CYSTS (MEANING BLADDER N GREEKS)
*) PATHOLOGICAL CAVITY
*) OFTEN FLUID FILLED LINED BY EPITHELIUM
*) IN MANY INSTANCES, EXACT PATHOGENESIS OF THESE LESIONS IS STILL UNCERTAIN
*) MAINLY 2 TYPES
1.TRUE CYST.
• CYST WALL IS LINED BY EPITHELIUM OR ENDO- THELIUM.
• IF INFECTION OCCURS CYST WALL WILL BE LINED BY GRANULATION TISSUE.
• FLUID IS USUALLY SEROUS OR MUCOID DERIVED FROM THE SECRETION OF THE
LINING.
2.FALSE CYST
• IT DOES NOT HAVE EPITHELIAL LINING.
• FLUID COLLECTION IS AS A RESULT OF EXUDATION OR DEGENERATION
IN ORAL CAVITY CYST IS CLASSIFIED INTO 2 TYPES-
i. ODONTOGENIC CYST
ii. NON ODONTOGENIC CYST
FISSURAL CYST
• FISSURAL (OR INCLUSION) CYSTS OF BONE OCCUR IN THE JAWS AND HAVE GENERALLY BE
CONSIDERED ARISING, AS THE NAME WOULD INDICATE, ALONG THE LINES OF FUSION OF
VARIOUS BONES OR EMBRYONIC PROCESSES.
• THESE ARE TRUE CYSTS. IE, THE EPITHELIUM BEING DERIVED FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS WH
ARE ENTRAPPED BETWEEN EMBRYONIC PROCESSES OF BONES AT UNION LINES.
• THESE FISSURAL CYSTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED:
(1) MEDIAN ANTERIOR MAXILLARY CYST.
(2) MEDIAN PALATAL CYST.
(3) GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST.
(4) MEDIAN MANDIBULAR CYST.
THERE ARE SEVERAL ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL CYSTS DERIVED FROM EMBRYOLOGIC
STRUCTURES OR FAULTS WHICH INVOLVE THE ORAL OR ADJACENT SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURES
THESE MAY BE LISTED AS:
(1) NASOALVEOLAR CYST.
(2) PALATAL CYSTS OF THE NEONATE.
(3) THYROGLOSSAL TRACT CYST.
(4) BENIGN CERVICAL LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST.
(5) EPIDERMOID AND DERMOID CYST.
(6) HETEROTOPIC ORAL GASTROINTESTINAL CYST.
NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST (NASOPALATINE CANAL CYST, INCISIVE CANAL CYST)
+ MOST COMMON NON-ODONTOGENIC CYST OF ORAL CAVITY
+ BELIEVED TO ARAISE FROM REMANANTS OF NASOPALATINE DUCT
- EMBRYOLOGIC STRUCTURE
- CONNECTS ORAL + NASAL CAVITIES IN AREAS OF INCISIVE CANAL
- NORMALLY DEGENERATE IN HUMANS BUT MAY LEAVE EPITHELIAL REMANANTS BEHIND
INCISIVE CANALS
+ CLINICAL FEATURES
- ALMOST ANY ( MOST COMMON IN 4TH - 6TH DECADES OF LIFE )
- SWELLING OF ANTERIOR PALATE
- DRAINAGE
- PAIN
- ASYMPTOMATIC
- DISCOVERED ON ROUTINE RADIOGRAPHS
- RARE INSTANCES, A NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST MAY DEVELOP IN
SOFT TISSUES OF INCISIVE PAPILLA AREA
* WITHOUT ANY INVOLVEMENT OF BONE
* CYST OF INCISIVE PAPILLA
[ BLUE DISCOLORATION]

+ RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
- WELL CIRCUMSCRIBED RADIOLUCENCY IN OR NEAR MIDLINE OF ANTERIOR MAXILLA
* BETWEEN APICAL TO CENTRAL INCISOR
- ROOT RESORPTION IS RARELY NOTED
- LESION MOST OFTEN AS ROUND /OVAL WITH A SCLEROTIC BORDER
- SOME CASES , A CLASSIC HEART SHAPE
* RESULT OF SUPER IMPOSITION OF NASAL SPINE
* OR BECAUSE THEY ARE NOTCHED BY NASAL SEPTUM
- DIAMETER CAN RANGE FROM SMALL LESIONS , LESS THAN 6MM AND FOR DESTRUCTIVE
MORE THAN 6MM
- MOST CYST ARE IN 1.0CM -2.5 CM WITH AVG 1.5- 1.7CM
+ TREATMENT & PROGNOSIS
- SURGICAL ENUCLEATION
- BIOPSY IS RECOMMENDED
* BECAUSE LESION IS NOT DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHICALLY
* BENIGN + MALIGANANT LESIONS HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO MIMIC NPDC
- PALATAL FLAP REFLECTED AFTER INCISION(MADE ALONG LINGUAL GINGIVAL MARGIN O
ANTERIOR MAXILLARY TEETH)
- RECURRANCE IS RARE
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
- A CAVITY LINED BY EPITHELIUM AND SURROUNDED BY A CONNECTIVE
TISSUE WALL.
- NPDCS HAVE SQUAMOUS, CO- LUMNAR, CUBOIDAL, OR SOME
COMBINATION OF THESE EPITHELIAL TYPES; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM IS SEEN IN
9.8%.
- IT MAY ALSO BE REFLECTIVE OF THE PLURIPOTENTIAL CHARACTER OF THE
EMBRYONIC EPITHELIAL REMNANTS. RARELY, DENDRITIC MELANOCYTES HAVE
BEEN REPORTED WITHIN THE EPITHELIUM.
