Finger millet .ppt

Communication Series
Shiv Singh Yadav
Study – Banda University Of Agriculture and
technology Bnada,
Havenly Miss. Sapna
Study- CSAUAT , Kanpur
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV Mob -8381912586
FINGER MILLET

FINGER MILLET
(Eleusine coracana Gaertn)
Family: Poaceae
Chromosome number: 2n=36

Origin and history:
 Origin: Ethopia (East Africa)
 African native, Elucine africana (2n = 36 ) has resemblance with cultivated Elucine coracana
( tetraploid, 2n = 36 ) than Indian local grass, Elucine indica (2n = 18 ).
 The cultivated race Elucine coracana was developed from African lowland race, which was
transformed from African upland race.
 This explains why present varieties of finger millet are successfully grown in plains as well as
in hilly regions of India.
 The high yielding varieties of ragi were evolved by crossing cultivated Indian race, Elucine
coracana and African race, Elucine africana ( called Indaf varieties ).

Economic importance:
 Finger millet - also called as Ragi or Mandua.
 It is grown both for grain and forage.
 Never cultivated exclusively as fodder.
 It is used in many preparations like chapatis, cakes, puddlings, sweets etc.
 It is known as nutri- grain because it contains 9.2% protein, 1.2% fat, 76%
carbohydrate, 2.3% iron, phosphorus and calcium, 3.9% ash and Vitamins A and
B.
 It is good for person suffering from diabetes.
 The green straw is suitable for making silage.
 It has methionine containing protein which is not found in other cereals.
 Malted grains are fed to lactating mothers, pregnant women, and as weaning food
for children.

Area and distribution:
 Mandua is widely cultivated in India, Africa, Ceylon, Malaysia , China and Japan.
 In India it is cultivated over an area of 1.19 million hectares with the total
production of about 1.98 million tonnes.
 It is an important crop of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra ,
Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh.

Current data of area, production and productivity of finger
millet in world, India and states of year 2018-2019:
World: Area 27million hectares
Production 36 million tonnes
Productivity 1336Kg/hec.
Sources: https://eprawisdom.com/jpanel/upload/articles/1235pm23.M.Sankaran.pdf

Leading states in India:
State Area(m ha) Production (mT) Productivity (Kg/ha)
Karnataka 0.76 1.3 1715
Uttarakhand o.13 0.16 1235
Maharashtra 0.12 0.11 908
Tamil Nadu 0.08 0.16 1976
Odisha 0.05 0.03 639
Uttar Pradesh 0.07 0.092 1314
India 1.19 1.98 1661
SOURCES:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321787439_Finger_Millet_Eleusine_coracana_L_Gaertn_Prod
uction_System_Status_Potential_Constraints_and_Implications_for_Improving_Small_Farmer%27s_We
lfare

Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Sub kingdom : Tracheobionta
Super division : Spermatophyta
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Liliospida
Sub class : Commelinidae
Order : Cyperales
Family : Poaceae
Genus : Elucine Gaertn
Species: Elucine coracana (L.) Gaertn.

Botanical description:
 Habit : Annual, herbaceous.
 Family: Poaceae.
 Height: 30-150 cm.
 Root system: Adventitious.
 Stem: Compressed, elliptic.

 Culm: Green in colour. Culm nodes are glabrous and internodes are
solid or hollow.
 Leaf: Sheaths are flat and blades are linear, narrow, flat or folded,
without cross venation.
 Inflorescence: It consists of a group of spikes (Fingers) in terminal
umbel form.
 Spikelets: Spikelets are compressed laterally, curved into two
overlapping rows on the outer sides of spike.
 Each spikelet has 4-6 flowers, flowers per ear head are 1500-3000.

 Lemma: Pointed, awnless, hairless.
 Palea: Present, awnless.
 Lodicules: Present and two in numbers jointed or free, fleshy.
 Glumes: Two, more or less equal.
 Stamens: Flower contains 3 stamens, short anther and long filament.
 Pistil: Ovary glabrous. Styles free to their bases.
Branched stigma with white or brown in colour.
 Fruit: The grain are globose.

