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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ppt
- 1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Mrs RashmiGoswami Lecturer MSc Nursing (OBG)
- 2. INTRODUCTION The reproductive organin female are those which concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth & development of fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. The female reproductive system is subdivided into: a)External genitalia b)Internal genitalia c)Accessory reproductive organs
- 3. FUNCTIONS Produce sex hormonesthat maintain reproductive cycle (estrogen, progesterone) Produce & sustain female sex cells (ova) To nurture the developing fetus Become passage for fetus To enable sperm to enter the body Transports the egg to the site of fertilization If fertilization does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate.
- 4. EXTERNAL GENITALIA The functionof external genitals are to protect the internal organs from infection and allow sperm to enter into vagina. The vulva refers to those parts that are outwardly visible it includes: Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Urethral opening Vaginal orifice Perineum
- 5. 1. Mons pubis- The triangular mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone. It protects the pubic symphysis. During adolescence sex hormones trigger the growth of pubic hair on the mons pubis. 2. Labia majora - They are two fatty folds of skin covered with hair. Protect other external reproductive organ & are covered with hair & sebaceous glands. 3. Labia minora - They are two delicate folds of skin between the labia majora . very vascular & merge to form hood over the clitoris. Vestibule- space enclosed by labia minora.
- 6. 4.Clitoris Highly sensitive organcomposed of nerves, blood vessels & erectile tissue. Anterior to urethral meatus. 5.Perineum The space between the vaginal opening & the anus. It is the area of episiotomy, if needed during birth process. 6.Hymen It is the thin layer of mucus membrane that partially blocks the opening of vagina.
- 7. INTERNAL GENITALIA The internalgenitalia are essential for reproduction, including menstruation, fertilization, & childbirth. It form a pathway within the pelvic cavity, facilitating these reproductive processes Vagina Cervix Uterus Fallopian tubes Ovaries
- 8. VAGINA It is afibromuscular tube connecting the external & internal reproductive organs. The anterior wall is about 7.5 cm long and the posterior wall about 9 cm long.
- 9. Between puberty andthe menopause, Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria are normally present, which secrete lactic acid, maintaining the pH between 4.9 and 3.5. The acidity inhibits the growth of most other micro- organisms that may enter the vagina from the perineum.
- 10. Layers of vagina Thewalls of vagina is made up of three main layers, which give it strength, elasticity, and the ability to expand. 1. Mucosal layer (Inner layer) - Contains rugae (Folds) that allow stretching. Maintains acidic pH to prevent infection. 2. Muscular layer (Middle layer) - It is made up of smooth muscle. Allows the vagina to contract and expand. Provides support during intercourse and childbirth.
- 11. 3. Adventitial layer(Outer layer) - It is a loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Connects the vagina to surrounding organs (Bladder & Rectum). Gives structural support.
- 12. Blood supply isobtained from the descending cervical branch of uterine artery & the vaginal artery which is the branch of internal iliac artery. Lymphatic drainage is through the superficial inguinal nodes. Nerve supply consists of parasympathetic fibres from the sacral outflow, sympathetic fibres from the lumbar outflow and somatic sensory fibres from the pudendal nerves.
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- 14. • The uterusis a hollow muscular pear-shaped organ, flattened anteroposteriorly. • It lies in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder in front and the rectum behind. Measurements: Length – 7.5cm Widhth - 5cm Breadth – 2.5cm UTERUS
- 15. Position • Anteverted -inclining forward over the bladder at about right angle to the vagina. • Anteflexed - bending slightly forward on itself at the internal os between the corpus and the cervix.
- 16. Parts Fundus - Thisis round dome shaped upper wall of the corpus where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus. Body - This forms the upper 2/3 part of the uterus which is the main part of the uterus. The superolateral angles of body of uterus projects outwards from the junction of the fundus & body is called cornua of the uterus. Isthmus - Is a constricted part measuring about 0.5 cm, situated between the body & the cervix. It forms the lower uterine segment during the late pregnancy. Cervix - It is cylindrical in shape measures about 2.5cm. Extends from isthmus & ends upto the external os which opens into the vagina.
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- 18. Perimetrium This is thethin, outer serous layer that covers the uterus. Composition: It is part of visceral peritoneum Made up of simple squamous epithelium & a thin layer of connective tissue. Function: Protects the uterus Location: - Covers the fundus & part of the posterior wall of the uterus. - Also continous with broad ligament.
