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Feed additives
- 1. Feed Additives Presented To: Dr.Hussain Ahmad Qadri Presented By: Usman Khalid Roll No.27 Umar Ali Khan Roll No.58
- 2. Feed Additives -Defined • As ingredients or combinations of ingredients added to the basic feed mix or parts there of to fulfill a specific need. • Usually used in micro quantities and requires careful handling and mixing.
- 3. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine • Regulates use of Feed additives • Clearance for testing of new feed additives requires obtaining an investigational new animal drug (INAD) to test a product. • New animal drug Application( NADA) is required to market a product. • Clearance is required to use feed additives.
- 4. Why use them? •Cause a desired response/benefit: Alter metabolism Affect growth Change pH Manipulate microflora Improve digestion increase yield Reduce acidosis Improve immune response Increase palatability Reduce fecal odor Reduce joint pain
- 5. Major Classes • GrowthPromotion and Feed Efficiency – Antibiotics • Medicinal Uses – Coccidiostats, worming agents • Hormone like products – Feed Additives – Implants • Other Feed additives – Antioxidants – Preservatives – Binders – Buffers and Neutralizers – Probiotics – Enzymes
- 6. • Others − MoldInhibitors − Thickeners − Sweeteners − Organic Acid − Xanthophyll − Surfactants − Emulsifiers − Anionic salts
- 7. Growth Promotion andFeed Efficiency • Antibiotics • Chemotherapeutic Agents
- 8. Antibiotics • Antibiotics arecompounds produced by microorganisms. – inhibit growth/metabolism of some (not all) other microorganisms. – In some instances, they may be toxic to warm- blooded animals. – Most antibiotic names end in -cin or -mycin. • All antibiotics used commercially for growth promotion are produced by fermentation processes using fungi or bacteria.
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- 10. Inhibition of CellWall Synthesis: • Some of the antibacterial compounds interfere with the cell wall synthesis by weakening the peptidoglycan structures in bacterial cell wall, by this integrity of bacterial cell wall structure weakens and eventually disrupts. • Mammalian cells only have plasma membrane so these antibiotics specifically target only bacterial cells.
- 11. Inhibition of NucleicAcid Synthesis: • This category of antibacterial compounds interferes in the synthesis of nucleic acid of bacterial cells. • For example compound quinonoles interfere with synthesis of DNA molecule by inhibiting activity of enzyme topoisomerase. This enzyme is involved in the DNA (deoxy nucleic acid) replication.
- 12. Inhibition of ProteinSynthesis: • Some of the antibiotic compounds inhibit bacterial cell multiplication by inhibiting protein synthesis in them. Protein synthesis is a multi-step process. • Majority of antibiotics inhibit the process that occurs in the 30S 0r 50S subunit of 70S bacterial ribosome, this in turn inhibits the protein biosynthesis.
- 13. AMOXIVET(ICI PAK) • Compo. •Amoxycilline • Indication • Prevention and treatment of both gram + and gram – bacterial infections of poultry and livestock. • Dose • Poultry -0.25ml/kg of body wt.(I.M) • Livestock-1ml/kg of body wt.
- 14. EMITRYL(Manhattan Pharma) • Comp. •Each ml contains Enrofloxacin 200 mg • Indications • For prevention and control of Mycoplasmois and E.coli infections. • Dose • 1ml/litter of water for 3-5 days.
- 15. GENTACARE-10% (Leads pharma) •Comp. • Each ml contains Gentamycin sulphate equal to 100 mg of gentamycin base • Indications • Treatment of severe bacterial infections • Broad spectrum antibiotic • Dose • Cattle-3-4ml/100kg of body wt. • Calf/sheep/goat-2ml/50kg of body wt.
- 16. LA-PPS Inj.(Selmore Agencies) •Comp. • Each ml contains: • Benzathine penicillin G 100000 I.U • Procaline Penicillin G 150000 I.U • Indications • Phenmonea, Diarrhea, mastitis, matritis • Dose • Cattle/sheep(I.M) -3-6ml/100kg body wt.