Different species:
Diploid species: 1. Elucine indica
2.E. oligostachya
3.E. tristachya
4.E. Poranansis
5.E. Jaegeri
6.E. Flacifolia
Tetraploid species: 1. E. coracana
2.E. Africana
3.E. Longipoides
4.E. Verticillata
5.E. Cagopoides

There are two cultivated types of ragi:
 Indian ragi: (2n = 4x = 36) - E. coracana (tetraploids) - short fingers, small grains,
photo insensitive.
 African ragi: (2n = 4x = 36) - E. africana (tetraploids). It has long fingers, bold
grains, stiff straw, photosensitive and uneven grain maturity phase.

Climate (cont...):
 It has wide seasonal adaptability due to ability to adjust to varying
temperature, moisture and altitude.
 It can be grown under irrigation, high rainfall and even under semi-arid
conditions.
 Generally grown as kharif crop, in whole India and also in rabi/summer
with irrigation.
 In kharif season grown in, pre-monsoon season, monsoon or late monsoon
season provided its duration is altered to adjust to rainy period.

Soil:
 It can be grown on a wide variety of soils from ranging from very poor to very fertile
soils.
 It thrives best on well drained loam soils or clay loam soils.
 Heavy black cotton soil, gravely and stony soil with poor fertility and drainage are not
suitable.
 It tolerates salinity better than other cereals.

Varieties:

State. Promising varieties
Andhra Pradesh. Padmavathi,Gautami, HR-374,AKP-7
Bihar. RAU-5, RAU- 8, A-404,BM-2
Gujarat. GN-3,BR- 407
Karnataka. MR-1,MR-2,GPU-28,HR-374,HAMSA
Madhya Pradesh JNR-852, JNR1008,BR- 407, PR-202
Maharashtra PES-176,HR-374,BR-407
Tamil Nadu. CO-13,TRY-1.
Uttarakhand. PES-400,VL-124,VL-149, KM-65,VL-146, PES-176.
Uttar Pradesh KM 13, KM 65, PES 110

Varieties according to seasons:
 Early Kharif - Suraj, Champavati, Indaf 9, VL 149.
 Kharif - KM 13, KM 65, PES 110, VL 124, VL 204, PES 400, VL 149.
 Late Kharif - Godavari, Ratnagiri, Gautami, PR 202, GPU 28, GPU 45.
 Rabi - Padmavathi, Kalyani, Indaf 7.
 Late Rabi - Godavari, Ratnagiri, Gautami, OEC 10.
 Summer - Indaf 5, HR 911, GPU 26/45, Samthagiri, Maruthi, Co 11, Co 12, Co 13, Paiyur 1.

Varieties recommended for Bundelkhand Region:
 ML - 365
 GPU - 48
 PR- 202
 GPU- 28
 Indaf-8
 GPU-45

Cropping systems:
North India
1. Finger millet – chick pea
2. Finger millet- barley
3. Finger millet- mustard
4. Finger millet- linseed
5. Finger millet- tobacco
South India
1. Finger millet(ragi) – ground nut
2. Finger millet(ragi)- tobacco
3. Finger millet – sugar cane
4. Finger millet -potato- maize
5. Finger millet- potato- Finger millet

Cropping system followed in Bundelkhand region :
1.Finger millet - wheat - mung bean
2.Finger millet - wheat - Land fallow
3.Finger millet - chickpea - Land fallow
4.Finger millet - wheat + mustard - Land fallow

Systems of cultivation:
1.Transplanted crop: The nursery is raised and 2-3 seedlings are transplanted
after 20-25 days to the main field. It can be practiced both under irrigation or
rainfed conditions (in heavy rainfall tracts ).
2.Drill sown crop : Seeds are drilled along with fertilizers by seed cum fertilizer
drills and later thinned after emergence.
3.Plough sole method: Seeds are sown inside the furrow, created by a plough, by
using drag tubes attached to plough.
4.Broadcasting : It is a primitive method followed in parts of Uttar Pradesh .
The crop yields are less due to competition and difficulty to weed control.