-THE PRESENCE OF MODERATELY SIZED PERIPHERAL NERVES, ARTERIES AND
VEINS, MUCOUS GLANDS, ADIPOSE TISSUE ALSO NOTED.
-THE CYST FLUID HAS BEEN REPORTED TO CONTAIN ERYTHROCYTES,
LEUKOCYTES, DESQUAMATED EPITHELIAL CELLS, TISSUE DEBRIS, AND BACTERIA.
MEDIAN PALATAL CYST (RARE)
+ ARISES FROM EPITHELIUM ENTRAPPED ALONG THE LINE OF FUSION OF THE PALATAL
PROCESSES OF THE MAXILLA
+ CLINICAL FEATURES
- FIRM SWELLING OF MIDLINE OF HARD PALATE PSTERIOR TO PALATINE PAPILLA
- MOST FREQUENT IN YOUNG ADULTS
- OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC
- PAIN & EXPANSION
- MUST BE STRESSED OUT THAT A TRUE MEDIAL PALATAL CYST SHOULD EXHIBIT CLINICA
ENLARGEMENT OF PALATE
- MIDLINE RADIOLUCENCY WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF EXPANSION IS PROBABLY A
NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST.

+ RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
- ON THE PALATAL RADIOGRAPH A WELL- CIRCUMSCRIBED RADIOLUCENT AREA IS SEEN
OPPOSITE THE BICUSPID AND MOLAR REGION, FREQUENTLY BORDERED BY A SCLEROTIC LAYE
OF BONE.
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
- THE LINING OF SUCH A CYST USUALLY CONSISTS OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIU
OVERLYING A RELATIVELY DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE BAND WHICH MAY SHOW
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATION.
- AND SOMETIMES LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM OR E
A ‘MODIFIED’ SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM TOO.
+ TREATMENT
- SURGICAL REMOVAL AND THOROUGH CURETTAGE.
GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST
+ CYST FOUND WITHIN THE BONE BETWEEN THE MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR AND CANI
TEETH.
+ THERE IS NOW A CONSIDERABLE BODY OF OPINION AGAINST THE IDEA THAT THEY ARE
FISSURAL CYSTS, WE HAVE INCLUDED HERE A DESCRIPTION OF THIS CYST DUE TO THE CITED
REASON.
- THE GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST IS FOUND WITHIN THE BONE AT THE
JUNCTION OF THE GLOBULAR PORTION OF THE MEDIAL NASAL PROCESS AND THE
MAXILLARY PROCESS, THE GLOBULOMAXILLARY FISSURE, USUALLY BETWEEN THE
MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR AND CUSPID TEETH.
-HOWEVER, THERE ARE REPORTS OF EVIDENCE THAT THE CYST ACTUALLY
FORMS IN THE BONE SUTURE BETWEEN THE PREMAXILLA AND MAXILLA, THE
INCISIVE SUTURE, SO THAT ITS LOCATION MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE CLEFT
RIDGE AND PALATE.
- BECAUSE OF THIS, FERENCZY HAS SUGGESTED THE TERM ‘PREMAXILLA-
MAXILLARY CYST’ AS MORE ACCURATELY DESCRIBING ITS ORIGIN.
- THE CAUSE OF THE PROLIFERATION OF EPITHELIUM ENTRAPPED ALONG
THIS LINE OF FUSION IS UNKNOWN.
+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- CYST IS SELDOM IF EVER PRESENTS .
- RARELY, THE CYST DOES BECOME INFECTED, AND THE PATIENT MAY
COMPLAIN OF LOCAL DISCOMFORT OR PAIN IN THE AREA.

+ RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES.
- THIS CYST, ON THE INTRAORAL RADIO- GRAPH, CHARACTERISTICALLY
APPEARS AS AN INVERTED, PEAR-SHAPED RADIOLUCENT AREA BETWEEN THE
ROOTS OF THE LATERAL INCISOR AND CUSPID, USUALLY CAUSING DIVERGENCE OF
THE ROOTS OF THESE TEETH .
- CARE MUST BE EXERCISED NOT TO CONFUSE THIS LESION WITH AN APICAL
PERIODONTAL CYST .
-DIFFERENT TYPES OF LESIONS MAY PRESENT RADIOGRAPHICALLY WITH
FEATURES CHARACTERISTIC OF A GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST , SUCH LESIONS AS
THE PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA, APICAL PERIODONTAL CYST, LATERAL
PERIODONTAL CYST, ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST, CENTRAL GIANT CELL
GRANULOMA, CALCIFYING ODONTOGENIC CYST, AND ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA.
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- LINED BY EITHER STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS OR CILIATED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM OR IT IS LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM.
- THE REMAINDER OF THE WALL IS MADE UP OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE, USUALLY SHOWING INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATION.
+ TREATMENT.
- THIS TYPE OF CYST SHOULD BE SURGICALLY REMOVED, PRESERVING THE
ADJACENT TEETH IF POSSIBLE.
MEDIAN MANDIBULAR CYST
+ IT IS AN EXTREMELY RARE LESION OCCURRING IN THE MIDLINE OF THE
MANDIBLE.
+ IT IS OF DISPUTED ORIGIN. SOME AUTHORITIES CONSIDER IT A TRUE
DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITION ORIGINATING FROM PROLIFERATION OF EPITHELIAL
REMNANTS ENTRAPPED IN THE MEDIAN MANDIBULAR FISSURE DURING FUSION
OF THE BILATERAL MANDIBULAR FISSURE DURING FUSION OF THE BILATERAL
MANDIBULAR ARCHES, AND OTHER POSSIBILITIES TOO
+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- ASYMPTOMATIC.