- 17. Chemotherapeutic Agents – Aninorganic or organic compound that inhibits the growth of organisms but is not produced by a living organism. • Arsanilic acid – chicken and swine • Carbadox - swine • Ipronidazole - turkey • Roxarsone – turkey and chicken
- 18. Arsenicals • All syntheticcompounds (chemotherapeutic agent) & include a number of drugs used in turkey, chicken, and swine rations. – Control of parasites. – Some stimulate growth in the same manner as antibiotics. – The effect can be additive to antibiotic stimulation. – And control of Blackhead in poultry & diarrhea in swine.
- 19. • Arsenicals havethe disadvantage that they may accumulate in body tissues, particularly the liver. – At the levels fed, they are not considered toxic. – All have a minimum 5-day withdrawal period before animals are to be slaughtered for human food. – Large public concern: “arsenic in my food”
- 20. Medicinal Uses ofAdditives • Prevention or treatment – Coccidiostats (poultry) – Histostats • Histomoniasis (Blackhead) – protozoan disease affecting turkeys and some other poultry. Affects the liver and cecum. – G.I = enteritis, diarrhea, dysentery – Anthelmintic (worming) agents
- 21. Coccidiostats • Coccidia aremicroscopic parasites. – Coccidiostats include a wide variety of compounds, ranging from a number of synthetic drugs to antibiotics. • Coccidiosis outbreaks are very large concern in confinement poultry operations. – Evidence suggests coccidiosis is becoming a greater problem with sheep & cattle in close confinement.
- 22. AMCOSUL • Composition • Eachgram contains : • Amprolium HCl 166 gm • Sulphaquinoxaline 166 gm • Colistin sulphate 500 M.I.U • Vit. A 5 M.I.U • Vit. K3 5 gm • Dose • 100/200Litter of drinking water for 2-3 days.
- 23. AMFUSTAT • Compo. • Eachkg contains: • Amprulium HCl200 g • Furaltadone 200g • Vit.K3 5g • Dose • Mix 30g of powder in 100L of water and give 5-7 days.
- 24. COLPIDOL-25 • Comp. • Eachkg conatins • 25% Colpidol 250g • Dose • 500g/ton of feed
- 25. Anthelmintic (worming) Agents _Fenbendazole(Safe-Guard) – swine and cattle – Invermectrin (Ivomec) – swine cattle – Levamisole hydrochloride(Tramisol) - cattle and swine – Thiabendazole (TBZ) – cattle, sheep, swine
- 26. Misc. functions ofFeed Additives • Enterotoxemia (overeating) disease in Sheep – Tetracyclines. • Fly control – Methoprene – cattle – Rabon – cattle, horse, sheep and swine • Bloat – Poloxalene
- 27. • Ketosis – Propyleneglycol dairy cattle • Foot rot – Chlortetracycline • Stress – Tetracyclines – cattle, chicken, turkey – Erythromycin - chickens
- 28. Hormone-Like Additives • Hormonesare substances produced by the endocrine organs to activate other organs. Synthesized compounds that produce the same responses as natural hormones can be used to: – Promote milk production – Promote animal growth • Fed as an additive or implanted
- 29. Melengestrol acetate (MGA) •It is the only hormone-like production improver remaining on the approved list. – Extensively used with beef heifers – Suppress estrus which results in more efficient and more rapid gain.
- 30. • In ruminants,natural or synthetic hormones produce a response that results from increased nitrogen retention accompanied by an increased intake of feed. – Increased growth rate; Improvement in feed efficiency. – Reduced deposition of body fat, which may, at times, result in a lower carcass grade for animals fed to the same weight as nontreated animals.
