Financing plan

The Financial Plan
1
Entrepreneurship

The Financial Plan
10-2
 It provides the entrepreneur with a
complete picture of:
 The amount funds and when they are coming
into the organization.
 Where funds are going and how much cash is
available.
 The projected financial position of the firm.
 The plan explains how the entrepreneur
intends to meet financial obligations and
maintain the venture’s liquidity.
Chapter: The Financial Plan
Source: Entrepreneurship by Hisrich, Peters & Shepherd

Operating and Capital Budgets
10-3
 These are developed before developing the
pro forma income statement.
 Sales budget – An estimate of the expected
volume of sales by month.
 Cost of sales can be determined from the sales
forecasts.
 In manufacturing ventures, costs of internal
production and subcontracting are compared.
 Includes estimated ending inventory required as
a buffer.

Table 10.1 - A Sample
Manufacturing Budget for First
Three Months
10-4

 Operating costs:
 Includes fixed expenses incurred regardless of
sales volume.
 Variable expenses must be linked to strategy in
the business plan.
 Capital budgets provide a basis for
evaluating expenditures that will impact the
business for more than one year.
Operating and Capital Budgets
10-5

Table 10.2 - A Sample Operating Budget
for First Three Months ($000s)
10-6

Pro Forma Income Statements
10-7
 Pro forma income - Projected net profit
calculated from projected revenue minus
projected costs and expenses.
 Sales by month is calculated first.
Basis of the figures - Marketing research, industry
sales, trial experience, forecasting, and financial data
on similar start-ups.
 Projections of all operating expenses for each of
the months during the first year should be
made.

 Increasing selling expenses as sales increase
should be taken into account.
 Changes in expenses during the first year can
necessitate month-by-month illustration.
 Increase in individual expenses need to be
reflected in the first year’s pro forma income
statement.
 Projections should be made for years 2 and 3 as
well; consider expenses that are likely to remain
stable over time.
Pro Forma Income Statements (cont.)
10-8

Table 10.3 - MPP Plastics Inc., Pro Forma
Income Statement, First Year by Month
($000s)
10-9

Pro Forma Cash Flow
10-10
 Projected cash available calculated from
projected cash accumulations minus
projected cash disbursements.
 It is not the same as profit.
 Sales may not be regarded as cash.
 Use of profit as a measure of success may be
deceiving if there is significant negative cash
flow.
 Cash flow can be projected using the indirect or
direct method.

Table 10.5 - Statement of Cash
Flows: The Indirect Method
10-11

 Entrepreneurs must make monthly
projections of cash.
 If disbursements are greater than receipts -
entrepreneur must either borrow funds or have
cash in a bank.
 Large positive cash flows need to be invested or
deposited in a bank for periods when
disbursements are greater than receipts.
 Determining the exact monthly receipts and
disbursements is difficult.
 Pro forma cash flow is based on best
estimates.
Pro Forma Cash Flow (cont.)
10-12

Table 10.6 - MPP Plastics Inc., Pro
Forma Cash Flow, First Year by
Month ($000s)
10-13

Pro Forma Balance Sheet
10-14
 Summarizes the projected assets, liabilities,
and net worth of the new venture.
 It is a picture of the business at a certain
moment in time and does not cover a period of
time.
 Consists of:
Assets - Items that are owned or available to be used
in the venture operations; can be current or fixed.
Liabilities - Money that is owed to creditors; can be
current or long-term debt.
Owner’s equity - Amount owners have invested and/or
retained from the venture operations.Chapter: The Financial Plan

Table 10.7 - MPP Plastics Inc., Pro
Forma Balance Sheet, End of First
Year ($000s)
10-15

 Breakeven - Volume of sales where the
venture neither makes a profit nor incurs a
loss.
 The break-even formula:
Break-Even Analysis
10-16
B/E(Q) = TFC
SP-VC/unit (marginal contribution)
 Major weakness in calculating the
breakeven lies in determining if a cost is a
fixed or variable.

Figure 10.1 - Graphic
Illustration of Breakeven
10-17

Pro Forma Sources
and Applications of Funds
10-18
 Sources:
 Operations.
 New investments.
 Long-term borrowing.
 Sale of assets.
 Uses/ Applications:
 Increase assets.
 Retire long-term liabilities.
 Reduce owner or stockholders’ equity.
 Pay dividends.Chapter: The Financial Plan

10-19
Software Packages
 A spreadsheet program (Microsoft Excel) is
most suitable for completing pro forma
statements.
 Helps present different scenarios and assess
their impact on the pro forma statements.
 A simple and easy to use software is useful
in the start-up stage.
 Software packages vary in price and
complexity.
10-19

Financing plan

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Financing plan