- THEY PRODUCE OBVIOUS EXPANSION OF THE CORTICAL PLATES OF BONE,
AND THE ASSOCIATED TEETH; UNLESS OTHERWISE INVOLVED, THEY REACT
NORMALLY TO PULP VITALITY TESTS.

+ RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES.
- GENERALLY THAT OF A UNILOCULAR, WELL-CIRCUMSCRIBED
RADIOLUCENCY, ALTHOUGH IT MAY ALSO APPEAR MULTILOCULAR.
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- IT SHOWS A THIN, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, OFTEN WITH
MANY FOLDS AND PROJECTIONS, LINING A CENTRAL LUMEN. BUT IN SOME
REPORTED CASES, THE CYST HAS BEEN LINED BY A PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM.
+ TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.
- TOO FEW CASES HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE CERTAIN OF THE PROGNOSIS
OF THE MEDIAN MANDIBULAR DEVELOPMENTAL CYST, BUT CONSERVATIVE
SURGICAL EXCISION WITH PRESERVATION OF ASSOCIATED TEETH, IF POSSIBLE, IS
DEEMED ADVISABLE.
NASOALVEOLAR CYST (NASOLABIAL CYST, KLESTADT’S CYST)
+ IT IS NOT FOUND WITHIN BONE, BUT IS USUALLY DESCRIBED AS A RARE
FISSURAL CYST THAT MAY INVOLVE BONE SECONDARILY.
+ IT HAS BEEN THOUGHT TO ARISE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE GLOBULAR
PROCESS, THE LATERAL NASAL PROCESS, AND THE MAXILLARY
PROCESS AS A RESULT OF PROLIFERATION OF ENTRAPPED EPITHELIUM ALONG
THE FUSION LINE.
+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- IT MAY CAUSE A SWELLING IN THE MUCOLABIAL FOLD AS WELL AS IN THE
FLOOR OF THE NOSE, BEING LOCATED NEAR THE ATTACHMENT OF THE ALA OVER
THE MAXILLA.
- SUPERFICIAL EROSION OF THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE MAXILLA MAY BE
PRODUCED BY PRESSURE OF THE NASOALVEOLAR CYST.
- COMMONLY SEEN IN ADULTS.
- PEAK PREVALANCE IN 4TH-5TH DECADES OF LIFE.
- SIGNIFICANT PREDILECTION FOR WOMEN.


+ RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
- CYST ARISES IN SOFT TISSUES
- PRESSURE RESORPTION OF UNDERLYING BONE MAY OCCUR
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- IT MAY BE LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WHICH IS
SOMETIMES CILIATED, OFTEN WITH GOBLET CELLS, OR BY STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM.
+ TREATMENT.
- SURGICALLY EXCISED.
PALATAL AND ALVEOLAR CYSTS OF NEWBORNS (EPSTEIN’S PEARLS, BOHN’S
NODULES, GINGIVAL CYSTS OF THE NEWBORN)
+ A SPECIAL FORM OF NEWBORN INFANTS.IT HAS THE MICROSCOPIC
APPEARANCE OF AN EPIDERMOID CYST,ARISES FROM EPITHELIAL REMNANTS OF
THE DEEPLY BUDDING DENTAL LAMINA DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT.
+ IT IS COMMONLY FOUND IN THE POSTERIOR MIDLINE OF THE HARD PALATE,
WHERE IT ARISES FROM EPITHELIAL REMNANTS REMAINING IN THE STROMA
AFTER FUSION OF THE PALATAL PROCESSES WHICH MEET MEDIALLY TO FORM THE
PALATE.
+ AS ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED, THE CYSTS ALONG THE MEDIAN RAPHE OF THE
PALATE WERE CALLED EPSTEIN’S PEARLS AND THE TERM BOHN’S NODULES WAS
USED FOR CYSTS WHICH ORIGINATED FROM PALATAL GLAND STRUCTURES AND
WERE SCATTERED MORE WIDELY OVER THE HARD AND SOFT PALATES.
+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- PRESENT AS MULTIPLE (USUALLY LESS THAN SIX) 1–4 MM YELLOW- WHITE,
SESSILE MUCOSAL PAPULES OF THE POSTERIOR HARD PALATE, AND ANTERIOR
SOFT PALATE.
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- IT SHOW A THIN, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM CYST LINING WITH A
ROUTINE FIBROVASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE STROMA,USUALLY WITHOUT AN
INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATE.
- THE CYSTIC LUMEN IS FILLED WITH DEGENERATED KERATIN, USUALLY
FORMED INTO CONCENTRIC LAYERS OR ONION RINGS AND THE EPITHELIUM
LACKS RETE PROCESSES.MAY BE A COMMUNICATION WITH THE SURFACE IS SEEN.
+ TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.
- NO TREATMENT IS REQUIRED FOR GINGIVAL OR PALATAL CYSTS OF THE
NEWBORN. THE CYSTS ARE VERY SUPERFICIAL AND WITHIN WEEKS WILL RUPTURE
TO HARMLESSLY SPILL THEIR CONTENTS INTO THE ORAL OR PHARYNGEAL
ENVIRONMENT. THE CYST LINING THEN FUSES WITH THE OVERLYING MUCOSA
AND BECOMES PART OF IT.
THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
+ IT IS A RARE BUT OCCASIONAL CAUSE OF A BENIGN MIDLINE NECK
MASS.USUALLY LOCATED AT THE MIDLINE OF THE NECK. THE DUCT EXTENDS
UPWARD FROM THE CYST WITH VARYING NUMBERS OF BRANCHES AND
SECRETORY GLANDS. THESE DUCTS OR BRANCHES MERGE INTO A SINGLE DUCT AT
THE LEVEL OF THE HYOID BONE.
+ THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYSTS RESULT FROM THE DILATATION OF A
REMNANT AT THE SITE WHERE THE PRIMITIVE THYROID DESCENDED FROM ITS
ORIGIN AT THE BASE OF THE TONGUE TO ITS PERMANENT LOCATION, LOW IN THE
NECK. FAILURE OF SUBSEQUENT CLOSURE AND OBLITERATION OF THIS TRACT
PREDISPOSES TO THYROGLOSSAL CYST FORMATION.

+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- PRESENTS OF A ASYMPTOMATIC MIDLINE NECK MASS.SOME PATIENTS
WILL HAVE NECK OR THROAT PAIN, OR DYSPHAGIA (DIFFICULTY IN
SWALLOWING).SINCE THE PERSISTENT DUCT OR SINUS CAN PROMOTE ORAL
SECRETIONS, SUCH CYSTS CAN BECOME INFECTED.
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- LINED BY STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, CILIATED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM, OR INTERMEDIATE TRANSITION TYPE,& IT IS ACTUALLY DERIVED
FROM CELLS ORIGINATING FROM THE EMBRYONIC PHARYNGEAL FLOOR WITH
INCREASED INTRACYSTIC PRESSURE, THE CELLS MAY BECOME FLATTENED. THE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE WALL OF THE CYST WILL FREQUENTLY CONTAIN SMALL
PATCHES OF LYMPHOID TISSUE, THYROID TISSUE, AND MUCOUS GLANDS.
+ TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.
- ANTIBIOTICS -IF THERE IS INFECTION.
- SURGICAL EXCISION FOR CYST ,PATH’S TRACT AND BRANCHES. THE
ASSOCIATION OF THE TRACT WITH HYOID BONE MANDATES SIMULTANEOUS
REMOVAL OF THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE HYOID BONE TO ENSURE COMPLETE
REMOVAL OF THE TRACT (SISTRUNK PROCEDURE).
EPIDERMAL INCLUSION CYST (EPIDERMAL CYST, EPIDERMOID CYST, EPITHELIAL
CYST, KERATIN CYST, SEBACEOUS CYST, MILIA)
+ THEY ARE THE RESULT OF IMPLANTATION OF EPIDERMAL ELEMENTS AND ITS
SUBSEQUENT CYSTIC TRANSFORMATION.
+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- ASYMPTOMATIC ,COMMON IN MEN & WOMEN,OCCUR AT ANY TIME IN LIFE
IE, (3 - 4TH DECADES MOSTLY).
- GARDNER SYNDROME IS AN EXCEPTION; THE AVERAGE PATIENT AGE AT
ONSET IS 13 YEARS.
- DISCHARGE OF A FOUL-SMELLING CHEESE-LIKE MATERIAL IS COMMON.
PAIN AND TENDERNESS.
- WHEN LOCATED ORALLY, THE CYSTS CAN CAUSE DIFFICULTY IN FEEDING,
SWALLOWING, OR EVEN SPEAKING.
- IT APPEAR AS FIRM, ROUND, MOBILE, FLESH-COLORED TO YELLOW OR
WHITE SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES OF VARIABLE SIZE.
- IT IS MAINLY REPORTED FROM SITES OF FACE, THE TRUNK, THE NECK, THE
EXTREMITIES, AND THE SCALP.
+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- LINED BY STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITH GLANDULAR
DIFFERENTIATION AND IS FILLED WITH DESQUAMATED KERATIN DISPOSED IN A
LAMINAR PATTERN.
- DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION IS SEEN BESIDES IT.
- PIGMENTED EPIDERMOID CYST HAVE MELANIN PIGMENT IN THE WALL AND
A KERATIN MASS.
+ TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.
- SURGICAL REMOVAL .
DERMOID CYST (DERMOID CYSTIC TUMOR, CYSTIC TERATOMA, OVARIAN CYSTIC
TERATOMA, CYSTIC TUMOR OF OVARY, CYSTIC TUMORS OF OMENTUM,
CONGENITAL CYST OF SPINE, SPINAL DERMOID CYSTS)
A HAMARTOMATOUS TUMOR CONTAINING MULTIPLE SEBACEOUS GLANDS AND
ALMOST ALL SKIN ADNEXA, THIS MAY CONTAIN SUBSTANCES SUCH AS NAILS AND
DENTAL, CARTILAGE LIKE, AND BONE LIKE STRUCTURES. IF LIMITED
TO THE SKIN OR SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, DERMOID CYSTS ARE THIN- WALLED
TUMORS THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF FATTY MASSES;
OCCASIONALLY, THEY CONTAIN HORNY MASSES AND HAIRS.
+ CLINICAL FEATURES.
- MOSTLY ON THE FACE,NECK,OR SCALP AND ALSO IN INTRACRANIAL,
INTRASPINAL, OR PERISPINAL. INTRA-ABDOMINAL CYSTS, SUCH AS CYSTIC
TUMORS OF THE OVARY OR OMENTUM.IT SEEN PERSONS OF ALL AGES.DIAMETER
OF THE LESIONS IS 1–4 CM.SOMETIMES ON THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH AND
TONGUE TOO .

+ HISTOLOGIC FEATURES.
- LINED BY AN EPIDERMIS LIKE EPIDERMOID CYST.HAIRS THAT PROJECT INTO
THE LUMEN OF THE CYST ARE OFTEN PRESENT. THE DERMIS OF ITS CONTAINS
SEBACEOUS GLANDS; ECCRINE GLANDS.
+ TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS.
- SURGICAL EXCISION.

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01. cell injury-2018_11_19 -student copy.pptx

fissural cyst or developmental cyst

  • 1. CYSTS (MEANING BLADDER N GREEKS) *) PATHOLOGICAL CAVITY *) OFTEN FLUID FILLED LINED BY EPITHELIUM *) IN MANY INSTANCES, EXACT PATHOGENESIS OF THESE LESIONS IS STILL UNCERTAIN *) MAINLY 2 TYPES 1.TRUE CYST. • CYST WALL IS LINED BY EPITHELIUM OR ENDO- THELIUM. • IF INFECTION OCCURS CYST WALL WILL BE LINED BY GRANULATION TISSUE. • FLUID IS USUALLY SEROUS OR MUCOID DERIVED FROM THE SECRETION OF THE LINING. 2.FALSE CYST • IT DOES NOT HAVE EPITHELIAL LINING. • FLUID COLLECTION IS AS A RESULT OF EXUDATION OR DEGENERATION IN ORAL CAVITY CYST IS CLASSIFIED INTO 2 TYPES- i. ODONTOGENIC CYST ii. NON ODONTOGENIC CYST FISSURAL CYST • FISSURAL (OR INCLUSION) CYSTS OF BONE OCCUR IN THE JAWS AND HAVE GENERALLY BE CONSIDERED ARISING, AS THE NAME WOULD INDICATE, ALONG THE LINES OF FUSION OF VARIOUS BONES OR EMBRYONIC PROCESSES. • THESE ARE TRUE CYSTS. IE, THE EPITHELIUM BEING DERIVED FROM EPITHELIAL CELLS WH ARE ENTRAPPED BETWEEN EMBRYONIC PROCESSES OF BONES AT UNION LINES. • THESE FISSURAL CYSTS MAY BE CLASSIFIED:
  • 2. (1) MEDIAN ANTERIOR MAXILLARY CYST. (2) MEDIAN PALATAL CYST. (3) GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST. (4) MEDIAN MANDIBULAR CYST. THERE ARE SEVERAL ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL CYSTS DERIVED FROM EMBRYOLOGIC STRUCTURES OR FAULTS WHICH INVOLVE THE ORAL OR ADJACENT SOFT TISSUE STRUCTURES THESE MAY BE LISTED AS: (1) NASOALVEOLAR CYST. (2) PALATAL CYSTS OF THE NEONATE. (3) THYROGLOSSAL TRACT CYST. (4) BENIGN CERVICAL LYMPHOEPITHELIAL CYST. (5) EPIDERMOID AND DERMOID CYST. (6) HETEROTOPIC ORAL GASTROINTESTINAL CYST. NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST (NASOPALATINE CANAL CYST, INCISIVE CANAL CYST) + MOST COMMON NON-ODONTOGENIC CYST OF ORAL CAVITY
  • 3. + BELIEVED TO ARAISE FROM REMANANTS OF NASOPALATINE DUCT - EMBRYOLOGIC STRUCTURE - CONNECTS ORAL + NASAL CAVITIES IN AREAS OF INCISIVE CANAL - NORMALLY DEGENERATE IN HUMANS BUT MAY LEAVE EPITHELIAL REMANANTS BEHIND INCISIVE CANALS + CLINICAL FEATURES - ALMOST ANY ( MOST COMMON IN 4TH - 6TH DECADES OF LIFE ) - SWELLING OF ANTERIOR PALATE - DRAINAGE - PAIN - ASYMPTOMATIC - DISCOVERED ON ROUTINE RADIOGRAPHS - RARE INSTANCES, A NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST MAY DEVELOP IN SOFT TISSUES OF INCISIVE PAPILLA AREA * WITHOUT ANY INVOLVEMENT OF BONE * CYST OF INCISIVE PAPILLA [ BLUE DISCOLORATION]  + RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES - WELL CIRCUMSCRIBED RADIOLUCENCY IN OR NEAR MIDLINE OF ANTERIOR MAXILLA
  • 4. * BETWEEN APICAL TO CENTRAL INCISOR - ROOT RESORPTION IS RARELY NOTED - LESION MOST OFTEN AS ROUND /OVAL WITH A SCLEROTIC BORDER - SOME CASES , A CLASSIC HEART SHAPE * RESULT OF SUPER IMPOSITION OF NASAL SPINE * OR BECAUSE THEY ARE NOTCHED BY NASAL SEPTUM - DIAMETER CAN RANGE FROM SMALL LESIONS , LESS THAN 6MM AND FOR DESTRUCTIVE MORE THAN 6MM - MOST CYST ARE IN 1.0CM -2.5 CM WITH AVG 1.5- 1.7CM + TREATMENT & PROGNOSIS - SURGICAL ENUCLEATION - BIOPSY IS RECOMMENDED * BECAUSE LESION IS NOT DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHICALLY * BENIGN + MALIGANANT LESIONS HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO MIMIC NPDC - PALATAL FLAP REFLECTED AFTER INCISION(MADE ALONG LINGUAL GINGIVAL MARGIN O ANTERIOR MAXILLARY TEETH) - RECURRANCE IS RARE + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES - A CAVITY LINED BY EPITHELIUM AND SURROUNDED BY A CONNECTIVE TISSUE WALL. - NPDCS HAVE SQUAMOUS, CO- LUMNAR, CUBOIDAL, OR SOME COMBINATION OF THESE EPITHELIAL TYPES; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM IS SEEN IN 9.8%. - IT MAY ALSO BE REFLECTIVE OF THE PLURIPOTENTIAL CHARACTER OF THE EMBRYONIC EPITHELIAL REMNANTS. RARELY, DENDRITIC MELANOCYTES HAVE BEEN REPORTED WITHIN THE EPITHELIUM. -THE PRESENCE OF MODERATELY SIZED PERIPHERAL NERVES, ARTERIES AND VEINS, MUCOUS GLANDS, ADIPOSE TISSUE ALSO NOTED. -THE CYST FLUID HAS BEEN REPORTED TO CONTAIN ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES, DESQUAMATED EPITHELIAL CELLS, TISSUE DEBRIS, AND BACTERIA.
