from 150 to 250 man-hours per year Operation of FACTS devices operated automatically can be done locally and remotely 2222
- 23. Applications of FACTSApplications of FACTS Steady state voltage stability Power flow control Damping of power system oscillations Reducing generation costs HVDC link application Deregulated power systems Flicker mitigation Interconnection of renewable, distributed generation and storages. 2323
- 24. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF FACTSFUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF FACTS Several FACTS devices have been introduced for various application world-wide. A number of new types of devices are in the stage of being introduced in practice. Many new devices are under research process, such as HFC (Hybrid Flow Controller) RHFC (Rotary Hybrid Flow Controller) DPFC (distributed power flow controller) C-UPFC (center node) and many more……. 2424
- 25. CONCLUSION Due to the, every time higher requirements of the liability and quality of the electricity, the implantation of devices capable of guaranteeing these requirements will keep increasing. The development of high power inverters of high performance at low cost is necessary to consolidate compensators such as STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC. The areas to be improved would be: 1. Converter topology 2. Basic control strategies 3. The application of multi-level FACTS devices. 2525