FINAL_AIR_POLLUTION.pptx
- 1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION The Earth Is What We All Have In Common
- 2. Air Environment and Noise Pollution Objectives: i. Understand the fundamental concepts and principles of air pollution, environmental impact assessment, and noise pollution. ii. Identify and analyze the sources, characteristics, and effects of air pollutants, and noise pollutants. iii. Evaluate the health, ecological, and societal impacts of air pollution, environmental pollution, and noise pollution. iv. Assess the regulatory frameworks and policy measures for controlling air and noise pollution
- 3. Air Environment and Noise Pollution Objectives: v. Develop sustainable strategies and solutions for minimizing and managing pollutants vi. Apply scientific methods and tools to monitor, measure, and model air quality and noise levels. vii. Critically analyze case studies and research papers on air pollution, environmental and noise pollution.
- 4. Importanceof Understandingthese Issues Exposure to air pollutants and noise is a public health concern owing to linkages with asthma, cardio- vascular disease, hypertension, sleep disturbance and other adverse health effects. Thus, given the presence of environmental hazards, it is important to understand that this environmental factors are crucial for safeguarding human health, protecting the environment, mitigating climate change, ensuring regulatory compliance, fostering sustainable development, and promoting public awareness and engagement. By addressing these issues, we can work towards creating a cleaner, healthier and more sustainable future for all.
- 5. DEFINITION AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or solid dispersed through ordinary air) released in a big enough quantity to harm the health of people or other animals, kill plants or stop them growing properly, damage or disrupt some other aspect of the environment (such as making buildings crumble), or cause some other kind of nuisance (reduced visibility, perhaps, or an unpleasant odor) Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals and humans drastically. Air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources.
- 6. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Pollution enters the Earth's atmosphere in many different ways. Most air pollution is created by people, taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans. Second- hand cigarette smoke is also considered air pollution. These man-made sources of pollution are called anthropogenic sources. Some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, occur naturally. These are called natural sources.
- 7. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Burning of Fossil Fuels The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also results in air pollution.
- 8. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Automobiles The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also result in diseases among individuals.
- 9. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Agricultural Activities Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilisers emit harmful chemicals in the atmosphere and contaminate it.
- 10. Power Plants They emit harmful pollutants, including mercury, non-mercury metallic toxics, acid gases, and organic air toxics such as dioxin. Power plants are currently the dominant emitters of mercury (50 percent), acid gases (over 75 percent) and many toxic metals (20-60 percent) in the United States (see graphic at right). SOURCES AIR POLLUTION
- 11. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Factories and Industries Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air, degrading its quality.
- 12. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Forest Fires A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural and urban areas. Forests fires are as old as the forests themselves. They pose a threat not only to the forest wealth but also to the entire regime to fauna and flora seriously disturbing the bio-diversity and the ecology and environment of a region.
- 13. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazards are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride. Volcanic Eruptions are mainly classified into 3 different categories depending upon what drives them. TYPES OF ERUPTIONS MAGMATIC PHREATIC PHREATOMAGMATIC
- 14. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Mining Activities In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large pieces of equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the process not only pollute the air, but also deteriorate the health of the workers and people living in the nearby areas.
- 15. SOURCES AIR POLLUTION Domestic Sources The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals that are released in the air. The smell from the newly painted walls is the smell of the chemicals present in the paints. It not only pollutes the air but also affects breathing.
- 16. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION o Ammonia (NH3) Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Its main source are agricultural processes, particularly in fertilizer production and livestock waste management. Indoor causes include cigarette smoke and cleaning solutions. o Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless toxic gas. It is emitted directly from vehicles and combustion engines. Indoors, carbon monoxide is produced by boilers, fireplaces, ovens, cooker hoods, central vacuum systems, tobacco smoke, and propane heaters. Other sources of the gas are power plants, biomass burning, forest fires, and the wood industry.
- 17. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION o Nitric oxide (NO) Nitric oxide, also called nitrogen monoxide, is a colourless, toxic gas formed through the combustion processes of coal and petroleum. Main sources include motor vehicles and thermal power plants. o Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Nitrogen dioxide is formed through the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) from combustion processes such as diesel engines and coal, oil, gas, wood, and waste plants.
