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- 4. C C U L T U R A L O K R I V E R P G N F B M Y D X K E T J A G J G S A O I E N D F L O D G N H U M A N C A R E C O N O M I C A N W R P Y H A L P T S O P B W L Q H G L H I S T O R Y
- 5. 1. Cultural 2. River 3. Continent 4. Geography 5. History 6. Social 7. Urban 8. Economic 9. Human Answer !
- 7. Feminism comprises various features associated to women's place in the society in terms of social, economic and political rights. These rights allow women be involved in society like in business and politics that women get acknowledgment and empowerment in the society. • aims to understand gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations, and sexuality. • focuses on the promotion of women's rights and interests. • women are measured as inferior
- 8. • Women's presence is perceived over men viewpoint • Women were force to do their traditional duty like being housewives, and not given the right to education and other legal rights. • Deborah Madsen stated «Feminism stands for women status in society and demands about gender consciousness and oppression." • Feminism implicates two key facets of rational obligation and political undertaking that brought justice for women and put an end to sexism in all kinds.
- 9. 3 Waves of Feminist
- 10. FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM • Highlighted many issues associated to women such as marriage, property rights, and right to vote. • The two foundations linked to this are the women's rights and women's suffrage. This contained matters such as equal salaries for women, right to educational, right to vote and other legal rights like the institution of marriage.
- 11. • It also focused on issues concerned to women like reproductive rights and sexuality. The first wave feminism stressed equal opportunity for women in the society. • Granted rights to suffrage for most women in the early 20th century. • Among these feminists who founded contemporary feminism were Elizabeth Robins, Dorothy Richardson, Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf.
- 12. SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM • Began in 1960s. It stressed social, cultural, and political inequality to women in the society. • This wave in feminism revealed diverse scopes of feminism based on women practices and stand. • It comprised vigorous involvement of women economically ahead of World War II.
- 13. • This period was the beginning of women education and women involvement on civil rights and radical issues attached to young women culture change. • It made women aware of sexual discrimination which led to resistance. • Sexual liberation and reproduction rights of women became fundamental issues.
- 14. THIRD WAVE OF FEMINISM The third wave of feminism or Post- feminism also started in the 1960s and flourished in the 21st century. It looked into the relation of language and gender; gender; also tackled issues attached to discrimination of women in the publication arena and covered the facet of multiculturalism and competition.
- 15. It contested the dominating sort of white feminism has a strong message concerning several conception of awareness in the society. It was a protest which happened in the 1980s that lifted the issues like class, race, culture and sexuality that explicated numerous identities of women.
- 16. ADVOCACY I. Liberal Feminism 18th to 19th Century • Mary Wollstonecraft • John Stuart Mill - Female education and equal opportunities. - Political and legal equality among men and women such as reproductive rights to women, voting, equal wages and health care. • Simone De Beauvoi - Gender equality, equal rights regarding legal matters, education and work opportunities.
- 17. A. Libertarian Feminism - Equality in property distribution between men and women. - Freedom for conscience and expression such as women sexual and domestic violence. - The right to compensation when someone violates the rights. B. Egalitarian Liberal Feminism - Freedom to choose personal autonomy such as understand their social status, acquire personal and self-governing elements of women.
- 18. Il. Socialist Feminist - Private and public aspects of women were given focus. - Liberation cannot be achieved unless the economic and cultural sources of women oppression end III. Radical Feminism - Patriarchy in the society was abolished. - The cause of all inequalities in the society is based on gender identity, class, perceived attractiveness, sexual orientation and ability. - Women's liberation movement
- 19. IV. Equality Feminism - Equal treatment of male and female sexes - Women should enjoy all the legal as well as political rights similar to men as they are human beings. V. Amazon Feminism - Female physical power as a means to achieve the goal of gender equality. VI. Postcolonial Feminism - Deals with the topics like racism, colonialism and its cultural, economic and political effects on the society that explore some particular gender realities of non-white and non-western women.
- 20. VII. Marxist Feminism - The dismantling of capitalism as a way of liberating women was given focus. - Women should be given freedom to work, and should get equal wages for their work at the workplace. VIII. Cyber Feminism 1980s and 1990s. - Sets of practices that deal with feminist interactions and acts in cyberspace. - Women's use of new information and communication technologies for their upliftment.
- 21. IX. Lesbian Feminism 1970s and 1980s • Sheila Jeffrey - Deals with the issues related to lesbian and women in the society. - Society is structured to serve heterosexual needs - Lesbians within the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) feminist lesbian politics, and lesbians in the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). X. Separatist Feminism • Marilyn Frye's - Feminism enables women to take interest in other women. - Creates new space and dialogue in women's relationship, and limits them from dealing with men.
- 22. XI. Eco-Feminism1974 • Francoise d'Eaubonne - Social and political movement that deals with the existence of environmentalism and feminism. - Changing the attitude of the society towards productivity and activity of both women and nature. XII. Difference Feminism 19th century • Michele M. Schumacher - Deals with differences between the sexes such as biological, emotional, sociological or spiritual. - Feminism that reverses gender polarity that is women are superior to men.
- 23. XIII. Black Feminism 1974 • Patricia Hill Collins - Liberation of black women from all oppressions - Women's liberation as a strategy that unites women, men and children in which women have to struggle against injustice because of oppression.
- 24. GENDER IDEOLOGY AND GENDER INEQUALITY
- 25. • To the feminist normative view of "Gender Ideology", conveys that women are viewed as inferior to men in a system of society dominated by men. • According to International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2001) gender ideology described as masculine and feminine behaviors, and social roles. • The normative meaning of gender ideology needs to have distinction from biological "sex" association and behavioral "gender" orientation. • These two concepts are understood differently based on the meaning attached to it by the person.
- 26. Focuses on the rights and freedoms for women and girls of all ages in the society. • Feminist groups claimed that human rights they inherent is traditional bias in favor of men and boys. •The concepts of women's rights is not only focused on marital, parental, and religious rights but also to enter to legal contracts, own property, right to suffrage, be educated, hold public office, fair wages and equal work opportunities for women.
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