FERMENTERS( BIOREACTORS) AND THEIR TYPES
- 1. FERMENTERS AND ITS TYPES BY: AYESHA KABEER UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT SIALKOT SUBCAMPUS
- 2. FERMENTER(bioreactor) • Closed container with adequate arrangement for aeration, agitation, temperature and pH control, and drain or overflow vent to remove the waste biomass of cultured microorganisms along-with their products. • Is a device in which a substrate of low value is utilized by living cells or enzymes to generate a product of higher value. • Extensively used for food processing, fermentation, waste treatment, etc.
- 3. BIOREACTOR • All bioreactors deal with heterogeneous systems dealing with two or more phases, e.g., liquid, gas, solid. • Therefore, optimal conditions for fermentation necessitate efficient transfer of mass, heat and momentum from one phase to the other. • Generally, 20-25% of fermenter volume is left unfilled with medium as “head space” to allow for splashing, foaming and aeration. • The fermenter design varies greatly depending on the type and the fermentation for which it is used
- 4. BIOREACTOR A bioreactor should provide for the following: • Agitation (for mixing of cells and medium), • Aeration (aerobic fermenters); for O2 supply, • Regulation of factors like temperature, pH, pressure, aeration, nutrient feeding, liquid level etc., • Sterilization and maintenance of sterility, and • Withdrawal of cells/medium (for continuous fermenters). Modern fermenters are usually integrated with computers for efficient process monitoring, data acquisition, etc.
- 5. SIZE OF FERMENTERS(BIOREACTOR): • The size of fermenters ranges from 1-2-liter laboratory fermenters to 5,00,000 liters or, occasionally, even more, fermenters of up to 1.2 million liters have been used. • The size of the fermenter used depends on the process and how it is operated.
- 6. CONSTRUCTION OF FERMENTERS: • Large-scale industrial fermenters are almost always constructed of stainless steel. • A fermenter is a large cylinder closed at the top and the bottom and various pipes and valves are fitted into it.
- 7. CONSTRUCTION OF FERMENTERS(BIOREACTOR): • Since most industrial fermentation process is aerobic, the construction of a typical aerobic fermenter is the following: I. Cooling Jacket: • The fermenter is fitted externally with a cooling jacket through which steam (for sterilization) or cooling water (for cooling) is run. • Cooling jacket is necessary because sterilization of the nutrient medium and removal of the heat generated are obligatory for successful completion of the fermentation in the fermenter.
- 9. CONSTRUCTION OF FERMENTERS(BIOREACTOR): II. Aeration system: • Critical part of a fermenter. • In a fermenter with a high microbial population density, there is a tremendous oxygen demand by the culture, but oxygen being poorly soluble in water hardly transfers rapidly throughout the growth medium. • Two separate aeration devices are used to ensure proper aeration in fermenter. i. Sparger (series of holes in a metal ring) ii. Impeller(also called agitator) device necessary for stirring of the fermenter.
- 10. CONSTRUCTION OF FERMENTERS(BIOREACTOR): • The stirring accomplishes two things: i. It mixes the gas bubbles through the liquid culture medium and ii. It mixes the microbial cells through the liquid culture medium. In this way, the stirring ensures uniform access of microbial cells to the nutrients.
- 11. CONSTRUCTION OF FERMENTERS(BIOREACTOR): III. Baffles: • The baffles are metal strips normally incorporated into fermenters of all sizes to prevent a vortex and to improve aeration efficiency. IV. Controlling Devices for Environmental Factors • Environmental factors that are frequently controlled includes temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, cells mass, levels of key nutrients, and product concentration.
- 12. CONSTRUCTION OF FERMENTERS(BIOREACTOR): • Use of Computer in Fermenter • Computers are used to model fermentation processes in industrial fermenters. • Integration of computers into fermentation systems is based on the computers capacity for process monitoring, data acquisition, data storage, and error-detection.
- 13. TYPES OF FERMENTER: Following are the types of fermenter • Airlift Fermenter: • Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors: • Photo-Bioreactors: • Bubble Column Fermenter: • Fluidized Bed Bioreactors: • Packed Bed Bioreactors:
- 14. Airlift Fermenter: • In airlift fermenter the liquid culture volume of the vessel is divided into two interconnected zones by means of a baffle or draft tube. • Only one of the two zones is sparged with air or other gas and this sparged zone is known as the riser. • The other zone that receives no gas is called down-comer. • The bulk density of the gas-liquid dispersion in the gas-sparged riser tends to be lower than the bulk density in the down-comer. • consequently the dispersion flows up in the riser zone and down-flow occurs in the down-comer.