- 18. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION o Ozone (O3) Ground-level ozone is a pale blue gas with a pungent smell. It is mainly formed through the photochemical reactions of other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds from strong sunlight and UV radiation. Indoor sources stem from electric motors in household appliances including copiers and laser printers.
- 19. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION o Particulate matter (PM) Particulate matter consists of airborne liquid and solid particles. Primary particulate matter is emitted from a direct source, including power plants, vehicle traffic, construction sites, and indoor stoves and heaters. On the other hand, secondary particulate matter is formed as a result of chemical and physical reactions with various compounds, including Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ammonia (NH3).
- 20. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION Air pollution affects all things. It is harmful to our health, and it impacts the environment by reducing visibility and blocking sunlight, causing acid rain, and harming forests, wildlife, and agriculture. Greenhouse gas pollution, the cause of climate change, affects the entire planet.
- 21. HEALTH EFFECTS TABLE Organs Ear, Nose & Throat Irritation Lungs Asthma & Coughing Heart Heart Attack & Failure Brain Dementia & Memory Impairment Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer.
- 22. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION According to the World Health Organization, an estimated seven million people die each year from air pollution. Ground-level ozone causes muscles in the lungs to contract, making it difficult to breathe. Exposure to high ozone levels can cause sore throat, coughing, lung inflammation, and permanent lung damage.
- 23. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION Coughing Wheezing Irritation to eyes, nose and throat Headache Dizziness Fatigue Respiratory disease Cardiovascular damage Harm to liver, spleen and blood Nervous system damage Cancer Birth defects Death
- 24. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION It is harming animals and plants.
- 25. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION Wildlife can experience many of the same negative health effects of air pollution that humans do. Damage to respiratory systems is the most common effect on animals, but neurological problems and skin irritations are also common. Plants and crops grow less when exposed to long-term air pollution. Ozone pollution harms plants by damaging structures called stomata, which are tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow the plant to "breathe." When acid rain, lead toxicity, and exposure to nitrogen oxides change the chemical nature of the soil, plants are robbed of the nutrients that they need to grow and survive. This impacts
- 26. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION It causes Acid Rain. Burning fossil fuels releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide mix with water droplets in the atmosphere to make sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Winds can carry these pollutants for thousands of miles, until they fall to the Earth's surface as acid rain, which damages the leaves of vegetation, increases the acidity of soils and water, and is linked to over 500 deaths each year. Buildings and other structures are also impacted by acid rain, which causes an estimated five billion dollars of property damage each year. Acid rain dissolves mortar between bricks, causes stone foundations to become unstable, and is destroying ancient buildings and statues carved from marble and limestone.
- 27. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION It causes Acid Rain.
- 28. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION It reduces sunlight. High levels of particulate pollution from all types of burning reduces the amount of sunlight that reaches the surface and even changes the appearance of the sky. When less sunlight is available for photosynthesis, forests grow at a slower rate and crops are less productive. Hazy skies not only reduce visibility, but also impact the weather and even the climate.
- 29. OZONE LAYER EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION The hole in the ozone layer is caused by air pollutants. Chemicals used as refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), contain chlorine atoms. Releasing chlorine atoms into the atmosphere destroys ozone. A single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation from the Sun — it protects us in a way that is similar to putting sunscreen on your skin to prevent sunburn. The ozone hole puts all living things at risk by increasing the amount of UVB that reaches the surface. Creates a hole in the ozone layer.
- 30. OZONE LAYER STRATOSPHERE The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. It is the second layer of the atmosphere as you go upward TROPOSPHERE The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. Most of the mass (about 75-80%) of the atmosphere is in the troposphere. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION
- 31. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION It adds too much nitrogen to the land . This map shows global ammonia hotspots identified over a 14-year period. Warm colors represent an increase in ammonia, while cool colors represent a decrease in ammonia.
- 32. EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS AIR POLLUTION It adds too much nitrogen to the land . Gaseous ammonia (NH3) from agriculture and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from car, truck, and airplane emissions increase the amount of nitrogen in soils. Plants need nitrogen to grow, but too much nitrogen can limit the growth of some plants and increase the growth of others, disrupting the balance of species within an ecosystem. This disruption is negatively impacting grasslands and other fragile environments around the world.