Raising Ragi nursery ( for 1 hectare ):
 38 beds of 7.5m*1.2m*10cm are required.
 All beds should be prepared in well pulverised land by applying 15kg
FYM/bed.
 Apply 1/2 kg of Ammonium sulphate + 1kg super phosphate + 1/2 kg murate
of potash to each bed. Mix them well.
 Broadcast 4- 5 kg seeds by equally distributing to all the plots. Irrigate
regularly.
 Top dress after 12 days, with 1/2 kg urea/ plot.
 Seedlings will be ready after 20- 25 days.

Field preparation:
The first ploughing with the mould board plough should be done immediately
after the harvest of previous crop.
In South India where the soil becomes too hard for ploughing a shallow string
should be given by a disc harrow.
Field should be harrowed or ploughed with local plough two to three times
finally levelled.
Seedbed of mandua should be free from weeds, friable and smooth for better
germination and crop growth.

Seed and Sowing:
Time of sowing:
 The Irrigated crop of finger millet is sown in more than one season in Karnataka ,
Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
 The rainfed crop is sown in April to early May.
 Kharif season main crop is sown during may or June.
 Sowing should be done early in rainfed conditions to avoid moisture stress at critical
stage of flowering.
 The irrigated crop in Rabi season in Karnataka , Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh is
sown in September and October .

Seed rate :
 The quantity of seed required is between 8-10 kg per hectare
 In case of line sowing when crop is raised by transplanting 4 to 5 kg is sufficient for
raising nursery.
 Seed should be treated with the thiram at the rate of 2.5g per kg of seed.

Metho
It is beneficial to sow mandua in lines 3-4 cm deep.
Line sowing ensures better germination in mandua crop.
Spacing: 20-25 * 8-10 cm
Mandua can be raised by the method of transplanting.
Seed should be sown in month may- june.
About 4-5 kg seed of mandua will give enough seedling to transplant one

Manures and Fertilisers:
 Apply about 5-10 tonnes of FYM or compost per hectare one month before
sowing.
 Apply NPK in the ratio of 60:30:0.
 Entire amount of phosphatic and potassic and half amount of nitrogenous
fertilizer should be applied at the time of sowing.
 Half of the remaining dose of nitrogen should be top dressed into two equal
split doses after 30 and 50 days of sowing.
 The entire quantity of fertilizer should be applied 8-10 cm deep in the soil at
the time of sowing.

Water management:
 Furrows and ridges should be prepared for irrigation which would serve dual
purpose of irrigation and drainage.
 Finger millet sown during Kharif generally does not need any irrigation, however
at tillering and flowering stage if rain stops then irrigation would be required to
obtain good yield.

Weeds and their management:

Among grassy weeds, Echinochloa colonum, Enhinochloa
crusgulli (sawan), Dactyloctenium aegypticum (makra), Elusine indica (kodo), Setaria
glauca (banra), Cynodon dactylon (doob), Phragmites karka (narkul), Cyperus
rotundus (motha), Sorghum halepanse (banchari) are common.
The broad-leaved weeds are Celosia argentia (chilimil), Commelina
benghalensis (kankoua), Phylanthus niruri (hulhul), Solanum nigrum (makoi)
and Amaranthus viridis (chaulai).
 The inter cultivation and weeding should be done with hand hoe after 25 days of
sowing.
 Two to three hoeings should be sufficient to control the weed in problem areas.