- 31. β-agonists • Molecules thatstructurally resemble epinephrine – Caffeine, ephedrine, aspirin • Easily made in the lab • Muscle: – Increase in muscle synthesis – Decrease in muscle breakdown • Fat – Decrease in lipogenesis – Increase in lipolysis • Ractopamine (Paylean) • May impact behavior: Aggression
- 32. Other Feed Additives –Antioxidants –Binders –Preservatives –Buffersand Neutralizers –Probiotics
- 33. Antioxidants • Used toprevent rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids • Inclusion rates up to 0.25 Lb per ton feed. • BHA/BHT (Butylated hydroxyanisole or toluene) • Ethyoxiquin • Vitamin E • Rosemary
- 34. MID SORBITOL • Comp. •Sorbitol 25000mg • Vit.B1 200mg • Vit.B2 20000mg • Vit.B12 20000mcg • Methionine 200mg • Indications • For prevention of baterial and viral infections • Anticonctipation to pragnent animals for prevention of mastitis,matritis
- 35. • Dosage • Poultry-1ml/5kgof body wt. • Or 1ml/litter of water • Cattle 1ml/10kg of body wt.
- 36. HALTOX • Comp. • BHT •BHA • Ethoxyquin • Indication • Poor potancy,poor feed platability,poor nutritive profile
- 37. • Dosage • Infeed 125g/MT (finished feed) • Packing 20kg carton
- 38. Preservatives • Used toprevent feed deterioration (mold/bacteria inhibitors) – Increase shelf life – Vitamin C – Calcium sorbate – Citric acid – Phosphoric acid – Propylene glycol (toxic to cats) – Sodium propionate – Sodium metabisulfate
- 39. Pellet binding Agents PelletBinders keeps feed in pellet form. These are: –Bentonite (calcium or sodium) –Ball clay –Lignin sulfonate –Hemicellulose extract –Molasses
- 40. Buffers and Neutralizers •Chemical compounds that lessen the decrease in pH caused by volatile fatty acid without causing any major increase in ruminal pH. • Valuable for use in high concentrate diets to ruminants but not high forage diets • Examples – Sodium bicarbonate (most effective and most common; AKA: baking soda) – Potassium bicarbonate – Calcium carbonate – Magnesium oxide – Magnesium carbonate
- 41. Probiotics • Scientifically inconsistent •Consist of microbial cultures – Can stimulate cultural growth • Reasons for use – Increase/balance beneficial bacteria – Reduce toxic byproducts of digestion – Support rate of gain and feed efficiency – Alleviate/minimize stress • Various times for use • Most common with horses, young animals
- 42. PROBIOKAP • Compo. • Cultureof Acid producing bacteria of lactobacillus and bacillus. • Dose • Oraly given • Cattle 1kg/ton in feed • Poultry 0.2-1kg/ton
- 43. Enzymes Enzymes are alsoused as feed additives as: • Amylase • Xylanase • Cellulase • Protease • Phytase • Lactase • Lipase
- 44. Essential oil andaromatic plants • Often claimed to improve the flavor and palatability of feed , so ,increasing voluntary feed intake resulting in improved weight gain. • Supplementation of 0.1% cheesy or sweet flavor increased feed consumption and average body weight gain compared to a commercial flavor during the first week after weaning.
- 45. Aromatic Flavors • Eightmajor flavor groups: Buttery Cheesy Fatty Fruity Green Meaty Musty Sweet
- 46. Flavors • Flavors arefeed additives that attempt to enhance the taste and smell of feed to stimulate intake. • Taste and smell are the senses associated with feed intake. Because smell is the fi rst sensation detected by the pig, aroma of the diet becomes the initial stimulus that drives the pig to eat.
- 47. • Flavor additivesmay also have a benefit during lactation • Flavor additives may increase palatability of feeds.
- 48. Flavors • Examples; Saccharin Talin Vanilla Milky orfruity flavors or a combination of these. Coconut Strawberry
- 49. Some Others • MoldInhibitors Propionic Acid, Calcium Propionate, Sodium Propionate • Thickeners Sodium Alginate • Sweeteners Saccharin Sodium • Organic Acid Fumaric Acid, Sodium gluconate,
- 50. • Xanthophyll: makesegg yolks yellow Cantaxanthin • Surfactants: lipid digestion, increase milk production, yield • Anionic salts: acidify diet to increase Ca absorption • Emulsifiers Glycerin Fatty Acid Ester Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester
- 51. Summary • Feed additivesmust be used according to label. • Stiff fines for non compliance. • For best results use as directed. • Protect your market and livelihood.
- 52. Sources • AVN INDEX(A handbook of Veterinary Products & Services)
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