- 33. EFFECTS OF GREENHOUSE GAS POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION Greenhouse gas pollution is causing climate change. As a result, ecosystems are changing faster than plants and animals can adapt, and many species are going extinct. Marine ecosystems are vulnerable to ocean acidification caused when carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere is dissolved in seawater. Ocean acidification makes it difficult for many marine species to grow shells and skeletons.
- 34. AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION • Air quality monitoring refers to the collection and measurement of ambient air pollution samples. The data from these samples is compared to clean air standards and historical information regarding air quality levels, along with data reflecting its health and environmental impacts, to determine the state of air.
- 35. IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AIR QUALITY AIR POLLUTION • Improve air quality • Monitor compliance with regulations • Monitor climate change • Support research and development • Protect health
- 36. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION 1) Ozone-ultraviolet spectroscopy Sample air is drawn into a cell where a beam of ultraviolet light is passed through it to an ultraviolet detector. Some of the light is absorbed by ozone in the sample. The decrease in intensity between the transmitted light and that of the source is used to determine the ozone concentration in the sample.
- 37. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION 2) Oxides of nitrogen-chemiluminescence Sample air is drawn into a reaction chamber where nitric oxide (NO) in the sample reacts with a stream of ozone produced by an ultraviolet lamp in dried air. The reaction produces light (chemiluminescence). The light intensity, measured by a photomultiplier tube is proportional to the concentration of nitric oxide. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reported is assumed to be the difference between total nitrogen oxides and nitric oxides.
- 38. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION 3) Sulfur dioxide-pulsed fluorescent spectrophotometry A stream of sample air is drawn through a cell where it is exposed to pulsed ultraviolet light, resulting in excitation of sulfur dioxide molecules. The intensity of the fluorescent light measured by a photomultiplier tube is proportional to the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the sample air.
- 39. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION 4) Carbon monoxide-infrared spectrometry Sample air is drawn into a cell where a beam of infrared light is passed through it to a photodetector. Some of the light is absorbed by CO in the sample, the amount being proportional to the number of molecules present. By comparing the light intensity received by the photodetector through the sample cell with that received through a similar cell containing reference gas, the concentration of carbon monoxide may be determined .
- 40. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION 5) Ammonia -chemiluminescence Ammonia (NH3) is measured with the same instrument as used for nitrogen oxides by way of modification which converts ammonia to nitric oxide. The nitric oxide and ozone then react to produce a characteristic luminescence.
- 41. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING AIR POLLUTION 6) Visibility-nephelometer A sample of air, having been heated to eliminate any water droplets (fog), is continuously drawn through a sample cell. A beam of light is used to illuminate the air stream. Suspended fine particles in the air cause some of light to be scattered. A photomultiplier tube, produces a signal proportional to the intensity of the scattered light. The method detects particles about 0.1-2.0 micrometers.
- 42. AIR QUALITY INDICES AND STANDARDS AIR POLLUTION • Air quality indices are commonly used to indicate the level of severity of air pollution to the public. The intended use of the air quality index is to identify the vulnerable zone. • 2 Types; -Single pollutant index -Multi-pollutant index
- 43. AIR QUALITY INDEX AQI values at or below 100 are generally thought of as satisfactory. When AQI values are above 100, air quality is unhealthy: at first for certain sensitive groups of people, then for everyone as AQI values get higher. GOOD MODERATE UNHEALTHY VERY UNHEALTHY HAZARDOUS UNHEALTHY (for sensitive group) 0 50 100 150 200 300 500
- 44. AIR QUALITY INDICES AND STANDARDS AIR POLLUTION World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines -the WHO’s air quality guidelines serve as a global target for national, regional and city governments to work towards improving their citizen’s health by reducing air pollution. -2 types of national air quality standards: a) Primary standards – set limits to protect public health, including the “sensitive group.” b) Secondary standards – set limits to public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.
- 45. THANK YOU BY: GROUP 3
- 46. Slide Chef