- 19. Myometrium This is thethick, muscular middle layer of the uterus. Composition: composed of smooth muscle cells - Outer longitudinal - Middle interlace - Inner circular Functions: - contract during menstruation to expel the uterine lining. - during childbirth to push out the fetus and placenta. - contracts after delivery to prevent postpartum hemorrhage
- 20. Endometrium • This isthe innermost lining of the uterus, Composition: Made up of simple columnar epithelium, & a stroma (Connective tissue). It is composed of two sublayers: • Stratum functionalis: This superficial layer thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy & shed during menstruation if fertilization doesn't occur. • Stratum basalis: This deeper layer remains relatively constant and regenerates the stratum functionalis after menstruation.
- 21. • Functions: -Provides a site for implantation of the fertilized egg. - Supports early fetal development. Hormonal sensitivity: Estrogen & Progesteron from the ovaries influence its thickness and function.
- 22. Relations • Anterior -The uterovesical pouch & Bladder • Posterior - The rectouterine pouch of Douglas & rectum • Lateral - The broad ligaments, uterine tubes & the ovaries • Superior - Intestines • Inferior - Vagina
- 23. Blood supply • Bloodsupply is through uterine artery & ovarian artery, uterine artery is the branch of internal iliac artery & enters at the level of cervix. • Venous drainage - uterine & ovarian veins • Lymphatic drainage - drained from uterine body to internal iliac glands. • Nerve supply - from autonomic, sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system via pelvic plexus.
- 24. FALLOPIAN TUBE • Thefallopian tube (Oviducts or Uterine tubes) lie in the upper border of the broad ligament, extending laterally from the uterus, opening into the abdominal cavity, near the ovaries • It is a pair of muscular, hollow tubes in the female reproductive system that connect the ovaries to the uterus. • Measurement - 10 - 13 cm long
- 25. Function • To assistin the transfer and transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. • Act as a site of fertilization (Ampulla) • Nourishment and movement of the fertilized ovym toward the uterus for implantation.
- 26. Anatomical structure • Fimbriae- finer-like, ciliated projections which capture the ovum from the surface of the ovary. • Infundibulum - funnel shaped opening nea the ovary to which fimbriae are attached. • Ampulla - widest section of the uterine tubes. Fertilization usually occurs here. • Isthmus - narrow section of the uterine tubes connecting the ampulla to the uterine cavity.
- 27. Relations • Anterior, Posterior& Superior - Peritoneum cavity and inyestines. • Lateral - On either side of the uterine tubes are the side walls of the pelvis. • Inferior - Broad ligaments and oaries • Medial - Uterus
- 28. Blood Supply • Thearterial supply to the uterine tubes is via the uterine and ovarian arteries. Venous drainage is via the uterine and ovarian veins. • Lymphatic drainage is via the iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes.
- 29. OVARIES • Ovaries area pair of female reproductive glands situated on either side of the uterus, located in the pelvis. • Measurement: - Length - 3cm - Thick - 1cm - Wide - 1.5cm
- 30. Function • The primaryfunction of the ovaries is to nurture and prepare oocytes (eggs) for the process of ovulation. • The processes of ovulation and fertilization are controlled largely by cells in the ovaries that produce and secrete hormones. (Estrogen & Progesterone) • These hormones also are essential for female sexual development and are necessary to sustain a pregnancy. • Also to regulate the menstrual cycle.
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- 32. The ovary hasthree main histological features: Surface – formed by simple cuboidal epithelium (known as germinal epithelium). Underlying this layer is a dense connective tissue capsule. Cortex – comprised of a connective tissue stroma and numerous ovarian follicles. Each follicle contains an oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells. Medulla – formed by loose connective tissue and a rich neurovascular network, which enters via the hilum of the ovary.
- 33. Blood supply • Themain arterial supply to the ovary is via the paired ovarian arteries. These arise directly from the abdominal aorta (inferior the renal arteries). There is also a contribution from the uterine arteries. • Venous drainage is achieved by paired ovarian veins. The left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein, and the right ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava. • Lymph from the ovaries drains into the para-aortic nodes • Nerve supply is from sympathetic nervous system from T10 segment.