  • 5. MEDIAN PALATAL CYST (RARE) + ARISES FROM EPITHELIUM ENTRAPPED ALONG THE LINE OF FUSION OF THE PALATAL PROCESSES OF THE MAXILLA + CLINICAL FEATURES - FIRM SWELLING OF MIDLINE OF HARD PALATE PSTERIOR TO PALATINE PAPILLA - MOST FREQUENT IN YOUNG ADULTS - OFTEN ASYMPTOMATIC - PAIN & EXPANSION - MUST BE STRESSED OUT THAT A TRUE MEDIAL PALATAL CYST SHOULD EXHIBIT CLINICA ENLARGEMENT OF PALATE - MIDLINE RADIOLUCENCY WITHOUT CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF EXPANSION IS PROBABLY A NASOPALATINE DUCT CYST.  + RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES - ON THE PALATAL RADIOGRAPH A WELL- CIRCUMSCRIBED RADIOLUCENT AREA IS SEEN OPPOSITE THE BICUSPID AND MOLAR REGION, FREQUENTLY BORDERED BY A SCLEROTIC LAYE OF BONE. + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES - THE LINING OF SUCH A CYST USUALLY CONSISTS OF STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIU OVERLYING A RELATIVELY DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE BAND WHICH MAY SHOW CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATION. - AND SOMETIMES LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM OR E
  • 6. A ‘MODIFIED’ SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM TOO. + TREATMENT - SURGICAL REMOVAL AND THOROUGH CURETTAGE. GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST + CYST FOUND WITHIN THE BONE BETWEEN THE MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR AND CANI TEETH. + THERE IS NOW A CONSIDERABLE BODY OF OPINION AGAINST THE IDEA THAT THEY ARE FISSURAL CYSTS, WE HAVE INCLUDED HERE A DESCRIPTION OF THIS CYST DUE TO THE CITED REASON. - THE GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST IS FOUND WITHIN THE BONE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE GLOBULAR PORTION OF THE MEDIAL NASAL PROCESS AND THE MAXILLARY PROCESS, THE GLOBULOMAXILLARY FISSURE, USUALLY BETWEEN THE MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISOR AND CUSPID TEETH. -HOWEVER, THERE ARE REPORTS OF EVIDENCE THAT THE CYST ACTUALLY FORMS IN THE BONE SUTURE BETWEEN THE PREMAXILLA AND MAXILLA, THE INCISIVE SUTURE, SO THAT ITS LOCATION MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE CLEFT RIDGE AND PALATE. - BECAUSE OF THIS, FERENCZY HAS SUGGESTED THE TERM ‘PREMAXILLA- MAXILLARY CYST’ AS MORE ACCURATELY DESCRIBING ITS ORIGIN. - THE CAUSE OF THE PROLIFERATION OF EPITHELIUM ENTRAPPED ALONG THIS LINE OF FUSION IS UNKNOWN. + CLINICAL FEATURES. - CYST IS SELDOM IF EVER PRESENTS . - RARELY, THE CYST DOES BECOME INFECTED, AND THE PATIENT MAY COMPLAIN OF LOCAL DISCOMFORT OR PAIN IN THE AREA.  + RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES. - THIS CYST, ON THE INTRAORAL RADIO- GRAPH, CHARACTERISTICALLY
  • 7. APPEARS AS AN INVERTED, PEAR-SHAPED RADIOLUCENT AREA BETWEEN THE ROOTS OF THE LATERAL INCISOR AND CUSPID, USUALLY CAUSING DIVERGENCE OF THE ROOTS OF THESE TEETH . - CARE MUST BE EXERCISED NOT TO CONFUSE THIS LESION WITH AN APICAL PERIODONTAL CYST . -DIFFERENT TYPES OF LESIONS MAY PRESENT RADIOGRAPHICALLY WITH FEATURES CHARACTERISTIC OF A GLOBULOMAXILLARY CYST , SUCH LESIONS AS THE PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA, APICAL PERIODONTAL CYST, LATERAL PERIODONTAL CYST, ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST, CENTRAL GIANT CELL GRANULOMA, CALCIFYING ODONTOGENIC CYST, AND ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA. + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - LINED BY EITHER STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS OR CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM OR IT IS LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM. - THE REMAINDER OF THE WALL IS MADE UP OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, USUALLY SHOWING INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATION. + TREATMENT. - THIS TYPE OF CYST SHOULD BE SURGICALLY REMOVED, PRESERVING THE ADJACENT TEETH IF POSSIBLE. MEDIAN MANDIBULAR CYST + IT IS AN EXTREMELY RARE LESION OCCURRING IN THE MIDLINE OF THE MANDIBLE. + IT IS OF DISPUTED ORIGIN. SOME AUTHORITIES CONSIDER IT A TRUE DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITION ORIGINATING FROM PROLIFERATION OF EPITHELIAL REMNANTS ENTRAPPED IN THE MEDIAN MANDIBULAR FISSURE DURING FUSION OF THE BILATERAL MANDIBULAR FISSURE DURING FUSION OF THE BILATERAL MANDIBULAR ARCHES, AND OTHER POSSIBILITIES TOO + CLINICAL FEATURES. - ASYMPTOMATIC. - THEY PRODUCE OBVIOUS EXPANSION OF THE CORTICAL PLATES OF BONE, AND THE ASSOCIATED TEETH; UNLESS OTHERWISE INVOLVED, THEY REACT NORMALLY TO PULP VITALITY TESTS.