List of herbicides:
Herbicide Dosage Time of application
Butachlor 50 EC 0.75 kg ai/ha Pre-emergence
Oxyfluorfen 25 EC 80g ai/ha Pre-emergence
Oxadiargyl 80 WP 80g ai/ha Post-emergence
Bensulfuron-methyl
+ pretilachlor
45g ai/ha + 450g
ai/ha respectively
Pre- emergence
Bispyribac-sodium
10% SC
20g ai/ha Post- emergence
application
Sources:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319199791_Pre-
and_postemergence_herbicides_for_weed_management_in_finger_millet

Diseases:
Blasts:
Cause: Pyricularia fungi .
Symptoms:
 Grey - green to yellow lesions forming on leaf blades.
 In severe condition, spots may coalesce to form large blighted spots.
 Main stem becomes infected and the ear heads break over.
 Grains of infected ear heads are shrivelled and become light in weight.
Control Measures:
 Treat seeds with thiram or Ceresan at the rate of 2.5 g per kg of seed .
 Grow resistant varieties like Sharda ,PES-8,PES-176,VL-146,VL-149 ,Gautami etc.

Seedling Blight
Causal agent: Fungus Cochilobolus noduloeus.
Symptoms: It causes severe damage during years with high
continuous rainfall.
 This disease occurs throughout the life cycle of finger millet
plant and may infect all parts of the plant.
Control Measures:
 Seed treatment with organo - mercurials like ceresan or thiram
etc.
 Spray the crop with 0.2 percent zineb.

Downy Mildew:
Causal agent: Fungus, Sclerophthora macrospora.
Symptoms: Plants are stunted and leaves may arise close together in a bunch.
Control Measures:
 Spray 0.2% Mancozeb 75 Wp.
 Keep the field clean.

Insect Pests:
Stem borer:
Larvae bore inside stem and feed on
tissues leading to death of growing points
(cause dead heart)
Control:
Spray 0.2% Carbaryl or dropping 4%
carbaryl granules in whorls.

Bihar hairy caterpillar and grass hoppers:
Feed on leaves tissues except veins and midribs.
Control:
Dusting of 2% methyl parathion.

Ear head caterpillar:
Caterpillar eat away developing ear head.
Control:
Dusting Carbaryl @20kg/ha

Aphids:
They suck the sap from leaves and
reduce their turgidity.
Control:
Spray Phosphomidon @2.5ml/l

Harvesting and threshing:
 The crop matures in about 120-135 days depending on tract and the variety.
 The earheads are harvested with ordinary sickles and straw is cut close to the ground.
 Earheads are heaped for three to four days to cure and then threshed with hands or
bullocks.
 At some places under rainfed conditions , the whole plant with earhead is cut, heaped and
then threshed.

Yield:
 With improved package and practices, it is possible to harvest 20- 25 quintals of
grain and 60 to 80 quintals of fodder per hectare.
 The straw of mandua makes nutritious fodder.
 It can be conserved by putting up in well built stakes.

Anti-nutritional factors:
 Iron , calcium , and phosphorus content in ragi grains are exceptionally high as compared to other cereals.
 However, bio availability of these minerals may be at stake, due to the presence of anti- nutritional factors like, phytic
acid and tannins ( polyphenols).
 Tannins and phytic acid bind the minerals as well as proteins and reduce their digestible contents.
 These anti- nutritional factors could be reduced by conventional processing techniques like germination, fermentation
and dehulling.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Modern Techniques of Raising field crops - Chhidda Singh, Prem Singh, Rajbir Singh
 Textbook of field crop production - Rajendra Prasad
 Textbook of field crops - Mukund Joshi
 http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/chemical-weed-control-finger-millet
 https://www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/crops/fodder/finger-millet#TypesofVarieties
 http://isws.org.in/IJWSn/File/2016_48_Issue-4_447-449.pdf
 https://www.indiastat.com/agriculture-data/2/agricultural-production/225/ragi-finger-millet/17200/stats.aspx
 www.fao.org
 https://eprawisdom.com/jpanel/upload/articles/1235pm23.M.Sankaran.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321787439_Finger_Millet_Eleusine_coracana_L_Gaertn_Production_Syste
m_Status_Potential_Constraints_and_Implications_for_Improving_Small_Farmer%27s_Welfare
 https://www.ijcmas.com/special/7/Pandey%20Satish,%20et%20al.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319199791_Pre-and_post-
emergence_herbicides_for_weed_management_in_finger_millet

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