- 15. FIG
- 16. • Airlift fermenters are highly energy-efficient. • They are often used in large-scale manufacture of biopharmaceutical proteins obtained from fragile animal cells. • Heat and mass transfer capabilities of airlift reactors are at least as good as those of other systems. • Airlift reactors are more effective in suspending solids than are bubble column fermenters. • All performance characteristics of airlift -fermenter are related ultimately to the gas injection rate and the resulting rate of liquid circulation.
- 17. • The rate of liquid circulation increases with the square root of the height of the airlift device. • Because the liquid circulation is driven by the gas hold-up difference between the riser and the down-comer. • circulation is enhanced if there is little or no gas in the down-comer. • All the gas in the down-comer comes from being entrained in with the liquid as it flows into the down-comer from the riser near the top of the reactor.
- 18. Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors: • A continuous stirred tank bioreactor consists of a cylindrical vessel with motor driven central shaft that supports one or more agitators (impellers). • The shaft is fitted at the bottom of the bioreactor. • The number of impellers is variable and depends on the size of the bioreactor i.e., height to diameter ratio, referred to as aspect ratio.
- 19. • Several types of impellers (Rustom disc, concave bladed, marine propeller etc.) are in use. • The air is added to the culture medium under pressure through a device called sparger. • The sparger may be a ring with many holes or a tube with a single orifice. • The sparger along with impellers (agitators) enables better gas distribution system throughout the vessel. • The bubbles generated by sparger are broken down to smaller ones by impellers and dispersed throughout the medium. • This enables the creation of a uniform and homogeneous environment throughout the bioreactor.
- 20. Advantages of STRs: There are many advantages of STRs. • The efficient gas transfer to growing cells. • Good mixing of the contents and flexible operating conditions, besides the commercial availability of the bioreactors.
- 21. Photo-Bioreactors: • These are the bioreactors specialized for fermentation that can be carried out either by exposing to sunlight or artificial illumination. • Since artificial illumination is expensive, only the outdoor photo-bioreactors are preferred. • Certain important compounds are produced by employing photo-bioreactors e.g., p-carotene, asthaxanthin.
- 22. Types of photo- bioreactors •Continuous run tubular loop •Multiple Parallel tube •Helical wound tubular loop •Flat panel configuration
- 23. • They are made up of glass or more commonly transparent plastic. • The array of tubes or flat panels constitute light receiving systems (solar receivers). • The culture can be circulated through the solar receivers by methods such as using centrifugal pumps or airlift pumps. • It is essential that the cells are in continuous circulation without forming sediments. • Further adequate penetration of sunlight should be maintained. • The tubes should also be cooled to prevent rise in temperature
- 24. Bubble Column Fermenter • Bubble column fermenter is usually cylindrical with an aspect (height to diameter) ratio of 4-6. • Gas is sparged at the base of the column through perforated pipes,perforated plates,or sintered glass or metal micro-porous spargers. • O2 transfer,mixing and other performance factors are influenced mainly by the gas flow rate and the properties of the fluid.
- 25. • Internal devices such as horizontal perforated plates,vertical baffles and corrugated sheet packing,s may be placed in the vessel to improve mass transfer and modify the basic design. • One exception is the axial mixing performance. • For a given gas flow rate,the mixing improves with increasing vessel diameter.
- 27. • Fluidized bed bioreactor is comparable to bubble column bioreactor except the top position is expanded to reduce the velocity of the fluid. • The design of the fluidized bioreactors (expanded top and narrow reaction column) is such that the solids are retained in the reactor while the liquid flows out. • These bioreactors are suitable for use to carry out reactions involving fluid suspended biocatalysts such as immobilized enzymes, immobilized cells, and microbial flocs. Fluidized Bed Bioreactors:
- 28. • For an efficient operation of fluidized beds, gas is spared to create a suitable gas-liquid-solid fluid bed. • It is also necessary to ensure that the suspended solid particles are not too light or too dense (too light ones may float whereas to dense ones may settle at the bottom), and they are in a good suspended state. • Recycling of the liquid is important to maintain continuous contact between the reaction contents and biocatalysts. • This enable good efficiency of bioprocessing.
- 29. Packed Bed Bioreactors: • A bed of solid particles, with biocatalysts on or within the matrix of solids, packed in a column constitutes a packed bed bioreactor. • The solids used may be porous or non-porous gels, and they may be compressible or rigid in nature. • A nutrient broth flows continuously over the immobilized biocatalyst. • The products obtained in the packed bed bioreactor are released into the fluid and removed. • While the flow of the fluid can be upward or downward, down flow under gravity is preferred.
- 30. • The concentration of the nutrients (and therefore the products formed) can be increased by increasing the flow rate of the nutrient broth. • Because of poor mixing, it is rather difficult to control the pH of packed bed bioreactors by the addition of acid or alkali. • However, these bioreactors are preferred for bioprocessing technology involving product-inhibited reactions. • The packed bed bioreactors do not allow accumulation of the products to any significant extent.