  • 8.  + RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES. - GENERALLY THAT OF A UNILOCULAR, WELL-CIRCUMSCRIBED RADIOLUCENCY, ALTHOUGH IT MAY ALSO APPEAR MULTILOCULAR. + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - IT SHOWS A THIN, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, OFTEN WITH MANY FOLDS AND PROJECTIONS, LINING A CENTRAL LUMEN. BUT IN SOME REPORTED CASES, THE CYST HAS BEEN LINED BY A PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM. + TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS. - TOO FEW CASES HAVE BEEN REPORTED TO BE CERTAIN OF THE PROGNOSIS OF THE MEDIAN MANDIBULAR DEVELOPMENTAL CYST, BUT CONSERVATIVE SURGICAL EXCISION WITH PRESERVATION OF ASSOCIATED TEETH, IF POSSIBLE, IS DEEMED ADVISABLE. NASOALVEOLAR CYST (NASOLABIAL CYST, KLESTADT’S CYST) + IT IS NOT FOUND WITHIN BONE, BUT IS USUALLY DESCRIBED AS A RARE FISSURAL CYST THAT MAY INVOLVE BONE SECONDARILY. + IT HAS BEEN THOUGHT TO ARISE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE GLOBULAR PROCESS, THE LATERAL NASAL PROCESS, AND THE MAXILLARY PROCESS AS A RESULT OF PROLIFERATION OF ENTRAPPED EPITHELIUM ALONG THE FUSION LINE. + CLINICAL FEATURES. - IT MAY CAUSE A SWELLING IN THE MUCOLABIAL FOLD AS WELL AS IN THE FLOOR OF THE NOSE, BEING LOCATED NEAR THE ATTACHMENT OF THE ALA OVER THE MAXILLA. - SUPERFICIAL EROSION OF THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE MAXILLA MAY BE PRODUCED BY PRESSURE OF THE NASOALVEOLAR CYST. - COMMONLY SEEN IN ADULTS. - PEAK PREVALANCE IN 4TH-5TH DECADES OF LIFE. - SIGNIFICANT PREDILECTION FOR WOMEN.
  • 9.   + RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES - CYST ARISES IN SOFT TISSUES - PRESSURE RESORPTION OF UNDERLYING BONE MAY OCCUR + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - IT MAY BE LINED BY PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WHICH IS SOMETIMES CILIATED, OFTEN WITH GOBLET CELLS, OR BY STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM. + TREATMENT. - SURGICALLY EXCISED. PALATAL AND ALVEOLAR CYSTS OF NEWBORNS (EPSTEIN’S PEARLS, BOHN’S NODULES, GINGIVAL CYSTS OF THE NEWBORN) + A SPECIAL FORM OF NEWBORN INFANTS.IT HAS THE MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF AN EPIDERMOID CYST,ARISES FROM EPITHELIAL REMNANTS OF THE DEEPLY BUDDING DENTAL LAMINA DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT. + IT IS COMMONLY FOUND IN THE POSTERIOR MIDLINE OF THE HARD PALATE, WHERE IT ARISES FROM EPITHELIAL REMNANTS REMAINING IN THE STROMA AFTER FUSION OF THE PALATAL PROCESSES WHICH MEET MEDIALLY TO FORM THE PALATE. + AS ORIGINALLY DESCRIBED, THE CYSTS ALONG THE MEDIAN RAPHE OF THE PALATE WERE CALLED EPSTEIN’S PEARLS AND THE TERM BOHN’S NODULES WAS USED FOR CYSTS WHICH ORIGINATED FROM PALATAL GLAND STRUCTURES AND WERE SCATTERED MORE WIDELY OVER THE HARD AND SOFT PALATES.
  • 10. + CLINICAL FEATURES. - PRESENT AS MULTIPLE (USUALLY LESS THAN SIX) 1–4 MM YELLOW- WHITE, SESSILE MUCOSAL PAPULES OF THE POSTERIOR HARD PALATE, AND ANTERIOR SOFT PALATE. + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - IT SHOW A THIN, STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM CYST LINING WITH A ROUTINE FIBROVASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE STROMA,USUALLY WITHOUT AN INFLAMMATORY CELL INFILTRATE. - THE CYSTIC LUMEN IS FILLED WITH DEGENERATED KERATIN, USUALLY FORMED INTO CONCENTRIC LAYERS OR ONION RINGS AND THE EPITHELIUM LACKS RETE PROCESSES.MAY BE A COMMUNICATION WITH THE SURFACE IS SEEN. + TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS. - NO TREATMENT IS REQUIRED FOR GINGIVAL OR PALATAL CYSTS OF THE NEWBORN. THE CYSTS ARE VERY SUPERFICIAL AND WITHIN WEEKS WILL RUPTURE TO HARMLESSLY SPILL THEIR CONTENTS INTO THE ORAL OR PHARYNGEAL ENVIRONMENT. THE CYST LINING THEN FUSES WITH THE OVERLYING MUCOSA AND BECOMES PART OF IT. THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST + IT IS A RARE BUT OCCASIONAL CAUSE OF A BENIGN MIDLINE NECK MASS.USUALLY LOCATED AT THE MIDLINE OF THE NECK. THE DUCT EXTENDS UPWARD FROM THE CYST WITH VARYING NUMBERS OF BRANCHES AND SECRETORY GLANDS. THESE DUCTS OR BRANCHES MERGE INTO A SINGLE DUCT AT THE LEVEL OF THE HYOID BONE. + THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYSTS RESULT FROM THE DILATATION OF A REMNANT AT THE SITE WHERE THE PRIMITIVE THYROID DESCENDED FROM ITS ORIGIN AT THE BASE OF THE TONGUE TO ITS PERMANENT LOCATION, LOW IN THE
  • 11. NECK. FAILURE OF SUBSEQUENT CLOSURE AND OBLITERATION OF THIS TRACT PREDISPOSES TO THYROGLOSSAL CYST FORMATION.  + CLINICAL FEATURES. - PRESENTS OF A ASYMPTOMATIC MIDLINE NECK MASS.SOME PATIENTS WILL HAVE NECK OR THROAT PAIN, OR DYSPHAGIA (DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING).SINCE THE PERSISTENT DUCT OR SINUS CAN PROMOTE ORAL SECRETIONS, SUCH CYSTS CAN BECOME INFECTED. + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - LINED BY STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM, OR INTERMEDIATE TRANSITION TYPE,& IT IS ACTUALLY DERIVED FROM CELLS ORIGINATING FROM THE EMBRYONIC PHARYNGEAL FLOOR WITH INCREASED INTRACYSTIC PRESSURE, THE CELLS MAY BECOME FLATTENED. THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WALL OF THE CYST WILL FREQUENTLY CONTAIN SMALL PATCHES OF LYMPHOID TISSUE, THYROID TISSUE, AND MUCOUS GLANDS. + TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS. - ANTIBIOTICS -IF THERE IS INFECTION. - SURGICAL EXCISION FOR CYST ,PATH’S TRACT AND BRANCHES. THE ASSOCIATION OF THE TRACT WITH HYOID BONE MANDATES SIMULTANEOUS REMOVAL OF THE CENTRAL PORTION OF THE HYOID BONE TO ENSURE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE TRACT (SISTRUNK PROCEDURE). EPIDERMAL INCLUSION CYST (EPIDERMAL CYST, EPIDERMOID CYST, EPITHELIAL CYST, KERATIN CYST, SEBACEOUS CYST, MILIA) + THEY ARE THE RESULT OF IMPLANTATION OF EPIDERMAL ELEMENTS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT CYSTIC TRANSFORMATION. + CLINICAL FEATURES.
  • 12. - ASYMPTOMATIC ,COMMON IN MEN & WOMEN,OCCUR AT ANY TIME IN LIFE IE, (3 - 4TH DECADES MOSTLY). - GARDNER SYNDROME IS AN EXCEPTION; THE AVERAGE PATIENT AGE AT ONSET IS 13 YEARS. - DISCHARGE OF A FOUL-SMELLING CHEESE-LIKE MATERIAL IS COMMON. PAIN AND TENDERNESS. - WHEN LOCATED ORALLY, THE CYSTS CAN CAUSE DIFFICULTY IN FEEDING, SWALLOWING, OR EVEN SPEAKING. - IT APPEAR AS FIRM, ROUND, MOBILE, FLESH-COLORED TO YELLOW OR WHITE SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES OF VARIABLE SIZE. - IT IS MAINLY REPORTED FROM SITES OF FACE, THE TRUNK, THE NECK, THE EXTREMITIES, AND THE SCALP. + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - LINED BY STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM WITH GLANDULAR DIFFERENTIATION AND IS FILLED WITH DESQUAMATED KERATIN DISPOSED IN A LAMINAR PATTERN. - DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION IS SEEN BESIDES IT. - PIGMENTED EPIDERMOID CYST HAVE MELANIN PIGMENT IN THE WALL AND A KERATIN MASS. + TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS. - SURGICAL REMOVAL . DERMOID CYST (DERMOID CYSTIC TUMOR, CYSTIC TERATOMA, OVARIAN CYSTIC TERATOMA, CYSTIC TUMOR OF OVARY, CYSTIC TUMORS OF OMENTUM, CONGENITAL CYST OF SPINE, SPINAL DERMOID CYSTS) A HAMARTOMATOUS TUMOR CONTAINING MULTIPLE SEBACEOUS GLANDS AND ALMOST ALL SKIN ADNEXA, THIS MAY CONTAIN SUBSTANCES SUCH AS NAILS AND DENTAL, CARTILAGE LIKE, AND BONE LIKE STRUCTURES. IF LIMITED TO THE SKIN OR SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, DERMOID CYSTS ARE THIN- WALLED TUMORS THAT CONTAIN DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF FATTY MASSES; OCCASIONALLY, THEY CONTAIN HORNY MASSES AND HAIRS. + CLINICAL FEATURES. - MOSTLY ON THE FACE,NECK,OR SCALP AND ALSO IN INTRACRANIAL, INTRASPINAL, OR PERISPINAL. INTRA-ABDOMINAL CYSTS, SUCH AS CYSTIC
  • 13. TUMORS OF THE OVARY OR OMENTUM.IT SEEN PERSONS OF ALL AGES.DIAMETER OF THE LESIONS IS 1–4 CM.SOMETIMES ON THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE TOO .  + HISTOLOGIC FEATURES. - LINED BY AN EPIDERMIS LIKE EPIDERMOID CYST.HAIRS THAT PROJECT INTO THE LUMEN OF THE CYST ARE OFTEN PRESENT. THE DERMIS OF ITS CONTAINS SEBACEOUS GLANDS; ECCRINE GLANDS. + TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS. - SURGICAL EXCISION.